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Historicity of Muhammad

Time Line

• 622 Hijrah?
• 633 Death of Muhammad?
• 634 Doctrina Jacobi / "Prophet who has appeared with the Saracens"
• ~636 Syriac Gospel Fragment / " killing of {the Arabs of} Muhammad (Muhmd)"
• 637 Arab conquest of Jerusalem
• ~639 Sophronius / Saracen conquests
• ~640 Thomas the Presbyter / "the Arabs of Muhammad (tayyaye d-Mhmt)"
• ~640 Peter, governor of Numidia / " barbarous people of the desert"
• ~650's Short Graffiti - rock etchings / God
• ~660's Sebeos, Bishop Of The Bagratunis / Mahmet - details of life
• ~670 Archdeacon Theodore contemporary to Sophronius / Saracen - Mosque Jerusalem
• 678 Inscription on Dam near Tā'if in the Hijāz / God
• 688 Inscription on Bridge in Fustat / God
• 690's John, Bishop of Nikiu / "Moslem", "Mohammed"
• 691 Arab-Sassanian coin / Muhammad rasūl Allāh
• 692 Dome of the Rock Inscription / Muhammad - Jesus
• 696 Reformed Coinage / Muhammad
• ~750-800. Papyrus fragments.
• 776 Graffiti from northern Arabia / Quran - generic "book"
• 810 Tombstone, Egypt / Quran - first explicit reference
• 843 The earliest dated literary papyrus

Buildings

• Dome of the Rock
  • [1]. Dome of the Rock inner and outer walls.
  • [2] "Forgotten Witness: Evidence For The Early Codification Of The Qur'an" - Estelle Whelan
  • [3] Copper inscription Dome of the Rock.
• Other Buldings
  • Dam near Tā'if in the Hijāz, built in 58 / 678. - God
  • Bridge in Fustat 69 / 688 - God
  • Palace of Muwaqqar, for of Yazīd II (720-24)

Early Arab Coins and Inscriptions

• thousands etched on rocks throughout the central Islamic lands from the 30s / 650s onwards
• [4] Examples of coins.
• [5] Hoyland on coins.
  • Quran 9:33 ("Muhammad is the messenger of God whom He sent with guidance and the religion of truth to make it prevail over all religion, even if the idolaters are averse"), This first appears on the reform coinage from 77 / 696
  • Muhammad rasūl Allāh is on an Arab-Sassanian coin of Khālid bin ʿAbdullāh from the year 71 AH / 691 CE. Y. D. Nevo, "Towards A Prehistory Of Islam", Jerusalem Studies In Arabic And Islam, 1994, Volume 17, pp. 109-110; Also see Y. Nevo & J. Koren, Crossroads To Islam: The Origins Of The Arab Religion And The Arab State, 2003, Prometheus Books: New York, p. 247

Non-Mulsim Testimonies

• [6]. Patriarch of Jerusalem from 634 until his death.
• [7]. [8]. Doctrina Jacobi.
• [9] "External References to Islam"
  • Robert G. Hoyland in 1997 published an important book entitled "Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam".
• [10] "tayyaye" refers to an Arab tribe, the Tay
• [11] mhaggre (with a pun on the word muhajir, from Hagar's expulsion), is a term that describes "the followers or descendants of Hagar". The name was used in Judeo-Christian literature and Byzantine chronicles for Hanif Arabs, then for Islamic forces known collectively as Saracens, and during the height of the Ottoman Empire, for Turks. The name, used interchangeably with Ishmaelites, came also to mean any Muslim.
• "The equivalent Greek form magaritai is found in a bilingual papyrus of AH 22/643, which is a receipt from the commander of the Arab forces in Egypt to the local inhabitants for goods provided, and it was probably from such documents or from the scribes that copied them that the Christians learned the term. In turn, the Greek derives from the Arabic muhajir, which is the name by which the Arabs are designated on all official documents of the first century of Islam.".
• "Muhajir or Mohajir (Arabic: مهاجر‎ muhāǧir) is an Arabic word meaning immigrant.[1] The Islamic calendar Hejira starts when Muhammad and his companions left Mecca for Medina in what is known as Hijra. They were called Muhajirun. The Arabic root word for immigration and emigration is Hijrat." [1] Lane, Edward William (1801–1876). [1956] Arabic-English lexicon. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. (Originally published in London, 1863–1893)
• [12] Full Text of Sebeos.

Sira Literature

• The earliest dated literary papyrus is of 229 / 843 (R.G. Khoury, "L'importance d'Ibn Lahī‘a et son papyrus conservé a Heidelberg," Arabica 22 [1975]: 11-12), though some fragments belonging to the mid- to late eighth century are found in A. Grohmann, Arabic Papyri from Khirbet el-Mird (Louvain, 1963), nos. 71-73.

Hadith [13] "Dated Texts Mentioning Prophet Muḥammad From 1-100 AH / 622-719 CE" by M.S.M. Saifullah & ʿAbdullah David