WikiIslam:Citing, Linking, and Quoting: Difference between revisions

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==Inline Citations==
This protocol explains where, when, and why editors must cite, link, and quote their sources. For source editing and how to use related templates please go to the [[WikiIslam:Source_Editing]] page.


All the information on WikiIslam, especially any statements which are likely to be challenged, must be appropriately referenced, and these references must be provided via inline citations. A general list of references at the bottom of a page is no use to readers because it does not tell them which particular statement they support.
==Referencing in general==
Any claim or material that is likely to be challenged must be cited. All claims must be supported by scholarly sources and not reliant solely on reasoning provided by editors. Thus, for instance, a claim that Riadh is the capitol of modern-day Saudi Arabia needn't be cited since it is unlikely to be challenged, but it must be backable by an established academic source were such a challenge to arise (which it is). A claim that the original Qur'anic rasm did not have dots, on the other hand, may well be challenged by lay people, so such a claim requires an academic citation.  


===Single Citation===
All sources must be third-party published sources, and must avoid tabloid and unreliable sources. Sources must verify the claim being made,  and must not be copy-pasted from it unless it is being quoted. Cite in MLA or APA format when possible unless you are citing direct Islamic scriptures.
An example of a reference being made on a page:
{| border="1" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0"
| I'm about to give a reference.<ref>This is the Reference text at the bottom. [http://links.sourceforge.net/ Links can also be made here.]</ref>
''(article text)''


''(more article text)''
The standard method of citing in Wikiislam is with a footnote at the end of the sentence and after the punctuation where the claim it supports appears. More than one citation may be necessary if the claim is heavily disputed or controversial.


<big>'''References'''</big>
'''Example of weak citing:'''
----
{{reflist}}
|}


Here is what has to be typed:
"Leaving his wife and children behind during the month of Ramadan, the now wealthy [[Muhammad]] would often fall back to a cave located at the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he fasted and prayed. According to Islamic belief, when he was about forty years old (610 AD) he was visited by the Angel [[Gabriel]] (جبريل ''Jibreel'') and commanded to recite verses sent by Allah. These verses would later become what is believed to be the first part of Sura 96. This experience frightened him, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, he became suicidal. According to [[Sahih]] Bukhari:"
::<tt>I'm about to give a reference.<nowiki><ref>This is the Reference text at the bottom. [http://links.sourceforge.net/ Links can also made here.]</ref></nowiki></tt>


Then at the end of the article, give a "References" heading and below that, write:
'''Amended version:'''
::<tt><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></tt>


The wiki will automatically do everything else for you to make the reference. To edit the reference section produced at the bottom, edit the <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags.
"According to the traditional Islamic narrative, the beginnings of the Qur'an were conceived as Muhammad began to leave his wife and children to pray alone in a cave several weeks each year.<ref>Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 6</ref><ref>John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland (1904), p. 83</ref> According to Islamic belief, when he was about forty years old (610 AD) he was visited by the Angel [[Gabriel]] (جبريل ''Jibreel'') and commanded to recite verses sent by Allah.<ref>Brown (2003), pp. 72–73</ref> These verses would later become what is believed to be the first part of Sura 96.<ref>Wensinck, A.J.; Rippen, A. (2002). "Waḥy". ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. '''11''' (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 54. <nowiki>ISBN 90-04-12756-9</nowiki>.</ref> This experience frightened him, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, he became suicidal. According to [[Sahih Bukhari]]<ref>...But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also paused for a while and the Prophet (Mohammad) became so sad as we have heard that he intended several times to throw himself from the tops of high mountains and every time he went up the top of a mountain in order to throw himself down, Gabriel would appear before him and say, "O Muhammad! You are indeed Allah's Apostle in truth" whereupon his heart would become quiet and he would calm down and would return home. And whenever the period of the coming of the inspiration used to become long, he would do as before, but when he used to reach the top of a mountain, Gabriel would appear before him and say to him what he had said before. [https://quranx.com/Hadith/Bukhari/USC-MSA/Volume-9/Book-87/Hadith-111 Sahih Bukhari 9:87:111]</ref> After this first '[[revelation]]' no new ones came for a time, but then after a long period they started up again and continued at a steady rate till his death. The collection of these verses is known as the [[Qur'an]].<ref>Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</ref>"


