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The word hijaab is generally used to refer to the head covering worn by Muslim women. In  [[Islamic law]], however, it is a much more wide-ranging concept, encompassing an entire dress code for both genders. In orthodox Sunni and Shi'a [[fiqh]] the wearing by women of a head covering which totally conceals the hair is considered mandatory to be in compliance with hijab. This injunction comes from both the example of the wives of the prophet as well as verses in the Qur'an commanding women to wear veils around people who are not their family.  
The word hijaab is generally used to refer to the head covering worn by Muslim women. In  [[Islamic law]], however, it is a much more wide-ranging concept, encompassing an entire dress code for both genders. In orthodox Sunni and Shi'a [[fiqh]] the wearing by women of a head covering which totally conceals the hair is considered mandatory to be in compliance with hijab. This injunction comes from both the example of the wives of the prophet as well as verses in the Qur'an commanding how women should dress around people who are not their husband or family. While the requirements in [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)]] for men are more or less similar to those generally required of men in polite society in the modern west, those for women require the complete covering of the body. The Sunni Islamic schools of [[Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)]] differ on the requirements for women to cover their feet, face and wrists.
 
It exists in numerous variants in different cultures, with many different degrees of coverage, notably the famous burqa, niqab, and dupatta. In a general in orthodox Sunni and Shi'ite fiqh, the wearing of a head cover which totaly masks the woman's hair is considered as a obligation to be in compliance with the idea of "hijab." This injunction is claimed to come from the Sunnah and from some verses in the Qur'an, which order believing women to draw over themselves a jilbab (outer garment), and a khimar (head cloth) over their bosoms, and command that Muhammad's wives be concealed behind a screen or curtain (hijab) in the presence of men who are not part of the family. Some modern scholars disagree with the traditional interpretations of these verses and many Muslim women today do not cover their hair.
 
The context of the revelation of these verses was an epoch when, during the life of the prophet, Madina was teeming with aggressive sexual harassers who harrassed women when they left their homes. Faced with this situation, rather than rebuke the comportment of these man, "Allah" in the form of Muhammad ordered (free) Muslim women to wear an outer garment (jilbab) to be easly distinguised from female (sex) slaves who continued to be harassed and aggressed upon by men, and for modesty purposes commanded them to cover their bosoms and hide their adorment.
 
The principal role in the revelation of the verse of hijab for Muhammad's wives belongs to 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab, a campanion and father-in-law to the prophet, as well as a future caliph of the Islamic empire. 'Umar took this role by forcing his view on Muhammad, whereupon erses in the Qur'an were conveniently revealed about a hijab (screen or curtain). According to some narrations, Umar insisted at the same time on condeming the wearing of modest dress by female (sex) slaves, going so far as to beat with his own hand his own slaves who did so.
 
{{Main|Hijab}}


==Qur'an==
==Qur'an==


===Surah 7:26===
===Surah 33:53===
 
{{Quote|{{Quran|33|53}}|O you who have believed, do not enter the houses of the Prophet except when you are permitted for a meal, without awaiting its readiness. But when you are invited, then enter; and when you have eaten, disperse without seeking to remain for conversation. Indeed, that [behavior] was troubling the Prophet, and he is shy of [dismissing] you. But Allah is not shy of the truth. And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a partition [ḥijābin حِجَابٍ]. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts. And it is not [conceivable or lawful] for you to harm the Messenger of Allah or to marry his wives after him, ever. Indeed, that would be in the sight of Allah an enormity.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|26}}|O ye Children of Adam! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your shame, as well as to be an adornment to you. But the raiment of righteousness,- that is the best. Such are among the Signs of Allah, that they may receive admonition!}}


===Surah 24:31===
===Surah 24:31===
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{{quote |{{Quran|33|59}}|O Prophet! Tell thy wives and daughters, and the believing women, that they should cast their outer garments over their persons (when abroad): that is most convenient, that they should be known (as such) and not molested. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. }}
{{quote |{{Quran|33|59}}|O Prophet! Tell thy wives and daughters, and the believing women, that they should cast their outer garments over their persons (when abroad): that is most convenient, that they should be known (as such) and not molested. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. }}
===Surah 7:26===
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|26}}|O ye Children of Adam! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your shame, as well as to be an adornment to you. But the raiment of righteousness,- that is the best. Such are among the Signs of Allah, that they may receive admonition!}}


