All Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith: Difference between revisions
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This is a comprehensive list of internal rhymes in the Quran and Hadith that only appear if the text is read in Old Hijazi. This list is taken from a [https://edristhearab.blogspot.com/2023/02/a-list-of-old-hijazi-internal-rhymes-in.html blogpost by Idris Al-Arabi]. | This is a comprehensive list of internal rhymes in the Quran and Hadith that only appear if the text is read in [[Old Hijazi]]. This list is taken from a [https://edristhearab.blogspot.com/2023/02/a-list-of-old-hijazi-internal-rhymes-in.html blogpost by Idris Al-Arabi]. | ||
Most of the examples include two words that internally rhyme with each other. The second of the two words in the majority of cases comes in a pausal position and thus in classical Arabic it loses its final short vowel and nunation while the first word keeps them. Removing the final short vowel and nunation from the first word reveals that the first word rhymes with the second word which means that the original language of the Quran (Old Hijazi) lacked final short vowels and nunation. | Most of the examples include two words that internally rhyme with each other. The second of the two words in the majority of cases comes in a pausal position and thus in classical Arabic it loses its final short vowel and nunation while the first word keeps them. Removing the final short vowel and nunation from the first word reveals that the first word rhymes with the second word which means that the original language of the Quran (Old Hijazi) lacked final short vowels and nunation. | ||
The ending of a verse is a certain pausal position. There are also mid-verse pausal positions. Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīd), as set by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pausal position except when he runs out of breath. To aid the reciter with this, modern prints of the Quran include | The ending of a verse is a certain pausal position. There are also mid-verse pausal positions. Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīd), as set by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pausal position except when he runs out of breath. To aid the reciter with this, modern prints of the Quran include marks which show where it’s possible to pause in the middle of a verse. The position of such a mark in a verse is determined by scholars based on the meaning and the grammar of the verse. For example, the following verse has four mid-verse pausal signs. You can notice that the pausal positions fit the meaning and context: | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|20}}| | {{Quote|{{Quran|3|20}}| | ||
فَإِنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ لِلَّهِ وَمَنِ ٱتَّبَعَنِ ۗ وَقُل لِّلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ وَٱلْأُمِّيِّۦنَ ءَأَسْلَمْتُمْ ۚ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمُوا۟ فَقَدِ ٱهْتَدَوا۟ ۖ وَّإِن تَوَلَّوْا۟ فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْكَ ٱلْبَلَٰغُ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بَصِيرٌۢ بِٱلْعِبَادِ | |||
So if they argue with you, say, "I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me." (Pausal position) And say to those who were given the Scripture and [to] the unlearned, "Have you submitted yourselves?" (Pausal position) And if they submit [in Islam], they are rightly guided;(Pausal position) but if they turn away - then upon you is only the [duty of] notification. (Pausal position) And Allah is Seeing of [His] servants.}} | So if they argue with you, say, "I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me." (Pausal position) And say to those who were given the Scripture and [to] the unlearned, "Have you submitted yourselves?" (Pausal position) And if they submit [in Islam], they are rightly guided;(Pausal position) but if they turn away - then upon you is only the [duty of] notification. (Pausal position) And Allah is Seeing of [His] servants.}} | ||
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وَأَنْزَلْنَا <u>الْحَدِيدَ</u> فِيهِ بَأْسٌ <u>شَدِيدٌ</u> وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ | وَأَنْزَلْنَا <u>الْحَدِيدَ</u> فِيهِ بَأْسٌ <u>شَدِيدٌ</u> وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ | ||
Old Hijazi: wa anzalna <u>l-ḥadīd</u> fīh bās <u>shadīd</u> wa manāfiʕ lin-nās... | Old Hijazi: wa anzalna <u>l-ḥadīd</u> fīh bās <u>shadīd</u> wa manāfiʕ lin-nās... | ||
Classical Arabic: wa ʾanzalna l<u>-ḥadīda</u> fīhi baʾsun <u>shadīdun</u> wa manāfiʕu lin-nās...}} | Classical Arabic: wa ʾanzalna l<u>-ḥadīda</u> fīhi baʾsun <u>shadīdun</u> wa manāfiʕu lin-nās...}} | ||
''' | '''Classes of Old Hijazi internal rhymes''' | ||
1- Individual instances. This includes 78 unique examples (96 with repetition) where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, they were so many that only the strongest 17 unique instances were counted, however there are many more than this. | |||
The | 2- Verse-final attributes of Allah. The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 7 (50 with repetition) examples where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, there are 25 unique ones, 234 counting repeated occurrences. | ||
<br /> | |||
==A list of Individual Instances of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran== | |||
< | <big>'''A- Internal rhymes where the rhyming words share identical final consonants:'''</big> | ||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿<u>وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ</u> عَذَابٌ <u>مُهِينٌ</u>﴾</span> Q2:90, 58:5 | |||
<span | |||
Old Hijazi: wa lil-<u>kāfirīn</u> ʕadhāb <u>muhīn</u>. | Old Hijazi: wa lil-<u>kāfirīn</u> ʕadhāb <u>muhīn</u>. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَاللَّهُ <u>عَلِيمٌ بِالظَّالِمِينَ</u>﴾</span> Q2:95,246 , 9:47, 62:7 | ||
Old Hijazi: wal-lāh ʕalīm biḍh-ḍhālimīn. | Old Hijazi: wal-lāh ʕalīm biḍh-ḍhālimīn. | ||
Classical Arabic: wal-lāhu ʕalīmun biḍh-ḍhālimīn. | Classical Arabic: wal-lāhu ʕalīmun biḍh-ḍhālimīn. | ||
Note: Due to the strong similarity between the "n" and "m" sounds, the Quran doesn't distinguish between the two when it comes to rhymes as seen for example in the first Surah of the Quran whose verse-final words are: al-ʕālamīn, ar-raḥīm, ad-dīn, nastaʕīn, al-mustaqīm, aḍ-ḍāllīn. | |||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَى الْمَلَكَيْنِ بِبَابِلَ <u>هَارُوتَ وَمَارُوتَ</u> ۚ وَمَا يُعَلِّمَانِ مِنْ أَحَدٍ حَتَّى...﴾</span> Q2:102 | ||
OH: harūt wa mārūt | OH: harūt wa mārūt | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ بِالْحَقِّ <u>بَشِيرًا وَنَذِيرًا</u> ۖ وَلَا تُسْأَلُ عَنْ أَصْحَابِ الْجَحِيمِ﴾</span> Q2:119, 35:24. Plus 3 other attestations where the second word isn’t in a pausal position. | ||
OH: bashīrā wa nadhīrā | OH: bashīrā wa nadhīrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿<u>وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ</u> عَذَابٌ <u>أَلِيمٌ</u>﴾</span> Q2:104 Q58:4 | ||
OH: wa lil-<u>kāfirīn</u> ʕadhāb <u>alīm</u> | OH: wa lil-<u>kāfirīn</u> ʕadhāb <u>alīm</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِذْ تَبَرَّأَ الَّذِينَ اتُّبِعُوا مِنَ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوا وَرَأَوُا <u>الْعَذَابَ</u> وَتَقَطَّعَتْ بِهِمُ ا<u>لْأَسْبَابُ</u> ﴾</span> Q2:166 | ||
OH: warāu l-<u>ʕadhāb</u> wa taqaṭṭaʕat | OH: warāu l-<u>ʕadhāb</u> wa taqaṭṭaʕat bihumu l-<u>asbāb</u> | ||
CA: waraʾawu l-<u>ʕadhāba</u> wa taqaṭṭaʕat bihimu l-<u>asbāb</u> | CA: waraʾawu l-<u>ʕadhāba</u> wa taqaṭṭaʕat bihimu l-ʾ<u>asbāb</u> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَثَلُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا كَمَثَلِ الَّذِي يَنْعِقُ بِمَا لَا يَسْمَعُ إِلَّا <u>دُعَاءً وَنِدَاءًۚ</u> صُمٌّ بُكْمٌ عُمْيٌ فَهُمْ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ ﴾</span> Q2:171 | ||