===Multiple Citations===
===Citing Formats===
Quran


For multiple citations of the same reference or footnote, you can also use the name attribute by using:  
*Full Verse(s) in English - Only use the translations of Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, or Sahih International. Generally, you should use the most accurate translation of the relevant Arabic words.
::<tt><nowiki><ref name="name here">details of the citation</ref></nowiki></tt>
*Using Quran templates will cite and link automatically (See [[Template:Quran|here]] and [[Template:Quran-range|here]])
*Chapter (A) and verse (B) numbers will appear in “Quran A:B” format
*Example: Indeed, We have granted you, [O Muhammad], al-Kawthar Qur’an 108:1


Thereafter, the same footnote may be used multiple times by adding:
Hadith:
::<tt><nowiki><ref name="name here"></ref></nowiki></tt>


===Linking to External websites===
*Using hadith templates for appropriate collection will cite and link automatically (See [[WikiIslam:Source_Editing#Referencing_Hadith|here]])
*Quote the full Hadith in English
*Where applicable Use USC-MSA web (English) reference


Link rot is a commonly occurring phenomena where a working external website link becomes unavailable after some time. Link rot happens frequently. According to Wikipedia:
*For certain hadith collections where USC-MSA is unavailable use the reference system suggested for each collection [[WikiIslam:Source_Editing#Referencing_Hadith|here]] (or one of the listed alternatives if necessary). These correspond to the reference systems selected by default for each collection on QuranX.
*Some hadiths may be long - it is acceptable to bold the relevant information to the claim within the hadith. If the hadith is very long, it may be acceptable to place [...] at the beginning and end of an extract.
*Always test generated links. If there is a problem read the relevant template page. Use the reference numbers as found on QuranX if they differ from sunnah.com. The latter has many numbering mistakes, corrected on QuranX.
*Example: Narrated 'Aisha: that '''the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old''', and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death). Sahih Bukhari 7:62:64


{{Quote|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot#Prevalence Link rot (Prevalence)]|The 404 "Not Found" response is familiar to even the occasional Web user. A number of studies have examined the prevalence of link rot on the Web, in academic literature, and in digital libraries. In a 2003 experiment, Fetterly et al. discovered that about one link out of every 200 disappeared each week from the internet. McCown et al. (2005) discovered that '''half of the URLs''' cited in D-Lib Magazine articles '''were no longer accessible 10 years after publication''', and other studies have shown link rot in academic literature to be even worse (Spinellis, 2003, Lawrence et al., 2001). Nelson and Allen (2002) examined link rot in digital libraries and found that about '''3% of the objects were no longer accessible after one year.'''}}
==Mediums==


Many of our sources are links to external websites so the preservation of the sources is important.
===Book===


Also when citing references, it is important not to leave naked URLs. This is due to the nature of the Internet. Once a link becomes "broken" and is no longer available to view, it is essential that we have a record of what that link was referencing. For example, this link:
====Tafsir====
::<tt>http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=184112 </tt>


Should be referenced like this:  
*Name of Tafsir and number of surah and verse (or, if all/most/multiple tafsirs are being referenced in general, then just the word "Tafsirs" and the number of the surah and verse)
::<tt>Judy Siegel-Itzkovich - [http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=184112 Beduin doctor: Migraines common during Ramadan fast] - The Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2010</tt>
*Hyperlink to appropriate page on [https://tafsir.app/ Tafsir.app] - make sure the desired verse and tafsir is open
*Example: [https://tafsir.app/ibn-katheer/2/255 Tafisr ibn Kathir 2:255]


Give it a try in the [[WikiIslam:Sandbox]]. If you want to make other kinds of references using this method, see the related [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes WikiMedia] page.
====Arabic dictionary in any language====


