Marie, sestra Áronova, v Koránu: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 09:04, 29 April 2018

Zdá se, že autor Koránu se domnívá, že Marie, matka Ježíše je ta samá osoba jako Mirjam, sestra Áronova (a Mojžíšova), což ale není možné, Mirjam žila asi tisíc let před Marií. Zdá se, že Mohamed spojil Marii a Mirjam do jedné osoby, když vymýšlel Korán. Obě dvě jsou zvané مريم (Miryam) v arabštině.

Zdroje

Korán

Marie, matka Ježíše je zvaná sestrou Áronovou v súře 19:

Then she brought him to her own folk, carrying him. They said: O Mary! Thou hast come with an amazing thing.

(19:28) O sister of Aaron! Thy father was not a wicked man nor was thy mother a harlot.

Then she pointed to him. They said: How can we talk to one who is in the cradle, a young boy?

He spake: Lo! I am the slave of Allah. He hath given me the Scripture and hath appointed me a Prophet,

And hath made me blessed wheresoever I may be, and hath enjoined upon me prayer and almsgiving so long as I remain alive,

And (hath made me) dutiful toward her who bore me, and hath not made me arrogant, unblest.

Peace on me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive!

Such was Jesus, son of Mary: (this is) a statement of the truth concerning which they doubt.


Korán říká, že žena Imrána porodila pannu Marii, která porodila Ježíše.

(Remember) when the wife of 'Imran said: My Lord! I have vowed unto Thee that which is in my belly as a consecrated (offering). Accept it from me. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Hearer, the Knower!

And when she was delivered she said: My Lord! Lo! I am delivered of a female - Allah knew best of what she was delivered - the male is not as the female; and lo! I have named her Mary, and lo! I crave Thy protection for her and for her offspring from Satan the outcast.

And her Lord accepted her with full acceptance and vouchsafed to her a goodly growth; and made Zachariah her guardian. Whenever Zachariah went into the sanctuary where she was, he found that she had food. He said: O Mary! Whence cometh unto thee this (food)? She answered: It is from Allah. Allah giveth without stint to whom He will.

Then Zachariah prayed unto his Lord and said: My Lord! Bestow upon me of Thy bounty goodly offspring. Lo! Thou art the Hearer of Prayer.

And the angels called to him as he stood praying in the sanctuary: Allah giveth thee glad tidings of (a son whose name is) John, (who cometh) to confirm a word from Allah lordly, chaste, a prophet of the righteous.

He said: My Lord! How can I have a son when age hath overtaken me already and my wife is barren? (The angel) answered: So (it will be). Allah doeth what He will.

He said: My Lord! Appoint a token for me. (The angel) said: The token unto thee (shall be) that thou shalt not speak unto mankind three days except by signs. Remember thy Lord much, and praise (Him) in the early hours of night and morning.

And when the angels said: O Mary! Lo! Allah hath chosen thee and made thee pure, and hath preferred thee above (all) the women of creation.

O Mary! Be obedient to thy Lord, prostrate thyself and bow with those who bow (in worship).

This is of the tidings of things hidden. We reveal it unto thee (Muhammad). Thou wast not present with them when they threw their pens (to know) which of them should be the guardian of Mary, nor wast thou present with them when they quarrelled (thereupon).

(And remember) when the angels said: O Mary! Lo! Allah giveth thee glad tidings of a word from him, whose name is the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, illustrious in the world and the Hereafter, and one of those brought near (unto Allah).

He will speak unto mankind in his cradle and in his manhood, and he is of the righteous.

She said: My Lord! How can I have a child when no mortal hath touched me? He said: So (it will be). Allah createth what He will. If He decreeth a thing, He saith unto it only: Be! and it is.


Marie, matka Ježíšova, je zároveń zvaná "dcerou Imránovou" v súře 66:

And Mary, daughter of 'Imran, whose body was chaste, therefor We breathed therein something of Our Spirit. And she put faith in the words of her Lord and His scriptures, and was of the obedient.