OH: duʕāʾā wa nidāʾā | OH: duʕāʾā wa nidāʾā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿شَهْرُ <u>رَمَضَانَ</u> الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ <u>الْقُرْآنُ</u> هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى <u>وَالْفُرْقَانِۚ</u> فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ وَمَنْ كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى <u>سَفَرٍ</u> فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ <u>أُخَرَۗ</u> يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا اللَّهَ عَلَى مَا هَدَاكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (١٨٥) وَإِذَا سَأَلَكَ عِبَادِي عَنِّي فَإِنِّي <u>قَرِيبٌ</u> ۖ <u>أُجِيبُ</u> دَعْوَةَ الدَّاعِ إِذَا دَعَانِ فَلْيَسْتَجِيبُوا لِي وَلْيُؤْمِنُوا بِي لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْشُدُونَ (١٨٦)﴾</span> | ||
Q2:185,186 | Q2:185,186 | ||
OH: shahru <u>ramaḍān</u> | OH: shahru <u>ramaḍān</u> al-ladhi unzil fīhu <u>l-qurān</u> hudē lin-nās wabayyināt min al-hudē <u>wal-furqān</u> (pause) faman shahid minkumu sh-shahr fa-liyaṣumh (pause) waman kān marīḍā aw ʕalā <u>safar</u> faʕiddah min ayyām <u>ukhar</u> (pause) yurīd allah bikumu l-yusr walā yurīd bikumu l-ʕusr walitukmilu l-ʕiddah walitukabbiru llāh ʕalā mā hadēkum wa laʕallakum tashkurūn (End of verse 185) waidhā saalak ʕibādī ʕannī fainnī <u>qarīb</u> <u>ujīb</u> daʕwata d-dāʕi idhā daʕān faliyastajībū lī waliyūminū bī laʕallahum yarshudūn. | ||
CA: shahru <u>ramaḍāna</u> l-ladhī ʾunzila fīhi <u>l-qurʾānu</u> hudan lin-nāsi wabayyinātin mina l-hudā wa <u>l-furqān</u> (pause) faman shahida minkumu sh-shahra falyaṣumh (pause) waman kāna marīḍan ʾaw ʕalā <u>safarin</u> faʕiddatun min ʾayyāmin <u>ukhar</u> (pause) yurīdu llahu bikumu l-yusra walā yurīdu bikumu l-ʕusra walitukmilu l-ʕiddata walitukabbiru llāha ʕalā mā hadākum walaʕallakum tashkurūn (End of verse 185) waʾidhā saʾalaka ʕibādī ʕannī faʾinnī <u>qarībun</u> <u>ʾujību</u> daʕwata d-dāʕi ʾdhā daʕān (pause) falyastajībū lī walyūminū bī laʕallahum yarshudūn. | CA: shahru <u>ramaḍāna</u> l-ladhī ʾunzila fīhi <u>l-qurʾānu</u> hudan lin-nāsi wabayyinātin mina l-hudā wa <u>l-furqān</u> (pause) faman shahida minkumu sh-shahra falyaṣumh (pause) waman kāna marīḍan ʾaw ʕalā <u>safarin</u> faʕiddatun min ʾayyāmin <u>ukhar</u> (pause) yurīdu llahu bikumu l-yusra walā yurīdu bikumu l-ʕusra walitukmilu l-ʕiddata walitukabbiru llāha ʕalā mā hadākum walaʕallakum tashkurūn (End of verse 185) waʾidhā saʾalaka ʕibādī ʕannī faʾinnī <u>qarībun</u> <u>ʾujību</u> daʕwata d-dāʕi ʾdhā daʕān (pause) falyastajībū lī walyūminū bī laʕallahum yarshudūn. | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَزَادَهُ بَسْطَةً فِي <u>الْعِلْمِ وَالْجِسْمِۖ</u> وَاللَّهُ يُؤْتِي مُلْكَهُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾</span> Q2:247 | ||
OH: fil-ʕilm wal-jism. | OH: fil-ʕilm wal-jism. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَنْ يُؤْتَ الْحِكْمَةَ فَقَدْ أُوتِيَ <u>خَيْرًا كَثِيرًا</u> ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّا أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ﴾</span> Q2:269 the two words are also attested at the end of verse Q4:19 | ||
OH: khayrā kathīrā. | OH: khayrā kathīrā. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَإِنْ كَانَ ذُو <u>عُسْرَةٍ</u> <u>فَنَظِرَةٌ</u> إِلَى <u>مَيْسَرَةٍۚ</u> وَأَنْ تَصَدَّقُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ ﴾</span> Q2:280 | ||
OH: ʕusurah fanaḍhirah ilā maysurah. | OH: ʕusurah fanaḍhirah ilā maysurah. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿تَوَدُّ لَوْ أَنَّ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَهُ <u>أَمَدًا بَعِيدًا</u> ۗ وَيُحَذِّرُكُمُ اللَّهُ نَفْسَهُ... ﴾</span> Q3:30 | ||
OH: amadā baʕīdā | OH: amadā baʕīdā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ <u>عَلِيمٌ بِالْمُفْسِدِينَ</u>﴾</span> Q3:63 | ||
OH: ʕalīm bil-mufsidīn | OH: ʕalīm bil-mufsidīn | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿أُولَئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ <u>أَلِيمٌ</u> وَمَا لَهُمْ مِنْ <u>نَاصِرِينَ</u> ﴾</span> Q3:91 16 | ||
OH: ʕadhāb alīm wamālahum min nāṣirīn | OH: ʕadhāb <u>alīm</u> wamālahum min <u>nāṣirīn</u> | ||
CA: ʕadhābun ʾalīmun wamālahum min nāṣirīn | CA: ʕadhābun <u>ʾalīmun</u> wamālahum min <u>nāṣirīn</u> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَاللَّهُ عَ<u>لِيمٌ بِالْمُتَّقِينَ</u> ﴾</span> Q3:115, 9:44 | ||
OH: ʕalīm bil-muttaqīn | OH: ʕalīm bil-muttaqīn | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْا مِنْكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى <u>الْجَمْعَانِ</u> إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ <u>الشَّيْطَانُ</u> بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا... ﴾</span> Q3:155 | ||
OH: yawm | OH: yawm altaqa l-<u>jamʕān</u> innama stazallahum ash-<u>shayṭān</u> bibaʕḍi mā… | ||
CA: yawma ltaqa l-<u>jamʕāni</u> ʾinnama stazallahumu sh-<u>shayṭānu</u> bibaʕḍi mā… | CA: yawma ltaqa l-<u>jamʕāni</u> ʾinnama stazallahumu sh-<u>shayṭānu</u> bibaʕḍi mā… | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ فَقِيرٌ وَنَحْنُ <u>أَغْنِيَاءُ</u> ۘ سَنَكْتُبُ مَا قَالُوا وَقَتْلَهُمُ <u>الْأَنْبِيَاءَ</u> بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ...﴾</span> Q3:181 | ||
OH: wa naḥn <u>aghniyāʾ</u> (pause) sanaktub mā qālū wa | OH: wa naḥn <u>aghniyāʾ</u> (pause) sanaktub mā qālū wa qatlahumu l-<u>anbiyāʾ</u> bighayri ḥaqq. | ||
CA: wa naḥnu <u>ʾaghniyāʾ</u> (pause) sanaktubu mā qālū wa qatlahumu l-<u>ʾanbiyāʾa</u> bighayri ḥaqq. | CA: wa naḥnu <u>ʾaghniyāʾ</u> (pause) sanaktubu mā qālū wa qatlahumu l-<u>ʾanbiyāʾa</u> bighayri ḥaqq. | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿فَكُلُوهُ <u>هَنِيئًا مَرِيئًا</u>﴾</span> Q4:4 | ||
OH: haniyyā mariyyā. | OH: haniyyā mariyyā. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿أَنْ تَقُولُوا مَا جَاءَنَا مِنْ <u>بَشِيرٍ وَلَا نَذِيرٍۖ</u> فَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بَ<u>شِيرٌ وَنَذِيرٌ</u> ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ﴾</span> Q5:19 | ||
OH: min <u>bashīr</u> walā <u>nadhīr</u> (pause) faqad jākum <u>bashīr</u> wa<u>nadhīr</u> (pause) wal-lāh ʕalā kulli shayy qadīr. | OH: min <u>bashīr</u> walā <u>nadhīr</u> (pause) faqad jākum <u>bashīr</u> wa<u>nadhīr</u> (pause) wal-lāh ʕalā kulli shayy qadīr. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَهُمْ <u>يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ</u> ۖ وَإِنْ يُهْلِكُونَ إِلَّا أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَمَا يَشْعُرُونَ</span> Q6:26 | ||
OH: yanhawn ʕanh wayanawn ʕanh. | OH: yanhawn ʕanh wayanawn ʕanh. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَا نُرْسِلُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ إِلَّا <u>مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنْذِرِينَ</u> ۖ فَمَنْ آمَنَ وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ﴾</span> Q6:48 The two words also occur in three other positions, including one in a pausal position Q18:56 | ||
OH: mubashshirīn wa mundhirīn. | OH: mubashshirīn wa mundhirīn. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيَعْلَمُ مَا فِي <u>الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِۚ</u> وَمَا تَسْقُطُ مِنْ وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا يَعْلَمُهَا...﴾</span> Q6:59 The two words also occur in 6 other positions including 2 in pausal positions Q6:97, 10:22 | ||
OH: fil-barr wal-baḥr. | OH: fil-barr wal-baḥr. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَهُمْ شَرَابٌ مِنْ <u>حَمِيمٍ</u> وَعَذَابٌ <u>أَلِيمٌ</u> بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ﴾</span> Q6:70 Q10:4 | ||
OH: min <u>ḥamīm</u> wa ʕadhāb <u>alīm</u> bimā… | OH: min <u>ḥamīm</u> wa ʕadhāb <u>alīm</u> bimā… | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ <u>الْفُرْقَانِ</u> يَوْمَ الْتَقَى <u>الْجَمْعَانِۗ</u> وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ﴾</span> Q8:41 | ||
OH: yawma l-<u>furqān</u> yawma ltaqa l-<u>jamʕān</u>. | OH: yawma l-<u>furqān</u> yawma ltaqa l-<u>jamʕān</u>. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَهُمْ فِيهَا <u>نَعِيمٌ مُقِيمٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q9:21 | ||
OH: naʕīm muqīm. | OH: naʕīm muqīm. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿أَمْ مَنْ أَسَّسَ بُنْيَانَهُ عَلَى شَفَا جُرُفٍ <u>هَارٍ فَانْهَارَ</u> بِهِ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ...﴾</span> Q9:109 | ||