===Multi-columned References===
*Name of dictionary and word
*Hyperlink to appropriate page on [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h1102,ll=h2834,ls=h47,la=h4286,sg=h1094,ha=h749,br=h927,pr=h150,aan=h641,mgf=h793,vi=h362,kz=h2562,mr=h690,mn=h1363,uqw=h1591,umr=h1047,ums=h880,umj=h812,ulq=h1622,uqa=h406,uqq=h380,bdw=h855,amr=h615,asb=h950,auh=h1557,dhq=h545,mht=h871,msb=h230,tla=h94,amj=h798,ens=h552,mis=h2131 Ejtaal.net] or [http://lexicon.quranic-research.net/ Lexicon.Quranic-Research.net/] - make sure only the desired dictionary is open and that all others are collapsed
*Example: [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h1102,ll=2834,ls=h47,la=h4286,sg=h1094,ha=h749,br=h927,pr=h150,aan=h641,mgf=h793,vi=h362,kz=h2562,mr=h690,mn=h1363,uqw=h1591,umr=h1047,ums=h880,umj=h812,ulq=h1622,uqa=h406,uqq=h380,bdw=h855,amr=h615,asb=h950,auh=h1557,dhq=h545,mht=h871,msb=h230,tla=h94,amj=h798,ens=h552,mis=h2131 Lane's Lexicon مَهْدً]


For ease of reading, when a page includes many citations, the standard <tt><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></tt> template should be replaced by <tt><nowiki>{{Reflist|30em}}</nowiki></tt>  (for 20+ citations).
====Other book - In APA or MLA format====


==Islamic References==
*Name(s) of author(s) (mandatory)
*Name(s) of editor(s) (mandatory)
*Title of chapter (if authored separately) in quotations (mandatory)
*Title of book in italics (mandatory)
*Translated title of book in square brackets after the title if not in English (optional)
*Volume when appropriate
*Name of publisher (mandatory)
*City of publication, e.g. London: Routledge (optional)
*Year of publication of the edition you are citing
*Original year of publication in square brackets, e.g. 2017 [1972] (optional)
*Chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate
*Edition, if not the first edition
*ISBN (optional)


Templates make it easy to cite Islamic sources. For example, instead of finding the exact USC-MSA URL of a Qur'an verse or hadith, all that is needed is to type <tt><nowiki>{{Muslim|7|88}}</nowiki></tt> and the reference and link is automatically created.
===Article===


The following are a list of templates that are available for use:
*Name of the author(s) (mandatory)
*Title of the article within quotation marks (mandatory)
*Year
*Name of the journal in italics (mandatory)
*Volume number, issue number, and page numbers


===Referencing the Qur'an===
===Web page===


Not all Qur'an-related templates are covered here. Refer to the Q section in [[:Category:Templates|Category:Templates]] for the full list.
*URL (mandatory)
*Name of the author(s) (mandatory)
*Title of the article within quotation marks (mandatory)
*Title or domain name of the website
*Publisher, if known
*Date of publication
*Page number(s) (if applicable)
*Date retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)


====Single Verse====
===Video===


To reference a verse from the Qur'an type: {&#123;Quran|###|###}}
*Director/channel (mandatory)
*Producer, if relevant
*Names of major performers
*Title of the episode/video in quotation marks (mandatory)
*Title of the film or TV series in italics
*Name of the studio (mandatory)
*Year of release
*Medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)
*Approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate


The first parameter is the chapter/surah number, while the second parameter is the verse number.
===Music/sound===


====Multiple Verses====
*Composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s), etc… (mandatory)
*Performer(s) (mandatory)
*Title of the song or individual track in quotation marks (mandatory)
*Title of the album in italics (if applicable)
*Name of the record label
*Year of release
*Medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)
*Approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate


To reference multiple verses from the Qur'an type: {&#123;Quran-range|###|###|###}}
==Linking==
Linking is a way to connect Wikiislam pages within the text. If there exists a page on a subject that is brought up within an article it is encouraged to link the page within the text. However, over-linking can be distracting. By rule of thumb only link the first occurrence of the subject being mentioned in the article.


The first parameter is the chapter/surah number, while the second parameter is the starting verse number, and the third parameter is the ending verse number.
You can link a subject by enclosing it in double brackets <nowiki>[[X]]</nowiki>


====Verse and Transliteration====
==Quoting==
Using the quote template can provide useful information from primary sources in a direct manner. However too many of them will cause unnecessary clutter in the page. These should be used for important primary sources and their use should be sparing. Articles made up of mostly quote-box templates should be avoided. The box should include only the relevant text and the citation.