Imrán je arabská forma jména Amram. Amram byl otec Mojžíše, Árona a Mirjam [1]. Tedy Korán zmiňuje Marii ve stejném rodinném vztahu jako Mirjam.

Hadísy

Křesťané z Najran zjistili tuto chybu už v době Mohamedova života. Zeptali se Mohamedova společníka a on nevěděl co na to říct. Zeptal se Mohameda a dostal tuto odpověď:

Mughira b. Shu'ba reported: When I came to Najran, they (the Christians of Najran) asked me: You read" O sister of Harun" (i. e. Hadrat Maryam) in the Qur'an, whereas Moses was born much before Jesus. When I came back to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) I asked him about that, whereupon he said: The (people of the old age) used to give names (to their persons) after the names of Apostles and pious persons who had gone before them.

Harun is an Arabic form of Aaron. His answer was that she was only called "sister of Aaron" and the reason is that Aaron was a pious man who lived a thousand years before her.

His answer seems to be an excuse, because the Christians, Muhammad's companions and even Aisha, all understood the Qur'an to mean she is literally the sister of Aaron. Tafsir Ibn Kathir in its non-abridged Arabic version says this:

وَقَالَ اِبْن جَرِير حَدَّثَنِي يَعْقُوب حَدَّثَنَا اِبْن عُلَيَّة عَنْ سَعِيد بْن أَبِي صَدَقَة عَنْ مُحَمَّد بْن سِيرِينَ قَالَ أُنْبِئْت أَنَّ كَعْبًا قَالَ إِنَّ قَوْله : " يَا أُخْت هَارُون " لَيْسَ بِهَارُون أَخِي مُوسَى قَالَ فَقَالَتْ لَهُ عَائِشَة كَذَبْت قَالَ يَا أُمّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنْ كَانَ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَهُ فَهُوَ أَعْلَم وَأَخْبَر وَإِلَّا فَإِنِّي أَجِد بَيْنهمَا سِتّمِائَةِ سَنَة قَالَ فَسَكَتَتْ وَفِي هَذَا التَّارِيخ نَظَر


It was narrated from Ibn Jarir, narrated from Yaqub, narrated from Ibn U’laya, narrated from Sa’id Ibn Abi Sadaqa, narrated from Muhammad Ibn Sireen who stated that he was told that Ka’b said the verse that reads, "O sister of Harun (Aaron)!" (of Sura 19:28) does not refer to Aaron the brother of Moses. Aisha replied to Ka’b, "You have lied." Ka’b responded, "O Mother of the believers! If the prophet, may Allah’s prayers be upon him, has said it, and he is more knowledgeable, then this is what he related. Besides, I find the difference in time between them (Jesus and Moses) to be 600 years." He said that she remained silent.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (non-abridged) on 19:28 [2]

So even Aisha understood the Qur'an to mean that Mary, the mother of Jesus was a sister of Aaron and Moses.

If really people used to name people after pious people who lived before them and Mary was called "sister of Aaron", why didn't Aisha nor Muhammad's companion nor the Christians knew about it?

Křesťanské zdroje

Mirjam, Áron a Mojžíš byly děti Amrama (Imrána v arabštině):

The children of Amram: Aaron, Moses and Miriam.
1 Chronicles 6:3 [3]

Marie, matka Ježíše, byla dcerou Jáchyma a byla z rodiny Davida (ne Árona):

THE blessed and ever glorious Virgin Mary, sprung from the royal race and family of David, was born in the city of Nazareth, and educated at Jerusalem, in the temple of the Lord. Her father's name was Joachim, and her mother's Anna. The family of her father was of Galilee and the city of Nazareth. The family of her mother was of Bethlehem.
The gospel of the birth of Mary, 1:1-2 [4]

Apologetické argumenty

Ibn Kathir dal následující vysvětlení ve svém tafsíru:

(O sister of Harun!) referring to the brother of Musa, because she was of his descendants. This is similar to the saying, `O brother of Tamim,' to one who is from the Tamimi tribe, and `O brother of Mudar,' to one who is from the Mudari tribe. It has also been said that she was related to a righteous man among them whose name was Harun and she was comparable to him in her abstinence and worship.