OH: hār fanhār … | OH: hār fanhār … | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ إِنَّنِي لَكُمْ مِنْهُ <u>نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ</u>﴾</span> Q11:2 The two words also occur in a context position in Q7:188 | ||
OH: nadhīr wa bashīr. | OH: nadhīr wa bashīr. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ آتَيْنَاهُ <u>حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا</u> ۚ وَكَذَلِكَ نَجْزِي الْمُحْسِنِينَ﴾</span> Q12:22 The two words also occur in three other verses including two in pausal positions Q21:79, 28:14. | ||
OH: ḥukmā waʕilmā. | OH: ḥukmā waʕilmā. | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّكَ الْيَوْمَ لَدَيْنَا <u>مَكِينٌ أَمِينٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q12:22 | ||
OH: makīn amīn | OH: makīn amīn | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ وَسَيَعْلَمُ <u>الْكُفَّارُ</u> لِمَنْ عُقْبَى <u>الدَّارِ</u>﴾</span> Q13:42 | ||
OH: wasayaʕlam <u> | OH: wasayaʕlam <u>al-kuffār</u> liman ʕuqba <u>d-dār</u> | ||
CA: wasayaʕlamu <u>l-kuffāru</u> liman ʕuqba <u>d-dār</u> | CA: wasayaʕlamu <u>l-kuffāru</u> liman ʕuqba <u>d-dār</u> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ فَإِذَا هُوَ <u>خَصِيمٌ مُبِينٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q16:4, 36:77 | ||
OH: khaṣīm mubīn | OH: khaṣīm mubīn | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ وَمَنْ رَزَقْنَاهُ مِنَّا رِزْقًا حَسَنًا فَهُوَ يُنْفِقُ مِنْهُ <u>سِرًّا وَجَهْرًا</u> ۖ هَلْ يَسْتَوُونَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ﴾</span> Q16:75 | ||
OH: sirrā wajahrā | OH: sirrā wajahrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيُبَشِّرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ الصَّالِحَاتِ أَنَّ لَهُمْ <u>أَجْرًا كَبِيرً</u>ا﴾</span> Q17:9 | ||
OH: ajrā kabīrā | OH: ajrā kabīrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا <u>مُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًا</u> ﴾</span> Q17:105 The two words also occur in the end of 3 other verses Q25:56, 33:45, 48:8. | ||
OH: mubashshirā wanadhīrā | OH: mubashshirā wanadhīrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿هُوَ خَيْرٌ <u>ثَوَابًا</u> وَخَيْرٌ <u>عُقْبًا</u> ﴾</span> Q18:44 | ||
OH: hū khayr <u>thawābā</u> wakhayr <u>ʕuqbā</u> | OH: hū khayr <u>thawābā</u> wakhayr <u>ʕuqbā</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَالَ سَتَجِدُنِي إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ <u>صَابِرًا</u> وَلَا أَعْصِي لَكَ <u>أَمْرًا</u>﴾</span> Q18:69 | ||
OH: ṣābirā...amrā | OH: ṣābirā...amrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَالُوا يَامَرْيَمُ لَقَدْ جِئْتِ <u>شَيْئًا فَرِيًّا</u>﴾</span> Q19:27 | ||
OH: shayyā fariyyā | OH: shayyā fariyyā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿فَلَا يَخَافُ <u>ظُلْمًا وَلَا هَضْمًا</u> ﴾</span> Q20:112 | ||
OH: ḍhulmā walā haḍmā | OH: ḍhulmā walā haḍmā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا <u>رَغَبًا وَرَهَبًا</u> ۖ وَكَانُوا لَنَا خَاشِعِينَ﴾</span> Q21:90 | ||
OH: raghabā warahabā | OH: raghabā warahabā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَالْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ الَّذِي جَعَلْنَاهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاءً الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ <u>وَالْبَادِۚ</u> وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ <u>بِإِلْحَادٍ</u> بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ﴾</span> Q22:25 | ||
OH: fīh <u>wal-bād</u> (pause) wa man yurid fīh <u>biilḥād</u> biḍhulm… | OH: fīh <u>wal-bād</u> (pause) wa man yurid fīh <u>biilḥād</u> biḍhulm… | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَا تَدْعُوا الْيَوْمَ ثُبُورًا وَاحِدًا وَادْعُوا <u>ثُبُورًا كَثِيرًا</u>﴾</span> Q25:14 | ||
OH: thubūrā kathīrā | OH: thubūrā kathīrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَبُرِّزَتِ ا<u>لْجَحِيمُ لِلْغَاوِينَ</u>﴾</span> Q26:91 | ||
OH: wa burrizat <u> | OH: wa burrizat <u>al-jaḥīm lil-ghāwīn</u> | ||
CA: wa burrizati <u>l-jaḥīmu lil-ghāwīn</u> | CA: wa burrizati <u>l-jaḥīmu lil-ghāwīn</u> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَالَ هَذَا مِنْ فَضْلِ رَبِّي لِيَبْلُوَنِي <u>أَأَشْكُرُ أَمْ أَكْفُرُ</u> ۖ وَمَنْ شَكَرَ فَإِنَّمَا يَشْكُرُ لِنَفْسِهِ ۖ ... ﴾</span> Q27:40 | ||
OH: aashkur am akfur | OH: aashkur am akfur | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَإِنَّ أَوْهَنَ <u>الْبُيُوتِ</u> لَبَيْتُ <u>الْعَنْكَبُوتِۚ</u> لَوْ كَانُوا يَعْلَمُونَ ﴾</span> Q29:41 | ||
OH: wa inn awhan <u> | OH: wa inn awhan <u>al-buyūt</u> labayt <u>al-ʕankabūt</u> | ||
CA: wa ʾinna ʾawhana <u>l-buyūti</u> labaytu <u>l-ʕankabūt</u> | CA: wa ʾinna ʾawhana <u>l-buyūti</u> labaytu <u>l-ʕankabūt</u> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَإِذَا تُتْلَى عَلَيْهِ آيَاتُنَا وَلَّى <u>مُسْتَكْبِرًا</u> كَأَنْ لَمْ يَسْمَعْهَا كَأَنَّ فِي أُذُنَيْهِ <u>وَقْرًا</u> ۖ فَبَشِّرْهُ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ﴾</span> Q31:7 | ||
OH: wallē <u>mustakbirā</u> kaan lam yasmaʕhā kaan fī udhunayh <u>waqrā</u> | OH: wallē <u>mustakbirā</u> kaan lam yasmaʕhā kaan fī udhunayh <u>waqrā</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿<u>وَاقْصِدْ فِي مَشْيِكَ وَاغْضُضْ مِنْ صَوْتِكَ</u> ۚ إِنَّ أَنْكَرَ الْأَصْوَاتِ لَصَوْتُ الْحَمِيرِ ﴾</span> Q31:19 | ||
OH: waqṣid fī mashyik waghḍuḍ min ṣawtik | OH: waqṣid fī mashyik waghḍuḍ min ṣawtik | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ <u>قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا</u>﴾</span> Q33:38 | ||
OH: qadarā maqdūrā | OH: qadarā maqdūrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿اذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ <u>ذِكْرًا كَثِيرًا</u> ﴾</span> Q33:41 | ||
OH: dhikrā kathīrā | OH: dhikrā kathīrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿أَمْ أَنَا خَيْرٌ مِنْ هَذَا الَّذِي هُوَ <u>مَهِينٌ</u> وَلَا يَكَادُ <u>يُبِينُ</u> ﴾</span> Q43:52 “mahīn” is the ending of a verse according to some readings so this instance might not be a case of internal rhyme. | ||
OH: hū <u>mahīn</u> walā yakād <u>yabīn</u> | OH: hū <u>mahīn</u> walā yakād <u>yabīn</u> | ||
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<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿إِلَّا قِيلًا سَلَامًا سَلَامًا﴾</span> Q56:26 Discovered by Van Putten And Phillip Stokes | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿خَافِضَةٌ رَافِعَةٌ﴾</span> Q56:3 | ||
OH: khāfiḍah rāfiʕah | |||
CA: khāfiḍatun rāfiʕah | |||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِلَّا قِيلًا سَلَامًا سَلَامًا﴾</span> Q56:26 Discovered by Van Putten And Phillip Stokes | |||
OH: illā qīlā salāmā salāmā | OH: illā qīlā salāmā salāmā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَا مَقْطُوعَةٍ وَلَا مَمْنُوعَةٍ ﴾</span> Q56:33 | ||
OH: lā maqṭūʕah walā mamnūʕah | OH: lā maqṭūʕah walā mamnūʕah | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿عُرُبًا أَتْرَابًا﴾</span> Q56:37 | ||
OH: ʕurubā atrābā | OH: ʕurubā atrābā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَأَنْزَلْنَا <u>الْحَدِيدَ</u> فِيهِ بَأْسٌ <u>شَدِيدٌ</u> وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ... ﴾</span> Q57:25 | ||
OH: wa anzalna <u>l-ḥadīd</u> fīh bās <u>shadīd</u> wa manāfiʕ… | OH: wa anzalna <u>l-ḥadīd</u> fīh bās <u>shadīd</u> wa manāfiʕ… | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَإِنَّهُمْ لَيَقُولُونَ <u>مُنْكَرًا</u> مِنَ الْقَوْلِ <u>وَزُورًا</u> ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَفُوٌّ غَفُورٌ ﴾</span> Q58:2 | ||
OH: <u>munkarā</u> min al-qawl wa <u>zūrā</u> | OH: <u>munkarā</u> min al-qawl wa <u>zūrā</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكُمْ أُسْوَةٌ <u>حَسَنَةٌ</u> فِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَالَّذِينَ <u>مَعَهُ</u> إِذْ قَالُوا لِقَوْمِهِمْ... ﴾</span> Q60:4 | ||
OH: uswah <u>ḥasanah</u> fi ibrāhīm wal-ladhīn <u>maʕah</u> idh qālū… | OH: uswah <u>ḥasanah</u> fi ibrāhīm wal-ladhīn <u>maʕah</u> idh qālū… | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمَكَرُوا <u>مَكْرًا كُبَّارًا</u> ﴾</span> Q71:22 | ||