==Hadith==
==Hadith==
 
Note that some of these translations are inaccurate and include interpretations of the translators (see the article [[Hijab]] for details).
===Sahih Bukhari===
===Sahih Bukhari===


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The Prophet (peace be upon him) brought Fatimah a slave which he donated to her. Fatimah wore a garment which, when she covered her head, did not reach her feet, and when she covered her feet by it, that garment did not reach her head. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) saw her struggle, he said: There is no harm to you: Here is only your father and slave.}}
The Prophet (peace be upon him) brought Fatimah a slave which he donated to her. Fatimah wore a garment which, when she covered her head, did not reach her feet, and when she covered her feet by it, that garment did not reach her head. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) saw her struggle, he said: There is no harm to you: Here is only your father and slave.}}


{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/2/251 |title=Sunan Abu Dawud 2:251 |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709004626/http://sunnah.com/abudawud/2/251 |deadurl=no}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: '''Allah does not accept the prayer of a woman who has reached puberty unless she wears a veil.''' Abu Dawud said: This tradition has been narrated by Sa;id b. Abi 'Arubah from Qatadah on the authority of al-Hasan from the Prophet.}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|2|641}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: '''Allah does not accept the prayer of a woman who has reached puberty unless she wears a veil.''' Abu Dawud said: This tradition has been narrated by Sa;id b. Abi 'Arubah from Qatadah on the authority of al-Hasan from the Prophet.}}


===Tirmidhi===
===Tirmidhi===


{{Quote|''Al-Tirmidhi No. 928'' (CD-ROM), Alim.org ([https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160429031650/http://www.alim.org/library/hadith/TIR/928 Archived]).|Narrated Abdullah ibn Mas'ud: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "A woman should be concealed, for when she goes out the devil looks at her." Tirmidhi transmitted it.}}
{{Quote|{{Al Tirmidhi||2|10|1173}}|Abdullah narrated that The Prophet said: “The woman is Awrah, so when she goes out, the Shaitan seeks to tempt her.”}}
 
 
==The hijab as an instrument of discrimination==
The reasoning of the veil is to protect free women from sexual harrassment. Only (free) Muslim women ought to be respected, and female slaves are discriminated against by means of their lack of veiling and thus their availability for being sexually harassed.
 
===Tafsir Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani [https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=hLNKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&lpg=PT122&dq=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%86+%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&source=bl&ots=HBXT3tzkRn&sig=ACfU3U02Py5hmTr9dynN9qLJw4iVCGlQRw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd1Iu06Y7hAhU68HMBHXy3AAAQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9%20%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%83%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%20%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86&f=false]:===
{{Quote||Al-Hassan al-Basri (mort en 110 ans Hijri) a déclaré : Les femmes esclaves de Médine avaient l'habitude de se faire dire certaines choses lorsqu'elles sortaient. (Une nuit) des gens stupides ont accosté un groupe de femmes et les ont dérangées (blessées) '''parce qu'ils pensaient qu'elles étaient des esclaves, alors qu'elles étaient en réalité des femmes libres'''. Pour cette raison, '''le Prophète a ordonné aux femmes croyantes de jeter leurs jilbabs (manteaux/vêtements de dessus) sur elles-mêmes, afin qu'elles soient reconnues comme des femmes libres, distinguées des femmes esclaves, et non dérangées.'''}}
The Qur'an doesn't uses the word immoral (فاسق) for these men. Neither the Qur'an nor the Sunnah threatens these men who were sexually harrassing the believing women. In effect, the Qur'an and the fiqh built upon it in effect encourages the sexual harrassment of slave women by leaving them without the protection of the hijab. Moreover, fiqh gives permission to Muslims to rape their slaves, and then to sell them to other men to be raped.
 