Since he put two possible solutions for this problem, he was probably not sure about any of them. Otherwise he would put just one (either she is a descendant "sister" of Aaron or she had an actual brother coincidentally called Aaron).

"Sestra Áronova znamená potomek Árona"

Korán doslova říká "sestra (أُخْتَ) Áronova" a lidé pochopili ten verš, že doslova znamená "sestra Áronova". Až poté, co se k Mohamedovi doneslo, že je to špatně, význam se změnil na "potomek Árona". V křesťanských zdrojích se píše, že byla z rodiny Davida, takže proč Korán říká, že je z rodiny Árona? Někteří apologetici říkají, že v Lukášovi 1:5, Alžběta je popsaná jako potomek Árona a v Lukášovi 1:36 je Marie popsaná jako sestřenice anebo blízká Marii [5]. Ale to, že Marie je sestřenice nebo jinak blízká Alžběte, nutně neznamená, že jsou obě potomky Árona.

Pokud byla Marie známá jako potomek Árona, proč arabští křesťané (a Aisha a Mughira b. Shu'ba) v době Mohameda, o tom nic nevěděli?

Tohle zároveň nevysvětluje třetí súru, kde je nazvaná opravdovou dcerou Amrama.

"Marie měla shodou okolností otce zvaného Imrán a bratra zvaného Áron"

Křesťanské zdroje říkají, že její otec byl zvaný Jáchym a nezmiňují, že by měla bratra zvaného Áron. Pokud měla bratra jménem Áron, tak stále zůstává otázka, proč je zvaná "sestrou Árona"? Pokud je její bratr tak důležitý, že musel být zmíněn s jejím jménem, proč o něm neslyšíme víc? Je mnohem pravděpodobnějeí, že autor Koránu si opravdu myslel, že ona je sestrou Árona a Mojžíše a v Koránu ji lidi nazývali "sestrou Áronovou" aby zdůraznili její společenský status.

Sestro Árónova, otec tvůj nebyl mužem špatným ani matka tvá nebyla nepočestnou!“

Jinými slovy, lidi se ptali "Jak můžeš mít dítě bez manžela, když jsi z tak slušné rodiny".

Závěr

Mirjam byla dcera Amrama a sestra Árona. Korán popisuje Marii, Ježíšovu matku, jako dceru Amrama a sestru Árona, tedy ve stejném rodinném vztahu jako Mirjam. Mnoho lidí, včetně Aiši, to chápali tak, že Marie a Mirjam je jedna a ta samá osoba, na základě jejich pochopení Koránského textu.

Když křesťané kritizovali verš, který nazývá Marii "sestrou Áronovou" v Koránu, Mohamedova odpověď byla, že "lidé byli nazýváni po zbožných lidech, kteří žili před nimi". Islámští učenci došli k závěru, že Marie byla nazvána "sestrou Áronovou" protože byla jeho vzdáleným potomkem anebo protože měla bratra, který se shodou okolností jmenoval Áron. Obě tyto řešení se zdají mýt smyšlené, protože Marie nebyla známa jako potomek Árona a ani nebylo známo, že by měla bratra zvaného "Áron". Na druhou stranu, o Mirjam se vědělo, že je sestrou Árona.

Jelikož se Marie i Mirjam, obě vyslovují Miryam v arabštině, je docela pravděpodobně, že Mohamed, na základě křesťanských příběhů, které slyšel, [6] si spojil tyto dvě ženy do jedné osoby, když vymýšlel Korán.

Viz také

Reference