OH: makrā kubbārā | OH: makrā kubbārā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَلَا يَلِدُوا إِلَّا <u>فَاجِرًا كَفَّارًا</u> ﴾</span> Q71:27 | ||
OH: fājirā kaffārā | OH: fājirā kaffārā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ <u>قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا</u> ﴾</span> Q73:5 | ||
OH: qawlā thaqīlā | OH: qawlā thaqīlā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿تَجِدُوهُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ هُوَ <u>خَيْرًا</u> وَأَعْظَمَ <u>أَجْرًا</u> ۚ وَاسْتَغْفِرُوا اللَّهَ... ﴾</span> Q73:20 | ||
OH: hū <u>khayrā</u> wa aʕḍham <u>ajrā</u> | OH: hū <u>khayrā</u> wa aʕḍham <u>ajrā</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهُ <u>فَكَّرَ وَقَدَّرَ</u>﴾</span> Q74:18 | ||
OH: innah <u>fakkar waqaddar</u> | OH: innah <u>fakkar waqaddar</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ثُمَّ <u>أَدْبَرَ وَاسْتَكْبَرَ</u>﴾</span> Q74:23 | ||
OH: thumm <u>adbar wastakbar</u> | OH: thumm <u>adbar wastakbar</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّا هَدَيْنَاهُ السَّبِيلَ إِمَّا <u>شَاكِرًا</u> وَإِمَّا <u>كَفُورًا</u> ﴾</span> Q76:3 | ||
OH: immā <u>shākirā</u> wa immā <u>kafūrā</u> | OH: immā <u>shākirā</u> wa immā <u>kafūrā</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَمِنَ اللَّيْلِ فَاسْجُدْ لَهُ وَسَبِّحْهُ <u>لَيْلًا طَوِيلًا</u>﴾</span> Q76:26 | ||
OH: laylā ṭawīlā | OH: laylā ṭawīlā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿عُذْرًا أَوْ نُذْرًا﴾</span> Q77:6 | ||
OH: ʕudhrā aw nudhrā | OH: ʕudhrā aw nudhrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهَا تَرْمِي <u>بِشَرَرٍ كَالْقَصْرِ</u>﴾</span> Q77:32 | ||
OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar | OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَجَعَلْنَا <u>سِرَاجًا وَهَّاجًا</u> ﴾</span> Q78:13 | ||
OH: sirājā wahhājā | OH: sirājā wahhājā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّا أَنْذَرْنَاكُمْ <u>عَذَابًا</u> <u>قَرِيبًا</u> يَوْمَ يَنْظُرُ الْمَرْءُ مَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدَاهُ وَيَقُولُ الْكَافِرُ يَالَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ تُرَابًا ﴾</span> Q78:40 | ||
OH: ʕadhābā qarībā | OH: ʕadhābā qarībā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَعِنَبًا وَقَضْبًا ﴾</span> Q80:28 | ||
OH: waʕinabā waqaḍbā | OH: waʕinabā waqaḍbā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ <u>الْكَفَرَةُ الْفَجَرَةُ</u>﴾</span> Q80:42 | ||
OH: humu l-kafarah al-fajarah | |||
CA: humu l-kafaratu l-fajarah | |||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿عَامِلَةٌ نَاصِبَةٌ﴾</span> Q88:3 | |||
OH: | OH: ʕāmilah nāṣibah | ||
CA: | CA: ʕāmilatun nāṣibah | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ خَاطِئَةٍ ﴾</span> Q96:16 discovered by Larcher | ||
OH: nāṣiyah kādhibah khāṭiyah | OH: nāṣiyah kādhibah khāṭiyah | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ <u>هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ</u> ﴾</span> Q104:1 | ||
OH: humazah lumazah | OH: humazah lumazah | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ وَيَمْنَ<u>عُونَ الْمَاعُونَ</u>﴾</span> Q107:7 | ||
OH: wa yamnaʕūn | OH: wa yamnaʕūn al-māʕūn | ||
CA: wa yamnaʕūna l-māʕūn | CA: wa yamnaʕūna l-māʕūn | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي <u>لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ</u>﴾</span> Q111:1 | ||
OH: tabbat yadā abī lahab watab | OH: tabbat yadā abī lahab watab | ||
Line 576: | Line 580: | ||
CA: tabbat yadā ʾabī lahabin watab | CA: tabbat yadā ʾabī lahabin watab | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مِنْ شَرِّ <u>الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ</u>﴾</span> Q114:4 | ||
OH: min sharri l-waswās | OH: min sharri l-waswās al-khannās | ||
CA: min sharri l-waswāsi l-khannās | CA: min sharri l-waswāsi l-khannās | ||
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<br /> | <br /> | ||
'''<big>B- Internal rhymes where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants.</big>''' | |||
Due to the large number of examples of this type, not all of them were counted. Here are some of the notable examples: | Due to the large number of examples of this type, not all of them were counted. Here are some of the notable examples: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿<u>وَهُدًى وَبُشْرَى</u> لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾</span> Q2:97 The two words also occur at 16:102 and 27:2 | ||
Old Hijazi: <u>wa hudē wa bushrē</u> lil-mūminīn | Old Hijazi: <u>wa hudē wa bushrē</u> lil-mūminīn | ||
Line 595: | Line 600: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿نَذِيرٌ مُبِينٌ﴾</span> Q7:184 The two words also occur at the end of 10 other verses such as 11:25, 22:49. | ||
OH: nadhīr mubīn | OH: nadhīr mubīn | ||
Line 602: | Line 607: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ﴾</span> Q11:9 | ||
OH: layaūs kafūr | OH: layaūs kafūr | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّ أَخْذَهُ <u>أَلِيمٌ شَدِيدٌ</u>﴾</span> Q11:102 | ||
OH: alīm shadīd | OH: alīm shadīd | ||
Line 616: | Line 621: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَهُمْ فِيهَا <u>زَفِيرٌ وَشَهِيقٌ</u>﴾</span> Q11:106 | ||
OH: zafīr wa shahīq | OH: zafīr wa shahīq | ||
Line 623: | Line 628: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَالَ اجْعَلْنِي عَلَى خَزَائِنِ الْأَرْضِ إِنِّي <u>حَفِيظٌ عَلِيمٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q12:55 | ||
OH: ḥafīḍh ʕalīm | OH: ḥafīḍh ʕalīm | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مَذْمُومًا مَدْحُورًا﴾</span> Q17:18 | ||
OH: madhmūmā madḥūrā | OH: madhmūmā madḥūrā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مَذْمُومًا مَخْذُولًا﴾</span> Q17:22 | ||
OH: madhmūmā makhdhūlā | OH: madhmūmā makhdhūlā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿قَالَ عَمَّا <u>قَلِيلٍ</u> لَيُصْبِحُنَّ <u>نَادِمِينَ</u>﴾</span> Q23:40 | ||
OH: ʕammā <u>qalīl</u> la yuṣbiḥunn <u>nādimīn</u> | OH: ʕammā <u>qalīl</u> la yuṣbiḥunn <u>nādimīn</u> | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ إِنَّهُ كَانَ <u>ظَلُومًا جَهُولً</u>ا ﴾</span> Q33:72 | ||
OH: ḍhalūmā jahūlā | OH: ḍhalūmā jahūlā | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَلَهُمْ فِيهَا <u>مَنَافِعُ وَمَشَارِبُ</u> ۚ أَفَلَا يَشْكُرُونَ﴾</span> Q36:73 | ||
OH: manāfiʕ wamashārib | OH: manāfiʕ wamashārib | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَإِنْ مَسَّهُ الشَّرُّ فَ<u>يَئُوسٌ قَنُوطٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q41:49 | ||
OH: fa yaūs qanūṭ | OH: fa yaūs qanūṭ | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ذُقْ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ <u>الْعَزِيزُ الْكَرِيمُ</u> ﴾</span> Q44:49 | ||
OH: ant | OH: ant al-ʕazīz al-karīm | ||
CA: ʾanta l-ʕazīzu l-karīm | CA: ʾanta l-ʕazīzu l-karīm | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مَا يَلْفِظُ مِنْ قَوْلٍ إِلَّا لَدَيْهِ <u>رَقِيبٌ عَتِيدٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q50:18 | ||
OH: raqīb ʕatīd | OH: raqīb ʕatīd | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيَبْقَى وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو <u>الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ</u> ﴾</span> Q55:27 | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ذِي <u>الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ</u> ﴾</span> Q55:78 | ||
OH: l-jalāl wal-ikram | OH: l-jalāl wal-ikram | ||
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<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَكَانَتِ الْجِبَالُ <u>كَثِيبًا مَهِيلًا</u>﴾</span> Q73:14 | ||
OH: | OH: kathībā mahīlā | ||
CA: | CA: kathīban mahīlā | ||
Q89:19-22 | |||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَتَأْكُلُونَ التُّرَاثَ <u>أَكْلًا لَمًّا</u> (١٩) وَتُحِبُّونَ الْمَالَ <u>حُبًّا جَمًّا</u> (٢٠) كَلَّا إِذَا دُكَّتِ الْأَرْضُ <u>دَكًّا دَكًّا (</u>٢١) وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ <u>صَفًّا صَفًّا</u> (٢٢) ﴾</span> | |||
OH: …aklā lammā…ḥubbā jammā…dakkā dakkā…ṣaffā ṣaffā | |||
CA: …aklan lammā…ḥubban jammā…dakkan dakkā…ṣaffan ṣaffā | |||
