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Critical Bibliography of Islamic Studies

This article will compile academic articles, chapters, and books which are both scholarly and rigorous and which present perspectives on topics in Islamic studies (history, theology, etc.) subversive of inherited and religious viewpoints on the same. It is not essential that posterity have confirmed the accuracy of the analysis presented in these publications, or that their analysis necessarily be falsifiable in all cases; instead, what will merit inclusion is anything that has succeeded in prompting scholars, students, and the literate laity to ''rethink'' what they believe about Islam as it exists today or how it existed in the past. In other words, the aim is to curate research and theory about Islam and its past which would not merely cause al-Ghazali to spin in his grave, but which would instead prompt him to climb out of it and perhaps change his mind about his most fundamental religious convictions.

====== Formatting ======
Entries are cited Chicago style with slight modifications (see below). DOIs are hyperlinked in the title of the entry, where these are not available a link to the publisher's webpage for the publication is provided in its place. Where neither exists and where the publication is out of copyright, a link may be given to an archived version of the publication hosted online. Provided beneath certain entries is either the publisher's blurb, the article's abstract, an adaption thereof, or a general summary—references for these are the respective entries themselves. Edited volumes are not included in this bibliography unless every chapter they contain deserves inclusion (this is rarely the case)—instead, relevant chapters have been identified and added individually to the relevant section/subsection. 

== The origins of Islam ==
Crone, Patricia. ''[https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463209933 Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam]''. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1987). 300pp.

Crone, Patricia and Michael Cook. ''[https://archive.org/details/Hagarism Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1977). 268pp.

== The life of Muhammad ==
Ahmed, Shahab. ''[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674047426 Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam]''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2017). 336pp.

Anthony, Sean W. ''[https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520340411/muhammad-and-the-empires-of-faith Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam]''. Oakland: University of California Press (2020). 304pp.

Powers, David S. ''[https://www.pennpress.org/9780812221497/muhammad-is-not-the-father-of-any-of-your-men/ Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet]''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (2011). 376pp.

Shoemaker, Stephen J. ''[https://www.pennpress.org/9780812223422/the-death-of-a-prophet/ The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam]''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (2012). 408pp.

== The Qur'an ==

=== The origins of Qur'anic stories ===
van Bladel, Kevin. [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203939604-19/alexander-legend-qur-18-83%E2%80%93102-kevin-van-bladel?context=ubx&refId=d0c65358-9120-4a77-b733-cf791f3fe521 "The ''Alexander Legend'' in the Qur'ān 18:83-102."] In ''[https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203939604 The Qur'ān in Its Historical Context]'', edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds, 175-203. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Griffith, Sidney. [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203939604-15/christian-lore-arabic-qur-companions-cave-surat-al-kahf-syriac-christian-tradition-sidney-griffith?context=ubx&refId=a5de6a4e-4188-4641-b8ca-0fab89509ca2 "Christian lore and the Arabic Qur’an: the 'Companions of the Cave' in ''Sūrat al-Kahf'' and in Syriac Christian tradition."] In ''[https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203939604 The Qur'ān in Its Historical Context]'', edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds, 109-137. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Mourad, Suleiman A. [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203939604-18/mary-qur-reexamination-presentation-suleiman-mourad?context=ubx&refId=acb93c0e-a191-4bef-a7e4-7323a59a9806 "Mary in the Qur'ān: a reexamination of her presentation."] In ''[https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203939604 The Qur'ān in Its Historical Context]'', edited by Gabriel Said Reynolds, 141-162. New York: Routledge, 2008.

=== The history of the Qur'anic text ===
Déroche, François. ''[https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300262834 The One and the Many: The Early History of the Qur'an]''. Translated by Malcolm DeBevoise. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022.

Nasser, Shady. ''[https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241794 The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān: The Problem of Tawātur and the Emergence of Shawādhdh]''. Leiden: Brill, 2013. 252pp.

== The development of Islamic theology == 

Crone, Patricia and Martin Hinds. ''[https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/history/middle-east-history/gods-caliph-religious-authority-first-centuries-islam?format=PB&isbn=9780521541114 God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1986). 164pp. 

Osman, Amr. [https://doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341245 "''ʿAdālat al-Ṣaḥāba'': The Construction of a Religious Doctrine."] ''Arabica'' T. 60, Fasc. 3/4 (2013): pp. 272-305. 

== The development of Islamic law ==
Auda, Jasser. ''[https://www.kubepublishing.com/collections/quran/products/a-critique-of-the-abrogation-theory-in-islam-1 A Critique of the Theory of Abrogation]''. Translated and edited by Adil Salahi. Markfield: Kube Publishing, 2019. 160pp.

Sadeghi, Behnam. ''[https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920509 The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 234pp.

Schacht, Joseph. ''[https://archive.org/details/schacht-joseph-the-origins-of-muhamaddan-jurisprudence The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence]''. London: Oxford University Press, 1950. 348pp.

== Social history of the Muslim world ==
El-Rouayheb, Khaled. ''[https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/B/bo3613572.html Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 208pp.