To reference a verse from the Qur'an along with its Romanized transliteration type: {&#123;Qtt|###|###}}
The use of the quote box should draw special attention to the intended quote. The quoted text in the box should make an important point in the text of the article. For incomplete or less important supporting quotes, in-text quotations with the relevant citations should be used.


The first parameter is the chapter/surah number, while the second parameter is the verse number.
'''Example of cluttered formatting:'''


===Referencing Bukhari===
Shaykh Gibril Haddad says that the evidence Amjad provided above is false.{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/67gTj2QC2 Gibril Haddad]|2=Al-Tabari nowhere reports that "Abu Bakr's four children were all born in Jahiliyya" but only that Abu Bakr married both their mothers in Jahiliyya, Qutayla bint Sa`d and Umm Ruman, who bore him four children in all, two each, `A'isha being the daughter of Umm Ruman.}}'''Amended version:'''


To reference a hadith from [[Template:Bukhari|Bukhari]] type: {&#123;Bukhari|###|###|###}}
Shaykh Gibril Haddad states that the passage mentioned is misinterpreted, stating "Al-Tabari nowhere reports that 'Abu Bakr's four children were all born in Jahiliyya' but only that Abu Bakr married both their mothers in Jahiliyya, Qutayla bint Sa`d and Umm Ruman, who bore him four children in all, two each, `A'isha being the daughter of Umm Ruman."<ref name=":6">''Our Mother A'isha's Age At The Time Of Her Marriage to The Prophet'' Shaykh Gibril Haddad</ref>
The first parameter is the volume number, the second parameter is the book number and the third parameter is the narration number.


===Referencing Muslim===
==Plagiarism==


To reference a hadith from [[Template:Muslim|Muslim]] type: {&#123;Muslim|###|###}}
Although the quotation of primary sources and research is not only encouraged but mandatory, as  WikiIslam does not host original research, wholesale plagiarism is strictly prohibited. All material put onto the Wiki must be either re-workings of previously hosted WikiIslam material or original material produced by the contributor. Wholesale copying and pasting of pre-existing material, even with attribution, is expressly prohibited. Where such plagiarism occurs, it will be removed immediately and the perpetrator will be instantly banned.


The first parameter is the book number and the second parameter is the narration number.
==See also==


===Referencing Abu Dawud===
*[[WikiIslam:Formatting]]
 
To reference a hadith from [[Template:Abudawud|Abu Dawud]] type: {&#123;Abudawud|###|####}}
 
The first parameter is the book number and the second parameter is the narration number.
 
===Referencing Muwatta===
 
To reference a hadith from [[Template:Muwatta|Malik's Muwatta]] type: {&#123;Muwatta|###|#|#|}}
 
The first parameter is the book number, the second parameter is the section number and the third parameter is the narration number.
 
===Referencing Tabari===
 
To reference text from [[Template:Tabari|Tabari]] type: {&#123;Tabari|###|###}}
 
The first parameter is the volume number and the second parameter is the page or page range. "p." or "pp." (whichever is applicable) will have to be typed in manually. For example, <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Tabari|4|p. 220}} or <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Tabari|4|pp. 220-221}}.
 
===Examples===
 
{| style="width:700px; height:200px" border="1"
!What you type !! What it looks like
|-
| |{&#123;Quran|2|35}} || {{Quran|2|35}}
|-
| |{&#123;Quran-range|2|35|36}} || {{Quran-range|2|35|36}}
|-
| |{&#123;Qtt|2|35}} || {{Qtt|2|35}}
|-
| |{&#123;Bukhari|1|1|5}} || {{Bukhari|1|1|5}}
|-
| |{&#123;Muslim|1|5}} || {{Muslim|1|5}}
|-
| |{&#123;Abudawud|1|7}} || {{Abudawud|1|7}}
|-
| |{&#123;Muwatta|1|1|5|}} || {{Muwatta|1|1|5|}}
|}
 
 
Use the [[WikiIslam:Sandbox|Wiki Sandbox]] for testing it out.
 
==See Also==
* [[WikiIslam:Standardization]] ''- Main article providing instructions on how to make Islamic references''


==References==
[[Category:Help Pages]]
[[Category:Help Pages]]
[[Category:Policies and Guidelines]]
<references />

Latest revision as of 23:08, 7 September 2023

This protocol explains where, when, and why editors must cite, link, and quote their sources. For source editing and how to use related templates please go to the WikiIslam:Source_Editing page.