< | '''<big>C- Some examples of Internal rhymes where the rhyming words don't share identical final long vowels.</big>''' | ||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿فَقَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي لِمَا أَنْزَلْتَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ <u>خَيْرٍ فَقِيرٌ</u> ﴾</span> Q28:24 | |||
OH: khayr faqīr | |||
CA: khayrin faqīr | |||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ مِنْ كُلِّ <u>زَوْجٍ بَهِيجٍ</u>﴾</span> Q22:5, 50:7 | |||
OH: zawj bahīj | |||
CA: zawjin bahīj | |||
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿فِي <u>سَمُومٍ وَحَمِيمٍ</u>﴾</span> Q56:42 | |||
OH: samūm waḥamīm | |||
OH: | |||
CA: samūmin waḥamīm | |||
==A list of All Verse-Final Attributes of Allah that Form Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes== | ==A list of All Verse-Final Attributes of Allah that Form Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes== | ||
'''<big>A- The two words share an identical final consonant.</big>''' | |||
ʕalīm ḥakīm عليم حكيم “Knower, Wise” (15 attestations, such as 9:15,28,60,97,106,110) | ʕalīm ḥakīm عليم حكيم “Knower, Wise” (15 attestations, such as 9:15,28,60,97,106,110) | ||
ʕalīmā ḥakīmā عليما حكيما (10 attestations, such as 4:11,17,24,92,104,111,170) | ʕalīmā ḥakīmā عليما حكيما (10 attestations, such as 4:11,17,24,92,104,111,170) | ||
al-ʕalīm | al-ʕalīm al-ḥakīm العليم الحكيم “the Knower, the Wise” (4, such as: 12:83,100) | ||
ḥakīm ʕalīm حكيم عليم “Wise, Knower” (5, such as 6:83,128,139) | ḥakīm ʕalīm حكيم عليم “Wise, Knower” (5, such as 6:83,128,139) | ||
al-ḥakīm | al-ḥakīm al-ʕalīm الحكيم العليم (43:84 , 51:30) | ||
ghafūr shakūr غفور شكور “Forgiving, Appreciative” (35:30,34 , 42:23) | ghafūr shakūr غفور شكور “Forgiving, Appreciative” (35:30,34 , 42:23) | ||
Line 767: | Line 759: | ||
khabīrā baṣīrā خبيرا بصيرا(17:17,30,96) | khabīrā baṣīrā خبيرا بصيرا(17:17,30,96) | ||
ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59) | |||
ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51) | |||
qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب “Near, Responsive” (11:61) | qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب “Near, Responsive” (11:61) | ||
Line 772: | Line 768: | ||
ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73) | ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73) | ||
=== | ===B- The two words don't share an identical final consonant.=== | ||
Note that in the rhyming of verse-final words (external rhymes), the Quran usually alternates between ūn and īn, which means that in the language of the Quran, ū rhymes with ī. Thus it’s natural to see internal rhymes such as غفور رحيم ghafūr raḥīm. | |||
ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as 2:173,182,192) | ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as 2:173,182,192) | ||
ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106) | ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106) | ||
al-ghafūr | al-ghafūr ar-raḥīm الغفور الرحيم “the Forgiving, the Merciful” (7, such as 42:5, 46:8) | ||
ar-raḥīm | ar-raḥīm al-ghafūr الرحيم الغفور “the Merciful, the Forgiving” (34:2) | ||
ʕazīz ḥakīm عزيز حكيم “Mighty, Wise” (13, such as 8:10,49,63) | ʕazīz ḥakīm عزيز حكيم “Mighty, Wise” (13, such as 8:10,49,63) | ||
Line 785: | Line 783: | ||
ʕazīzā ḥakīmā عزيزا حكيما (5, such as 4:56,158,165) | ʕazīzā ḥakīmā عزيزا حكيما (5, such as 4:56,158,165) | ||
al-ʕazīz | al-ʕazīz al-ḥakīm العزيز الحكيم (29 instances, such as 3:6,18,62) | ||
samīʕ ʕalīm سميع عليم “Hearer, Knower “(16, such as 8:17,42,53) | samīʕ ʕalīm سميع عليم “Hearer, Knower “(16, such as 8:17,42,53) | ||
as-samīʕ | as-samīʕ al-ʕalīm السميع العليم (15, such as 2:127,137) | ||
al-ʕazīz | al-ʕazīz ar-raḥīm العزيز الرحيم "the Mighty, the Merciful” (13, such as 26:9,68,104) | ||
raūf raḥīm رؤوف رحيم “Kind, Merciful” (9, such as 16:7,47) | raūf raḥīm رؤوف رحيم “Kind, Merciful” (9, such as 16:7,47) | ||
Line 803: | Line 801: | ||
ʕalīma khabīrā عليما خبيرا (4:35) | ʕalīma khabīrā عليما خبيرا (4:35) | ||
al-ʕalīm | al-ʕalīm al-khabīr العليم الخبير (66:3) | ||
ḥakīm khabīr حكيم خبير “Wise, Aware” (11:1) | ḥakīm khabīr حكيم خبير “Wise, Aware” (11:1) | ||
al-ḥakīm | al-ḥakīm al-khabīr الحكيم الخبير (6:18, 6:73, 34:1) | ||
laṭīf khabīr لطيف خبير “Subtle, Aware” (22:63, 31:16) | laṭīf khabīr لطيف خبير “Subtle, Aware” (22:63, 31:16) | ||
Line 813: | Line 811: | ||
laṭīfā khabīrā لطيفا خبيرا (33:34) | laṭīfā khabīrā لطيفا خبيرا (33:34) | ||
al-laṭīf | al-laṭīf al-khabīr اللطيف الخبير (6:103, 67:14) | ||
al- azīz | al- azīz al-ʕalīm العزيز العليم “the Mighty, the Knower” (6, such as 6:96, 27:78) | ||
al-ʕazīz | al-ʕazīz al-ḥamīd العزيز الحميد “the Mighty, the Owner of Praise”(14:1, 34:6, 85:8) | ||
samīʕ baṣīr سميع بصير “Hearer, Seer” (4, such as 22:61) | samīʕ baṣīr سميع بصير “Hearer, Seer” (4, such as 22:61) | ||
Line 823: | Line 821: | ||
samīʕā baṣīrā سميعا بصيرا (3, such as 4:58) | samīʕā baṣīrā سميعا بصيرا (3, such as 4:58) | ||
as-samīʕ | as-samīʕ al-baṣīr السميع البصير (4, such as 40:20) | ||
ʕalīm qadīr عليم قدير “Knower, Powerful” (16:70, 42:50) | ʕalīm qadīr عليم قدير “Knower, Powerful” (16:70, 42:50) | ||
Line 829: | Line 827: | ||
ʕalīmā qadīrā عليما قديرا (35:44) | ʕalīmā qadīrā عليما قديرا (35:44) | ||
al-ʕalīm | al-ʕalīm al-qadīr العليم القدير (30:54) | ||
ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59) | ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59) | ||
Line 837: | Line 835: | ||
ʕazīz ghafūr عزيز غفور “Mighty, Forgiving” (35:28) | ʕazīz ghafūr عزيز غفور “Mighty, Forgiving” (35:28) | ||
al- azīz | al- azīz al-ghafūr العزيز الغفور (67:2) | ||
raḥīm wadūd رحيم ودود “Merciful, Loving” (11:90) | raḥīm wadūd رحيم ودود “Merciful, Loving” (11:90) | ||
Line 845: | Line 843: | ||
shakūr ḥalīm شكور حليم “Appreciative, Forbearing” (64:17) | shakūr ḥalīm شكور حليم “Appreciative, Forbearing” (64:17) | ||
al-ghafūr | al-ghafūr al-wadūd الغفور الودود “the Forgiving, the Loving” (85:14) | ||
samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50) | samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50) | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
== | ==Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in Hadith== | ||
Due to the vast size of the Hadith corpus, it wasn’t possible for Idris Al-Arabi to scan the entirety of it for internal rhymes the same way he did with the Quran. Since that prayers tend to be poetic, Idris looked into Hadith collections of prayers and found most of the following internal rhymes. | |||
Line 865: | Line 863: | ||
The second example is from a | The second example is from a popular prayer that’s said after the call of prayer (adhān): | ||
أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " مَنْ قَالَ حِينَ يَسْمَعُ النِّدَاءَ: اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ هَذِهِ الدَّعْوَةِ التَّامَّةِ، وَالصَّلَاةِ القَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا <u>الوَسِيلَةَ وَالفَضِيلَةَ</u>، وَابْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا الَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ، حَلَّتْ لَهُ شَفَاعَتِي يَوْمَ القِيَامَةِ "<ref>صحيح البخاري، ج1 ص126، ط السلطانية | أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " مَنْ قَالَ حِينَ يَسْمَعُ النِّدَاءَ: اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ هَذِهِ الدَّعْوَةِ التَّامَّةِ، وَالصَّلَاةِ القَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا <u>الوَسِيلَةَ وَالفَضِيلَةَ</u>، وَابْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا الَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ، حَلَّتْ لَهُ شَفَاعَتِي يَوْمَ القِيَامَةِ "<ref>صحيح البخاري، ج1 ص126، ط السلطانية | ||
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Sunan Abi Dawud, vol.2 p.645, Tahqiq by Shuayb Arnaut</ref>قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ يَدْعُو " اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ ا<u>لشِّقَاقِ وَالنِّفَاقِ</u> وَسُوءِ <u>الأَخْلاَقِ </u>" . | Sunan Abi Dawud, vol.2 p.645, Tahqiq by Shuayb Arnaut</ref>قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ يَدْعُو " اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ ا<u>لشِّقَاقِ وَالنِّفَاقِ</u> وَسُوءِ <u>الأَخْلاَقِ </u>" . | ||
