Jihad in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions
| [checked revision] | [checked revision] |
No edit summary |
|||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
"Fight the unbelievers" meaning: a general decree concerning every mushrik (polytheist/unbeliever). But the Sunnah has narrowed its application in the declaration of surat-al-baqarah (surah 2) verse 3, excluding women, monks, children and other (non-combatants)......"Wherever you find them" meaning: a general decree for all places}} | "Fight the unbelievers" meaning: a general decree concerning every mushrik (polytheist/unbeliever). But the Sunnah has narrowed its application in the declaration of surat-al-baqarah (surah 2) verse 3, excluding women, monks, children and other (non-combatants)......"Wherever you find them" meaning: a general decree for all places}} | ||
Classical Islamic theology thus sees the sword verse as a general injunction for never-ending holy war against all unbelievers until the day of judgement. The Muslim state, the ummah, is to pursue this holy war against all oppenents until the religion, all of it, is to Allah ({{Quran|8|39}}). Those who shirk their duty to pursue jihad will face a terrible punishment in the hereafter ({{Quran|9|81|82}}) ({{Quran|48|16}}). For those who do go on jihad and die in Allah's cause, a great reward awaits them ({{Quran|3|157|158}}). Those who are left alive after the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Mujahids|mujaahideen]] die in combat with the unbelievers should not mourn them, for they are yet alive with Allah in paradise enjoying pleasures beyond human comprehension ({{Quran|3|169|172}}). The Qur'an also has practical advice for the believers on war with the infidels. There are verses dealing with the exemptions of various types of people to jihad ({{Quran|9|91}}) ({{Quran|48| | Classical Islamic theology thus sees the sword verse as a general injunction for never-ending holy war against all unbelievers until the day of judgement. The Muslim state, the ummah, is to pursue this holy war against all oppenents until the religion, all of it, is to Allah ({{Quran|8|39}}). Those who shirk their duty to pursue jihad will face a terrible punishment in the hereafter ({{Quran|9|81|82}}) ({{Quran|48|16}}). For those who do go on jihad and die in Allah's cause, a great reward awaits them ({{Quran|3|157|158}}). Those who are left alive after the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Mujahids|mujaahideen]] die in combat with the unbelievers should not mourn them, for they are yet alive with Allah in paradise enjoying pleasures beyond human comprehension ({{Quran|3|169|172}}). The Qur'an also has practical advice for the believers on war with the infidels. There are verses dealing with the exemptions of various types of people to jihad ({{Quran|9|91}}) ({{Quran|48|17}}), fighting during the holy months ({{Quran|2|217}}), fighting in the territory of Mecca ({{Quran|2|191}}), prisoners of war ({{Quran|47|4}}), safe conduct ({{Quran|9|6}}), and truces with the enemy ({{Quran|8|61}}). | ||
In addition to the sword verse, another very important verse in the theology and jurisprudence of jihad is the verse of Jizya, surat-at-taubah (surah 9) verse 29:{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|قَٰتِلُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَلَا بِٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْءَاخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ ٱلْحَقِّ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ حَتَّىٰ يُعْطُوا۟ ٱلْجِزْيَةَ عَن يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَٰغِرُونَ | In addition to the sword verse, another very important verse in the theology and jurisprudence of jihad is the verse of Jizya, surat-at-taubah (surah 9) verse 29:{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|قَٰتِلُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَلَا بِٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْءَاخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ ٱلْحَقِّ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ حَتَّىٰ يُعْطُوا۟ ٱلْجِزْيَةَ عَن يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَٰغِرُونَ | ||
Revision as of 09:10, 15 November 2021
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
| This article or section is being renovated. Lead = 2 / 4
Structure = 3 / 4
Content = 3 / 4
Language = 3 / 4
References = 3 / 4
|
Jihad جهاد in Arabic literally means "struggle" coming from the Arabic verb جاهد jaahada meaning to "strive." Jihad fi sabil Allah جهاد في سبيل الله is thus literally "struggle/striving on the path of god." Historically, the use of the word jihad has been very wide semantically, with applications from war to spiritual discipline to reform and many, many things in between. Despite these wide and varied applications, though, the main meaning of jihad in Islamic law from the origins of the religion to the classic period to the present day continues to be armed struggle, either to expand the realm of Islamic political dominance or to defend Islamic lands from infidels, with the expansion of Islamic political dominance being part-and-parcel to a social and political system which advances the interest of the Muslim religion and induces the peoples conquered in this warfare to convert to Islam. This socio-political system, that of the dhimma, is intimately connected to the institution of "jihad at-talab" جهاد الطلب the "jihad of request" involving the three-option offer that an Islamic force must make before commencing hostilities against an infidel enemy: 1. Conversion to Islam. 2. Payment of the jizyah and subjection to Islamic political dominion and the strictures of the dhimma. 3. Fighting until death.