Referencing in general

Any claim or material that is likely to be challenged must be cited. All claims must be supported by scholarly sources and not reliant solely on reasoning provided by editors. Thus, for instance, a claim that Riadh is the capitol of modern-day Saudi Arabia needn't be cited since it is unlikely to be challenged, but it must be backable by an established academic source were such a challenge to arise (which it is). A claim that the original Qur'anic rasm did not have dots, on the other hand, may well be challenged by lay people, so such a claim requires an academic citation.

All sources must be third-party published sources, and must avoid tabloid and unreliable sources. Sources must verify the claim being made,  and must not be copy-pasted from it unless it is being quoted. Cite in MLA or APA format when possible unless you are citing direct Islamic scriptures.

The standard method of citing in Wikiislam is with a footnote at the end of the sentence and after the punctuation where the claim it supports appears. More than one citation may be necessary if the claim is heavily disputed or controversial.

Example of weak citing:

"Leaving his wife and children behind during the month of Ramadan, the now wealthy Muhammad would often fall back to a cave located at the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he fasted and prayed. According to Islamic belief, when he was about forty years old (610 AD) he was visited by the Angel Gabriel (جبريل Jibreel) and commanded to recite verses sent by Allah. These verses would later become what is believed to be the first part of Sura 96. This experience frightened him, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, he became suicidal. According to Sahih Bukhari:"

Amended version:

"According to the traditional Islamic narrative, the beginnings of the Qur'an were conceived as Muhammad began to leave his wife and children to pray alone in a cave several weeks each year.[1][2] According to Islamic belief, when he was about forty years old (610 AD) he was visited by the Angel Gabriel (جبريل Jibreel) and commanded to recite verses sent by Allah.[3] These verses would later become what is believed to be the first part of Sura 96.[4] This experience frightened him, and originally thinking he was possessed by a demon, he became suicidal. According to Sahih Bukhari[5] After this first 'revelation' no new ones came for a time, but then after a long period they started up again and continued at a steady rate till his death. The collection of these verses is known as the Qur'an.[6]"

Citing Formats

Quran

  • Full Verse(s) in English - Only use the translations of Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, or Sahih International. Generally, you should use the most accurate translation of the relevant Arabic words.
  • Using Quran templates will cite and link automatically (See here and here)
  • Chapter (A) and verse (B) numbers will appear in “Quran A:B” format
  • Example: Indeed, We have granted you, [O Muhammad], al-Kawthar Qur’an 108:1

Hadith:

  • Using hadith templates for appropriate collection will cite and link automatically (See here)
  • Quote the full Hadith in English
  • Where applicable Use USC-MSA web (English) reference
  • For certain hadith collections where USC-MSA is unavailable use the reference system suggested for each collection here (or one of the listed alternatives if necessary). These correspond to the reference systems selected by default for each collection on QuranX.
  • Some hadiths may be long - it is acceptable to bold the relevant information to the claim within the hadith. If the hadith is very long, it may be acceptable to place [...] at the beginning and end of an extract.
  • Always test generated links. If there is a problem read the relevant template page. Use the reference numbers as found on QuranX if they differ from sunnah.com. The latter has many numbering mistakes, corrected on QuranX.
  • Example: Narrated 'Aisha: that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old, and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death). Sahih Bukhari 7:62:64

Mediums

Book

Tafsir

  • Name of Tafsir and number of surah and verse (or, if all/most/multiple tafsirs are being referenced in general, then just the word "Tafsirs" and the number of the surah and verse)
  • Hyperlink to appropriate page on Tafsir.app - make sure the desired verse and tafsir is open
  • Example: Tafisr ibn Kathir 2:255

Arabic dictionary in any language

Other book - In APA or MLA format

  • Name(s) of author(s) (mandatory)
  • Name(s) of editor(s) (mandatory)
  • Title of chapter (if authored separately) in quotations (mandatory)
  • Title of book in italics (mandatory)
  • Translated title of book in square brackets after the title if not in English (optional)
  • Volume when appropriate
  • Name of publisher (mandatory)
  • City of publication, e.g. London: Routledge (optional)
  • Year of publication of the edition you are citing
  • Original year of publication in square brackets, e.g. 2017 [1972] (optional)
  • Chapter or page numbers cited, if appropriate
  • Edition, if not the first edition
  • ISBN (optional)