OH: min <u> | OH: min <u>al-shiqāq wal-nifāq</u> wa suww <u>al-akhlāq</u> | ||
CA: mina <u>l-shiqāqi wal-nifāqi</u> wa sūʾi <u>l-ʾakhlāq</u> | CA: mina <u>l-shiqāqi wal-nifāqi</u> wa sūʾi <u>l-ʾakhlāq</u> | ||
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<ref>تفسير الطبري في ج12 ص100 دار التربية | <ref>تفسير الطبري في ج12 ص100 دار التربية | ||
Tafsir Al-Tabari, vol.12 p.100, Dar Al-Tarbiyah</ref><span | Tafsir Al-Tabari, vol.12 p.100, Dar Al-Tarbiyah</ref><span dir="rtl" lang="en">إِذَا دَخَلَ النُّورُ الْقَلْبَ انْفَسَحَ وَانْشَرَحَ.</span> | ||
OH: | OH: infasaḥ wa-nsharaḥ | ||
CA: infasaḥa wa-nsharaḥ | CA: infasaḥa wa-nsharaḥ | ||
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<ref>سنن ابن ماجه، ج5 ص17، دار الرسالة العلمية | <ref>سنن ابن ماجه، ج5 ص17، دار الرسالة العلمية | ||
(Sunan Ibn Majah, vol.5 p.17, Dar Al-Risalah Al-ʿilmiyyah)</ref><span | (Sunan Ibn Majah, vol.5 p.17, Dar Al-Risalah Al-ʿilmiyyah)</ref><span dir="rtl" lang="en">اللَّهمَّ إنِّي أسألُكَ مِنَ الخيرِ كلِّهِ <u>عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ</u> ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ ، وأعوذُ بِكَ منَ الشَّرِّ كلِّهِ <u>عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ</u> ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ.</span> | ||
OH: ʕājilih wa ājilih | OH: ʕājilih wa ājilih | ||
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<ref>صحيح مسلم ج2 ص697 تحقيق عبد الباقي | <ref>صحيح مسلم ج2 ص697 تحقيق عبد الباقي | ||
Sahih Muslim, vol.2 p.697, Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi</ref><span | Sahih Muslim, vol.2 p.697, Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi</ref><span dir="rtl" lang="en">أَنَّ نَاسًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالُوا لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، ذَهَبَ أَهْلُ <u>الدُّثُورِ بِالْأُجُو</u>رِ، يُصَلُّونَ كَمَا نُصَلِّي، وَيَصُومُونَ كَمَا نَصُومُ، وَيَتَصَدَّقُونَ بِفُضُولِ أَمْوَالِهِمْ.</span> | ||
OH: ahlu d-duthūr bil-ujūr | OH: ahlu d-duthūr bil-ujūr | ||
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<ref>الدعوات الكبير للبيهقي، تحقيق بدر البدر، ج2 ص147 | <ref>الدعوات الكبير للبيهقي، تحقيق بدر البدر، ج2 ص147 | ||
Al-Daʕawāt al-kabīr by Albayhaqī, vol.2 p.147, Tahqiq by Badr Al-Badr</ref><span | Al-Daʕawāt al-kabīr by Albayhaqī, vol.2 p.147, Tahqiq by Badr Al-Badr</ref><span dir="rtl" lang="en">اللَّهُمَّ هَبْ لِي قَلْبًا <u>تَقِيًّا نَقِيًّا</u> مِنَ الشَّرِّ بَرِيئا لَا كَافِرًا وَلَا شَقِيًّا.</span> | ||
OH: qalbā <u>taqiyyā naqiyyā</u> (pause) min | OH: qalbā <u>taqiyyā naqiyyā</u> (pause) min al-sharr bariyyā (pause) lā kāfirā wa lā shaqiyyā. | ||
CA: qalban <u>taqiyyan naqiyyā</u> (pause) mina l-sharri barīʾā (pause) lā kāfiran wa lā shaqiyyā. | CA: qalban <u>taqiyyan naqiyyā</u> (pause) mina l-sharri barīʾā (pause) lā kāfiran wa lā shaqiyyā. | ||
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Musnad Ahmad, vol.37 p.355, Al-Risalah</ref>" جَاهِدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ؛ فَإِنَّ الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ بَابٌ مِنْ أَبْوَابِ الْجَنَّةِ يُنَجِّي اللهُ بِهِ مِنَ <u>الْهَمِّ وَالْغَمِّ</u> " | Musnad Ahmad, vol.37 p.355, Al-Risalah</ref>" جَاهِدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ؛ فَإِنَّ الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ بَابٌ مِنْ أَبْوَابِ الْجَنَّةِ يُنَجِّي اللهُ بِهِ مِنَ <u>الْهَمِّ وَالْغَمِّ</u> " | ||
OH: min | OH: min al-hamm wal-ghamm | ||
CA: mina l-hammi wal-ghamm | CA: mina l-hammi wal-ghamm | ||
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Musnad Abi Dawud Al-Tayalisi, vol.2 p.199, Dar Hajr</ref>«اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ <u>الْكُفْرِ وَالْفَقْرِ</u>، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ» | Musnad Abi Dawud Al-Tayalisi, vol.2 p.199, Dar Hajr</ref>«اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ <u>الْكُفْرِ وَالْفَقْرِ</u>، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ» | ||
OH: min <u> | OH: min <u>al-kufr wal-faqr</u> (pause)… min ʕadhāb al-qabr (pause) | ||
CA: mina <u>l-kufri wal-faqr</u> (pause)… min ʕadhābi l-qabr (pause) | CA: mina <u>l-kufri wal-faqr</u> (pause)… min ʕadhābi l-qabr (pause) | ||
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CA: min hamzihī wa nafkhihī wa nafthih | CA: min hamzihī wa nafkhihī wa nafthih | ||
==External Links== | |||
Idris AlArabi--[https://edristhearab.blogspot.com/2023/02/a-list-of-old-hijazi-internal-rhymes-in.html A list of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith] | |||
==References== | |||
<references /> | <references /> |
Latest revision as of 17:39, 27 February 2024
This is a comprehensive list of internal rhymes in the Quran and Hadith that only appear if the text is read in Old Hijazi. This list is taken from a blogpost by Idris Al-Arabi.
Most of the examples include two words that internally rhyme with each other. The second of the two words in the majority of cases comes in a pausal position and thus in classical Arabic it loses its final short vowel and nunation while the first word keeps them. Removing the final short vowel and nunation from the first word reveals that the first word rhymes with the second word which means that the original language of the Quran (Old Hijazi) lacked final short vowels and nunation.
The ending of a verse is a certain pausal position. There are also mid-verse pausal positions. Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīd), as set by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pausal position except when he runs out of breath. To aid the reciter with this, modern prints of the Quran include marks which show where it’s possible to pause in the middle of a verse. The position of such a mark in a verse is determined by scholars based on the meaning and the grammar of the verse. For example, the following verse has four mid-verse pausal signs. You can notice that the pausal positions fit the meaning and context:
فَإِنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ لِلَّهِ وَمَنِ ٱتَّبَعَنِ ۗ وَقُل لِّلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ وَٱلْأُمِّيِّۦنَ ءَأَسْلَمْتُمْ ۚ فَإِنْ أَسْلَمُوا۟ فَقَدِ ٱهْتَدَوا۟ ۖ وَّإِن تَوَلَّوْا۟ فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْكَ ٱلْبَلَٰغُ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بَصِيرٌۢ بِٱلْعِبَادِ
So if they argue with you, say, "I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me." (Pausal position) And say to those who were given the Scripture and [to] the unlearned, "Have you submitted yourselves?" (Pausal position) And if they submit [in Islam], they are rightly guided;(Pausal position) but if they turn away - then upon you is only the [duty of] notification. (Pausal position) And Allah is Seeing of [His] servants.
The four pausal sings and their meanings:
(مـ) pausing is mandatory.
(ج) pausing is allowed.
(صلى) pausing is allowed but continuation is preferred.
(قلى) continuation is allowed but pausing is preferred.
The type of the pause and its position are the work of the scholars. There’s no way to verify if these mid-verse pauses agree with how the Quran used to be recited at the time of Muhammad. It’s also obvious that scholars have missed marking a lot of possible pausal positions. To keep things simple, this article does not count Old Hijazi internal rhymes that come at possible pausal positions if these positions were not marked in modern Qurans with pausal signs.
In some of the examples, none of the two rhyming words comes in a pausal position. Yet the two words only rhyme with each other in Old Hijazi because each word has a different classical Arabic final short vowel or nunation and thus the two words don’t rhyme with each other in classical Arabic. Removing these final short vowels and nunation reveals that the two words in their original forms rhyme with each other. An example of this type:
وَأَنْزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ
Old Hijazi: wa anzalna l-ḥadīd fīh bās shadīd wa manāfiʕ lin-nās...
