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{{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | {{Quote|[https://unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf 'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam'] by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | ||
'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]]. | 'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}'''Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( بَظْرٌ ) as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#Defining Bazr|Defining Bazr)]].''' | ||
===Hanbali Madhab=== | ===Hanbali Madhab=== | ||
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'''(date not specified)''' ''“Some (e.g. the late Rector of Al-Azhar University, Sheikh Gad Al-Haque) argued that since'' [Mohammed] ''did not ban female circumcision, it falls within the category of the permissble. As such, there is no ground for a total ban on it.”'' [http://www.jannah.org/genderequity/equityappendix.html IS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION REQUIRED] | '''(date not specified)''' ''“Some (e.g. the late Rector of Al-Azhar University, Sheikh Gad Al-Haque) argued that since'' [Mohammed] ''did not ban female circumcision, it falls within the category of the permissble. As such, there is no ground for a total ban on it.”'' [http://www.jannah.org/genderequity/equityappendix.html IS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION REQUIRED] | ||
====Critical==== | ====Critical==== | ||
The following are | The following are extracts from fatwas that are critical, or ''appear'' critical, of FGM. The extracts were originally selected in order to illustrate the variety of arguments critical of FGM found in modern fatwas. Most come from much longer fatwas which mobilise several justifications for their positions and as such the interested reader is encouraged to follow the link and read the full fatwas. All engage in some form of error, obfuscation or deception which are debunked in the section [[#arguments|Arguments de-linking FGM from Islam]] | ||
'''FGM IS NOT REQUIRED BY ISLAM''' | |||
''“All practices of female circumcision and mutilation are crimes and have no relationship with Islam. Whether it involves the removal of the skin or the cutting of the flesh of the female genital organs… it is not an obligation in Islam.”'' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=77396# Dr Ahmed Talib, Dean of the Faculty of Sharia at Al-Azhar University] | |||
''“In response to a question of the author of the book Razor and Tradition, which discusses Female Genital Mutilation,'' [Khamenei] ''noted that female circumcision is permissible but not obligatory (2011)”'' [http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/the-point-of-view-of-the-supreme-leader-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-on-female-genital-mutilation/ Fatwa of the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei] | |||
====== FGM EXISTED BEFORE ISLAM ====== | |||
“''While the exact origin of female circumcision is not known, it preceded Christianity and Islam.” [http://www.jannah.org/genderequity/equityappendix.html IS FEMALE CIRCUMCISION REQUIRED]'' | |||
'''THERE IS NO FGM IN THE KORAN''' | |||
“The practice is not mentioned in the Quran” [https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/09/18/fatwa-fgm-could-be-part-solution A Fatwa on FGM Could be Part of the Solution – Kurdistan 2010] | |||
====== THE QUR'AN FORBIDS MUTILATION ====== | |||
“''Allah Almighty prohibits in the Holy Quran to cut a body part of human beings without any reason because a human being is the most beloved creature to the omnipotent Allah, and is the creature in whose beautiful creation the Almighty takes pride in.”'' [http://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/ Islam And Female Genital Mutilation, Pakistan, 2016] | |||
''“The traditional form of excision is a practice totally banned by Islam because of the compelling evidence of the extensive damage it causes to women’s bodies and minds,”'' [https://www.medindia.net/news/Egyptian-Clerics-Say-Female-Circumcision-UnIslamic-23055-1.htm Egyptian Clerics Say Female Circumcision Un-Islamic, 2007] | |||
“''God gave people dignity. In the Qur’an God says: “We have dignified the sons of Adam”. Therefore, God forbids any harm coming to man, irrespective of social status and gender.”'' [http://w3i.target-nehberg.de/HP-08_fatwa/index.php?p=fatwaAzhar Professor Ali Gom’a, Grand Mufti of Egypt, 2006] | |||
====== THERE IS NO RECORD OF MOHAMMED HAVING HIS WIVES OR DAUGHTERS CIRCUMCISED ====== | |||
''“''[Mohammed] ''had four daughters and we have no strong sources to prove if even one of them was circumcised”'' [http://courtingthelaw.com/2016/04/28/commentary/islam-and-female-genital-mutilation-fgm/ Islam And Female Genital Mutilation, Pakistan, 2016] | |||
====== THE FGM HADITH ARE ‘WEAK’ ====== | |||
“''In a Hadith it is mentioned:”Circumcision is Sunnah for men and an honorable thing for women.” Due to the weakness of this hadith and other hadiths that refer to female circumcision with some of their narrators being known for deceptiveness and others whose narrations carry no weight scholars of Islamic Law have differed widely regarding its legal ruling.”'' [http://www.muftisays.com/qa/question/1884/does--female-circumcision-have-its-place-in-islaam.html does female circumcision have its place in Islaam, 2006] | |||
====== ISLAM SHOULD ADAPT TO CONTEMPORARY MORES ====== | |||
''“Today, female genital mutilation is not common among Shiites but the usage narrative show that it does not hurt if it can be done with its conditions, including compliance with health issues. But because the social norms have changed today, this action would not be acceptable like many other topics which their sentences were changed due to circumstances and facts.”'' [http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/the-point-of-view-of-the-supreme-leader-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-on-female-genital-mutilation/ The point of view of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Female Genital Mutilation, 2014] | |||
====== MOHAMMED WANTED TO FORBID FGM BUT COULDN’T ====== | |||
''“Islam did not forbid'' [FGM] ''at that time because it was not possible to suddenly forbid a ritual with strong roots in Arabic culture; rather it preferred to gradually express its negative opinions. This is how Islam treated slavery as well, (gradual preparation of the society for the final forbiddance of slavery).”'' [https://stopfgmmiddleeast.wordpress.com/fatwas-against-fgm/ Sayyad Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, Grand Sheikh of Lebanon] | |||
==FGM before Islam== | ==FGM before Islam== | ||
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weak hadith can be used if supported by stronger hadith | weak hadith can be used if supported by stronger hadith | ||
==== | ====the Qur'an forbids mutilation==== | ||
==== | |||
==== There is no record of Muhammad having his wives or daughters circumcised ==== | |||
===='''FGM not required by Islam'''==== | |||
{{anchor|equivocation}}Since the 1990s Islamic scholars, clerics and other sources have issued fatwas and statements that appear to criticise, condemn and even forbid FGM. However, an alert reading of these reveals that they virtually all engage in some form of equivocation ('deliberate evasiveness in wording : the use of ambiguous or equivocal language') in order to appear to be more critical of FGM than they are. | {{anchor|equivocation}}Since the 1990s Islamic scholars, clerics and other sources have issued fatwas and statements that appear to criticise, condemn and even forbid FGM. However, an alert reading of these reveals that they virtually all engage in some form of equivocation ('deliberate evasiveness in wording : the use of ambiguous or equivocal language') in order to appear to be more critical of FGM than they are. | ||