Jihad in the Qur'an and Sunnah
Jihad in the Qur'an
The words "jihad" and "fighting" (قتال--Qitaal) appear frequently in the Qur'an. According to the traditional exegeses of the Qur'an in Sunni Islam, the first verse "revealed" to Muhammad about fighting is in surat-al-hajj (surah 22) verse 39:
A number of other prominent verses in the Qur'an deal with jihad and fighting the unbelievers. Amongst the most prominent of these verses is the "verse of the sword" from surat-at-taubah (surah 9), verse 5:
This verse has been interpreted by numerous mufassiruun as the Qur'an and the prophet Muhammad's final revelation on the subject of jihad. In the words of the preeminent mufassir ibn Kathir:
Al-Qurtabi has this to say
...فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ﴾ عَامٌّ فِي كُلِّ مُشْرِكٍ، لَكِنَّ السُّنَّةَ خَصَّتْ مِنْهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ بَيَانُهُ فِي سُورَةِ "الْبَقَرَةِ"(٣) مِنَ امْرَأَةٍ وَرَاهِبٍ وَصَبِيٍّ وَغَيْرِهِمْ﴿ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ﴾ عَامٌّ فِي كُلِّ مَوْضِعٍ﴿...
Classical Islamic theology thus sees the sword verse as a general injunction for never-ending holy war against all unbelievers until the day of judgement. The Muslim state, the ummah, is to pursue this holy war against all oppenents until the religion, all of it, is to Allah (Quran 8:39). Those who shirk their duty to pursue jihad will face a terrible punishment in the hereafter (Quran 9:81) (Quran 48:16). For those who do go on jihad and die in Allah's cause, a great reward awaits them (Quran 3:157). Those who are left alive after the mujaahideen die in combat with the unbelievers should not mourn them, for they are yet alive with Allah in paradise enjoying pleasures beyond human comprehension (Quran 3:169). The Qur'an also has practical advice for the believers on war with the infidels. There are verses dealing with the exemptions of various types of people to jihad (Quran 9:91) (Quran 48:17), fighting during the holy months (Quran 2:217), fighting in the territory of Mecca (Quran 2:191), prisoners of war (Quran 47:4), safe conduct (Quran 9:6), and truces with the enemy (Quran 8:61).
In addition to the sword verse, another very important verse in the theology and jurisprudence of jihad is the verse of Jizya, surat-at-taubah (surah 9) verse 29:
Along with the sword verse cited above, Muslim scholars and jurists have considered these verses as commands to never-ending offensive jihad against all the infidels of the world forever until the day of judgement. The above jizya verse is also the basis of the Dhimma and the tax of the Jizyah, the systems of financial and social apartheid to be instituted against Jews and Christians (and also Zoroastrians) in order to secure the supremacy of Islam in the Dar al-Harb
Jihad in the Hadith
Jihad in Early Islam
Jihad in Classic Islamic Law
Offensive Jihad
According to Muslim scholar Dr. Hawarey, 80% of the battles Muhammad participated in were offensive.[1]
Defensive Jihad
Jihad in Later Islamic Sources
Jihad in Modern Islam
References
- ↑ Military Operations in the Era of Prophet Mohammed (SAW) - military.hawarey.org