Classical Arabic: wa ʾanzalna l-ḥadīda fīhi baʾsun shadīdun wa manāfiʕu lin-nās...
Classes of Old Hijazi internal rhymes
1- Individual instances. This includes 78 unique examples (96 with repetition) where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, they were so many that only the strongest 17 unique instances were counted, however there are many more than this.
2- Verse-final attributes of Allah. The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 7 (50 with repetition) examples where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, there are 25 unique ones, 234 counting repeated occurrences.
A list of Individual Instances of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran
A- Internal rhymes where the rhyming words share identical final consonants:
﴿وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابٌ مُهِينٌ﴾ Q2:90, 58:5
Old Hijazi: wa lil-kāfirīn ʕadhāb muhīn.
Classical Arabic: wa lil-kāfirīna ʕadhābun muhīn.
﴿وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِالظَّالِمِينَ﴾ Q2:95,246 , 9:47, 62:7
Old Hijazi: wal-lāh ʕalīm biḍh-ḍhālimīn.
Classical Arabic: wal-lāhu ʕalīmun biḍh-ḍhālimīn.
Note: Due to the strong similarity between the "n" and "m" sounds, the Quran doesn't distinguish between the two when it comes to rhymes as seen for example in the first Surah of the Quran whose verse-final words are: al-ʕālamīn, ar-raḥīm, ad-dīn, nastaʕīn, al-mustaqīm, aḍ-ḍāllīn.
﴿وَمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَى الْمَلَكَيْنِ بِبَابِلَ هَارُوتَ وَمَارُوتَ ۚ وَمَا يُعَلِّمَانِ مِنْ أَحَدٍ حَتَّى...﴾ Q2:102
OH: harūt wa mārūt
CA: harūta wa mārūt
﴿إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ بِالْحَقِّ بَشِيرًا وَنَذِيرًا ۖ وَلَا تُسْأَلُ عَنْ أَصْحَابِ الْجَحِيمِ﴾ Q2:119, 35:24. Plus 3 other attestations where the second word isn’t in a pausal position.
OH: bashīrā wa nadhīrā
CA: bashīran wa nadhīrā
﴿وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ﴾ Q2:104 Q58:4
OH: wa lil-kāfirīn ʕadhāb alīm
CA: wa lil-kāfirīna ʕadhābun ʾalīm
﴿إِذْ تَبَرَّأَ الَّذِينَ اتُّبِعُوا مِنَ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوا وَرَأَوُا الْعَذَابَ وَتَقَطَّعَتْ بِهِمُ الْأَسْبَابُ ﴾ Q2:166
OH: warāu l-ʕadhāb wa taqaṭṭaʕat bihumu l-asbāb
CA: waraʾawu l-ʕadhāba wa taqaṭṭaʕat bihimu l-ʾasbāb
﴿وَمَثَلُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا كَمَثَلِ الَّذِي يَنْعِقُ بِمَا لَا يَسْمَعُ إِلَّا دُعَاءً وَنِدَاءًۚ صُمٌّ بُكْمٌ عُمْيٌ فَهُمْ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ ﴾ Q2:171
OH: duʕāʾā wa nidāʾā
CA: duʕāʾan wa nidāʾā
﴿شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى وَالْفُرْقَانِۚ فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ وَمَنْ كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَۗ يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا اللَّهَ عَلَى مَا هَدَاكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (١٨٥) وَإِذَا سَأَلَكَ عِبَادِي عَنِّي فَإِنِّي قَرِيبٌ ۖ أُجِيبُ دَعْوَةَ الدَّاعِ إِذَا دَعَانِ فَلْيَسْتَجِيبُوا لِي وَلْيُؤْمِنُوا بِي لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْشُدُونَ (١٨٦)﴾
Q2:185,186
OH: shahru ramaḍān al-ladhi unzil fīhu l-qurān hudē lin-nās wabayyināt min al-hudē wal-furqān (pause) faman shahid minkumu sh-shahr fa-liyaṣumh (pause) waman kān marīḍā aw ʕalā safar faʕiddah min ayyām ukhar (pause) yurīd allah bikumu l-yusr walā yurīd bikumu l-ʕusr walitukmilu l-ʕiddah walitukabbiru llāh ʕalā mā hadēkum wa laʕallakum tashkurūn (End of verse 185) waidhā saalak ʕibādī ʕannī fainnī qarīb ujīb daʕwata d-dāʕi idhā daʕān faliyastajībū lī waliyūminū bī laʕallahum yarshudūn.
CA: shahru ramaḍāna l-ladhī ʾunzila fīhi l-qurʾānu hudan lin-nāsi wabayyinātin mina l-hudā wa l-furqān (pause) faman shahida minkumu sh-shahra falyaṣumh (pause) waman kāna marīḍan ʾaw ʕalā safarin faʕiddatun min ʾayyāmin ukhar (pause) yurīdu llahu bikumu l-yusra walā yurīdu bikumu l-ʕusra walitukmilu l-ʕiddata walitukabbiru llāha ʕalā mā hadākum walaʕallakum tashkurūn (End of verse 185) waʾidhā saʾalaka ʕibādī ʕannī faʾinnī qarībun ʾujību daʕwata d-dāʕi ʾdhā daʕān (pause) falyastajībū lī walyūminū bī laʕallahum yarshudūn.
﴿وَزَادَهُ بَسْطَةً فِي الْعِلْمِ وَالْجِسْمِۖ وَاللَّهُ يُؤْتِي مُلْكَهُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾ Q2:247
OH: fil-ʕilm wal-jism.
CA: fil-ʕilmi wal-jism.
﴿وَمَنْ يُؤْتَ الْحِكْمَةَ فَقَدْ أُوتِيَ خَيْرًا كَثِيرًا ۗ وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلَّا أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ﴾ Q2:269 the two words are also attested at the end of verse Q4:19
OH: khayrā kathīrā.
CA: khayran kathīrā.
﴿وَإِنْ كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلَى مَيْسَرَةٍۚ وَأَنْ تَصَدَّقُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ ﴾ Q2:280
OH: ʕusurah fanaḍhirah ilā maysurah.
CA: ʕusratin fanaḍhiratun ʾilā maysarah.
ʕusrah and maysarah in the dialect of Hijaz are pronounced as ʕusurah and maysurah. (Muʕjam al-qirāʾāt, vol.1 p.407)
﴿تَوَدُّ لَوْ أَنَّ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَهُ أَمَدًا بَعِيدًا ۗ وَيُحَذِّرُكُمُ اللَّهُ نَفْسَهُ... ﴾ Q3:30
OH: amadā baʕīdā
CA: ʾamadan baʕīdā
﴿فَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِالْمُفْسِدِينَ﴾ Q3:63
OH: ʕalīm bil-mufsidīn
CA: ʕalīmun bil-mufsidīn
﴿أُولَئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ وَمَا لَهُمْ مِنْ نَاصِرِينَ ﴾ Q3:91 16
OH: ʕadhāb alīm wamālahum min nāṣirīn
CA: ʕadhābun ʾalīmun wamālahum min nāṣirīn
﴿وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِالْمُتَّقِينَ ﴾ Q3:115, 9:44
OH: ʕalīm bil-muttaqīn
CA: ʕalīmun bil-muttaqīn
﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْا مِنْكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا... ﴾ Q3:155
OH: yawm altaqa l-jamʕān innama stazallahum ash-shayṭān bibaʕḍi mā…
CA: yawma ltaqa l-jamʕāni ʾinnama stazallahumu sh-shayṭānu bibaʕḍi mā…
﴿الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ فَقِيرٌ وَنَحْنُ أَغْنِيَاءُ ۘ سَنَكْتُبُ مَا قَالُوا وَقَتْلَهُمُ الْأَنْبِيَاءَ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ...﴾ Q3:181
OH: wa naḥn aghniyāʾ (pause) sanaktub mā qālū wa qatlahumu l-anbiyāʾ bighayri ḥaqq.
CA: wa naḥnu ʾaghniyāʾ (pause) sanaktubu mā qālū wa qatlahumu l-ʾanbiyāʾa bighayri ḥaqq.
﴿فَكُلُوهُ هَنِيئًا مَرِيئًا﴾ Q4:4
OH: haniyyā mariyyā.
CA: hanīʾan marīʾā.
﴿أَنْ تَقُولُوا مَا جَاءَنَا مِنْ بَشِيرٍ وَلَا نَذِيرٍۖ فَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بَشِيرٌ وَنَذِيرٌ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ﴾ Q5:19
OH: min bashīr walā nadhīr (pause) faqad jākum bashīr wanadhīr (pause) wal-lāh ʕalā kulli shayy qadīr.
CA: min bashīrin walā nadhīr (pause) faqad jāʾakum bashīrun wanadhīr (pause) wal-lāhu ʕalā kulli shayʾin qadīr.
﴿وَهُمْ يَنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ وَيَنْأَوْنَ عَنْهُ ۖ وَإِنْ يُهْلِكُونَ إِلَّا أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَمَا يَشْعُرُونَ Q6:26
OH: yanhawn ʕanh wayanawn ʕanh.
CA: yanhawna ʕanhu wayanʾawna ʕanh.
﴿وَمَا نُرْسِلُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ إِلَّا مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنْذِرِينَ ۖ فَمَنْ آمَنَ وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ﴾ Q6:48 The two words also occur in three other positions, including one in a pausal position Q18:56
OH: mubashshirīn wa mundhirīn.