Article

  • Name of the author(s) (mandatory)
  • Title of the article within quotation marks (mandatory)
  • Year
  • Name of the journal in italics (mandatory)
  • Volume number, issue number, and page numbers

Web page

  • URL (mandatory)
  • Name of the author(s) (mandatory)
  • Title of the article within quotation marks (mandatory)
  • Title or domain name of the website
  • Publisher, if known
  • Date of publication
  • Page number(s) (if applicable)
  • Date retrieved (or accessed) the web page (required if the publication date is unknown)

Video

  • Director/channel (mandatory)
  • Producer, if relevant
  • Names of major performers
  • Title of the episode/video in quotation marks (mandatory)
  • Title of the film or TV series in italics
  • Name of the studio (mandatory)
  • Year of release
  • Medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)
  • Approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate

Music/sound

  • Composer(s), songwriter(s), script writer(s), etc… (mandatory)
  • Performer(s) (mandatory)
  • Title of the song or individual track in quotation marks (mandatory)
  • Title of the album in italics (if applicable)
  • Name of the record label
  • Year of release
  • Medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)
  • Approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate

Linking

Linking is a way to connect Wikiislam pages within the text. If there exists a page on a subject that is brought up within an article it is encouraged to link the page within the text. However, over-linking can be distracting. By rule of thumb only link the first occurrence of the subject being mentioned in the article.

You can link a subject by enclosing it in double brackets [[X]]

Quoting

Using the quote template can provide useful information from primary sources in a direct manner. However too many of them will cause unnecessary clutter in the page. These should be used for important primary sources and their use should be sparing. Articles made up of mostly quote-box templates should be avoided. The box should include only the relevant text and the citation.

The use of the quote box should draw special attention to the intended quote. The quoted text in the box should make an important point in the text of the article. For incomplete or less important supporting quotes, in-text quotations with the relevant citations should be used.

Example of cluttered formatting:

Shaykh Gibril Haddad says that the evidence Amjad provided above is false.

Al-Tabari nowhere reports that "Abu Bakr's four children were all born in Jahiliyya" but only that Abu Bakr married both their mothers in Jahiliyya, Qutayla bint Sa`d and Umm Ruman, who bore him four children in all, two each, `A'isha being the daughter of Umm Ruman.
Gibril Haddad

Amended version:

Shaykh Gibril Haddad states that the passage mentioned is misinterpreted, stating "Al-Tabari nowhere reports that 'Abu Bakr's four children were all born in Jahiliyya' but only that Abu Bakr married both their mothers in Jahiliyya, Qutayla bint Sa`d and Umm Ruman, who bore him four children in all, two each, `A'isha being the daughter of Umm Ruman."[7]

Plagiarism

Although the quotation of primary sources and research is not only encouraged but mandatory, as WikiIslam does not host original research, wholesale plagiarism is strictly prohibited. All material put onto the Wiki must be either re-workings of previously hosted WikiIslam material or original material produced by the contributor. Wholesale copying and pasting of pre-existing material, even with attribution, is expressly prohibited. Where such plagiarism occurs, it will be removed immediately and the perpetrator will be instantly banned.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 6
  2. ↑ John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland (1904), p. 83
  3. ↑ Brown (2003), pp. 72–73
  4. ↑ Wensinck, A.J.; Rippen, A. (2002). "Waḥy". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 90-04-12756-9.
  5. ↑ ...But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also paused for a while and the Prophet (Mohammad) became so sad as we have heard that he intended several times to throw himself from the tops of high mountains and every time he went up the top of a mountain in order to throw himself down, Gabriel would appear before him and say, "O Muhammad! You are indeed Allah's Apostle in truth" whereupon his heart would become quiet and he would calm down and would return home. And whenever the period of the coming of the inspiration used to become long, he would do as before, but when he used to reach the top of a mountain, Gabriel would appear before him and say to him what he had said before. Sahih Bukhari 9:87:111
  6. ↑ Uri Rubin, Muhammad, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  7. ↑ Our Mother A'isha's Age At The Time Of Her Marriage to The Prophet Shaykh Gibril Haddad
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