===The Prohibition of the Hijab for Slaves===
'''The imam Shaybani in al-Masoot'''
 
{{Quote||Il n'est pas permis à un homme de regarder une femme esclave autre que la sienne, si elle a atteint la puberté, ou s'il a un désir pour elle, sauf ce qu'il est permis de regarder de ses proches (maharam). Donc, '''il n'y a pas de mal qu'il regarde ses cheveux, sa poitrine, ses seins, son bras, son pied ou sa jambe'''. Et il ne regarde pas son ventre ou son dos, ni ce qu'il y a entre le nombril et les genoux.}}
 
'''The Imam Bayhiqi in al-Sunan al-Kubra [https://www.dorar.net/h/e8a4ee380489a2076c04a6a960ed522f]:'''
 
{{Quote||Anas bin Malik a dit :''' "Les esclaves d'Omar, que Dieu soit satisfait de lui, nous ont servis, révélant leurs cheveux et leurs seins."'''}}
 
Hadith declared sahih by sheikh Albani.
 
 
'''"Al-Sharh al-Saghir" of Fiqh Maliki [http://islamport.com/d/2/mlk/1/15/490.html]:'''
 
{{Quote||'''Un homme pouvait voir plus du corps d'une femme esclave''' par rapport à ce qu'elle pouvait voir d'un homme. Elle n'est autorisée à voir que ses mains et ses pieds, tandis qu''''un homme est autorisé à voir tout son corps nu à l'exception de la partie entre son nombril et ses genoux.'''}}
 
'''Fiqh al-Shafi'i, written by Shirazi''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20210914182624/https://www.maktabatalfeker.com/book.php?id=2551]:
 
{{Quote||'''La 'Awrah (d'une femme esclave) est ici entre le nombril et les genoux.'''}}
 
'''Tafsîr Qurtubi of Qur'an 7:26'''
 
{{Quote||En ce qui concerne la femme esclave, son 'Awrah (c'est-à-dire la nudité) est sous ses seins, et elle pourrait exposer sa tête et ses bras.}}
 
'''Kitab al-Kafi fi Fiqh by al-Imam Ahmed [http://web.archive.org/web/20210920190743/https://ketabonline.com/ar/books/67936/read?part=1&page=112&index=4187029]:'''
 
{{Quote||Ibn Hamid a dit que sa 'awrah est la même que la 'awrah de l'homme, à cause de ce qui est rapporté par 'Amr ibn Shu'ayb, de son père, de son grand-père, que le Prophète, sallallahu 'alayhi wa-sallam, a dit: '''"Lorsque l'un de vous marie sa femme esclave à son esclave ou mercenaire, qu'il ne regarde rien de sa 'awrah, car tout ce qui est en dessous du nombril jusqu'aux genoux est 'awrah." Il voulait dire la 'awrah de la femme esclave. '''Rapporté par ad-Daraqutni. '''La tête n'est pas incluse dans la 'awrah d'une femme esclave ainsi que leurs seins…'''}}
 
===The 2nd Caliph 'Umar Ibn Khattab had the habit of beating his female slaves if they ever wore the jilbab===
'''Sahih de Cheikh Albani [http://web.archive.org/web/20210329003506/http://islamport.com/w/alb/Web/1202/2092.htm]:'''
 
{{Quote||L'imam Ibn Abi Shaybah a enregistré dans son livre al-Munsaf qu'Umar Ibn Khattab a vu une esclave qui a pris un vêtement / drap comme Hijab et a couvert son corps. Sur ce, '''Umar l'a frappée et lui a dit qu'elle ne devrait pas essayer de ressembler aux femmes musulmanes libres (en prenant le Jilbab/Muqna).'''}}
 
The chain of narration of this hadith is "sahih." This same tradition is equally known by ibn Qalabah. [http://web.archive.org/web/20210920104640/https://islamarchive.cc/H_85618].
 
'''Sheikh Albani [http://web.archive.org/web/20170119173848/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-22592/page-2084]:'''
 
{{Quote||Le compagnon Anas bin Malik a déclaré: Une esclave d'un certain Muhajir ou Ansar est venue à Umar Ibn Khattab dans un état où elle portait un Jilbab (et elle s'en couvrit les seins et le corps). Sur ce,''' Umar lui a ordonné d'enlever le Jilbab de sa tête car il est réservé uniquement à la femme libre (musulmane). L'esclave a hésité, sur quoi Umar s'est levé et il a commencé à la frapper avec le bâton. Il lui a frappé la tête, jusqu'à ce que l'esclave enlève son jilbab.'''}}
 
Shaykh Albani declared that this hadith is "authentic (sahih)" according to the standards of Imam Muslim.


==Scholars==
==Scholars==
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