CA: mubashshirīna wa mundhirīn.
﴿وَيَعْلَمُ مَا فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِۚ وَمَا تَسْقُطُ مِنْ وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا يَعْلَمُهَا...﴾ Q6:59 The two words also occur in 6 other positions including 2 in pausal positions Q6:97, 10:22
OH: fil-barr wal-baḥr.
CA: fil-barri wal-baḥr.
﴿لَهُمْ شَرَابٌ مِنْ حَمِيمٍ وَعَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ﴾ Q6:70 Q10:4
OH: min ḥamīm wa ʕadhāb alīm bimā…
CA: min ḥamīmin wa ʕadhābun ʾalīmun bimā…
﴿وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ﴾ Q8:41
OH: yawma l-furqān yawma ltaqa l-jamʕān.
CA: yawma l-furqāni yawma ltaqa l-jamʕān.
﴿لَهُمْ فِيهَا نَعِيمٌ مُقِيمٌ ﴾ Q9:21
OH: naʕīm muqīm.
CA: naʕīmun muqīm.
﴿أَمْ مَنْ أَسَّسَ بُنْيَانَهُ عَلَى شَفَا جُرُفٍ هَارٍ فَانْهَارَ بِهِ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ...﴾ Q9:109
OH: hār fanhār …
CA: hārin fanhāra …
﴿أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّهَ إِنَّنِي لَكُمْ مِنْهُ نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ﴾ Q11:2 The two words also occur in a context position in Q7:188
OH: nadhīr wa bashīr.
CA: nadhīrun wa bashīr.
﴿وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ آتَيْنَاهُ حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا ۚ وَكَذَلِكَ نَجْزِي الْمُحْسِنِينَ﴾ Q12:22 The two words also occur in three other verses including two in pausal positions Q21:79, 28:14.
OH: ḥukmā waʕilmā.
CA: ḥukman waʕilmā.
﴿إِنَّكَ الْيَوْمَ لَدَيْنَا مَكِينٌ أَمِينٌ ﴾ Q12:22
OH: makīn amīn
CA: makīnun ʾamīn
﴿ وَسَيَعْلَمُ الْكُفَّارُ لِمَنْ عُقْبَى الدَّارِ﴾ Q13:42
OH: wasayaʕlam al-kuffār liman ʕuqba d-dār
CA: wasayaʕlamu l-kuffāru liman ʕuqba d-dār
﴿خَلَقَ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ فَإِذَا هُوَ خَصِيمٌ مُبِينٌ ﴾ Q16:4, 36:77
OH: khaṣīm mubīn
CA: khaṣīmun mubīn
﴿ وَمَنْ رَزَقْنَاهُ مِنَّا رِزْقًا حَسَنًا فَهُوَ يُنْفِقُ مِنْهُ سِرًّا وَجَهْرًا ۖ هَلْ يَسْتَوُونَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ﴾ Q16:75
OH: sirrā wajahrā
CA: sirran wajahrā
﴿وَيُبَشِّرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ الصَّالِحَاتِ أَنَّ لَهُمْ أَجْرًا كَبِيرًا﴾ Q17:9
OH: ajrā kabīrā
CA: ʾajran kabīrā
﴿وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا مُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًا ﴾ Q17:105 The two words also occur in the end of 3 other verses Q25:56, 33:45, 48:8.
OH: mubashshirā wanadhīrā
CA: mubashshiran wanadhīrā
﴿هُوَ خَيْرٌ ثَوَابًا وَخَيْرٌ عُقْبًا ﴾ Q18:44
OH: hū khayr thawābā wakhayr ʕuqbā
CA: huwa khayrun thawāban wakhayrun ʕuqbā
﴿قَالَ سَتَجِدُنِي إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ صَابِرًا وَلَا أَعْصِي لَكَ أَمْرًا﴾ Q18:69
OH: ṣābirā...amrā
CA: ṣābiran...ʾamrā
﴿قَالُوا يَامَرْيَمُ لَقَدْ جِئْتِ شَيْئًا فَرِيًّا﴾ Q19:27
OH: shayyā fariyyā
CA: shayʾan fariyyā
﴿فَلَا يَخَافُ ظُلْمًا وَلَا هَضْمًا ﴾ Q20:112
OH: ḍhulmā walā haḍmā
CA: ḍhulman walā haḍmā
﴿إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا رَغَبًا وَرَهَبًا ۖ وَكَانُوا لَنَا خَاشِعِينَ﴾ Q21:90
OH: raghabā warahabā
CA: raghaban warahabā
﴿وَالْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ الَّذِي جَعَلْنَاهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاءً الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِۚ وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ﴾ Q22:25
OH: fīh wal-bād (pause) wa man yurid fīh biilḥād biḍhulm…
CA: fīhi wal-bād (pause) wa man yurid fīhi biʾilḥādin biḍhulmin…
﴿لَا تَدْعُوا الْيَوْمَ ثُبُورًا وَاحِدًا وَادْعُوا ثُبُورًا كَثِيرًا﴾ Q25:14
OH: thubūrā kathīrā
CA: thubūran kathīrā
﴿وَبُرِّزَتِ الْجَحِيمُ لِلْغَاوِينَ﴾ Q26:91
OH: wa burrizat al-jaḥīm lil-ghāwīn
CA: wa burrizati l-jaḥīmu lil-ghāwīn
﴿قَالَ هَذَا مِنْ فَضْلِ رَبِّي لِيَبْلُوَنِي أَأَشْكُرُ أَمْ أَكْفُرُ ۖ وَمَنْ شَكَرَ فَإِنَّمَا يَشْكُرُ لِنَفْسِهِ ۖ ... ﴾ Q27:40
OH: aashkur am akfur
CA: ʾaʾashkuru ʾam ʾakfur
﴿وَإِنَّ أَوْهَنَ الْبُيُوتِ لَبَيْتُ الْعَنْكَبُوتِۚ لَوْ كَانُوا يَعْلَمُونَ ﴾ Q29:41
OH: wa inn awhan al-buyūt labayt al-ʕankabūt
CA: wa ʾinna ʾawhana l-buyūti labaytu l-ʕankabūt
﴿وَإِذَا تُتْلَى عَلَيْهِ آيَاتُنَا وَلَّى مُسْتَكْبِرًا كَأَنْ لَمْ يَسْمَعْهَا كَأَنَّ فِي أُذُنَيْهِ وَقْرًا ۖ فَبَشِّرْهُ بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ﴾ Q31:7
OH: wallē mustakbirā kaan lam yasmaʕhā kaan fī udhunayh waqrā
CA: wallā mustakbiran kaʾan lam yasmaʕhā kaʾanna fī ʾudhunayhi waqrā
﴿وَاقْصِدْ فِي مَشْيِكَ وَاغْضُضْ مِنْ صَوْتِكَ ۚ إِنَّ أَنْكَرَ الْأَصْوَاتِ لَصَوْتُ الْحَمِيرِ ﴾ Q31:19
OH: waqṣid fī mashyik waghḍuḍ min ṣawtik
CA: waqṣid fī mashyika waghḍuḍ min ṣawtik
﴿وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا﴾ Q33:38
OH: qadarā maqdūrā
CA: qadaran maqdūrā
﴿اذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ ذِكْرًا كَثِيرًا ﴾ Q33:41
OH: dhikrā kathīrā
CA: dhikran kathīrā
﴿أَمْ أَنَا خَيْرٌ مِنْ هَذَا الَّذِي هُوَ مَهِينٌ وَلَا يَكَادُ يُبِينُ ﴾ Q43:52 “mahīn” is the ending of a verse according to some readings so this instance might not be a case of internal rhyme.
OH: hū mahīn walā yakād yabīn
CA: huwa mahīnun walā yakādu yabīn
﴿خَافِضَةٌ رَافِعَةٌ﴾ Q56:3
OH: khāfiḍah rāfiʕah
CA: khāfiḍatun rāfiʕah
﴿إِلَّا قِيلًا سَلَامًا سَلَامًا﴾ Q56:26 Discovered by Van Putten And Phillip Stokes
OH: illā qīlā salāmā salāmā
CA: illā qīlan salāman salāmā
﴿لَا مَقْطُوعَةٍ وَلَا مَمْنُوعَةٍ ﴾ Q56:33
OH: lā maqṭūʕah walā mamnūʕah
CA: lā maqṭūʕatin walā mamnūʕah
﴿عُرُبًا أَتْرَابًا﴾ Q56:37
OH: ʕurubā atrābā
CA: ʕuruban ʾatrābā
﴿وَأَنْزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ... ﴾ Q57:25
OH: wa anzalna l-ḥadīd fīh bās shadīd wa manāfiʕ…
CA: wa ʾanzalna l-ḥadīda fīhi baʾsun shadīdun wa manāfiʕu…
﴿وَإِنَّهُمْ لَيَقُولُونَ مُنْكَرًا مِنَ الْقَوْلِ وَزُورًا ۚ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَفُوٌّ غَفُورٌ ﴾ Q58:2
OH: munkarā min al-qawl wa zūrā
CA: munkaran mina l-qawli wa zūrā
﴿قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكُمْ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ فِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَالَّذِينَ مَعَهُ إِذْ قَالُوا لِقَوْمِهِمْ... ﴾ Q60:4
OH: uswah ḥasanah fi ibrāhīm wal-ladhīn maʕah idh qālū…
CA: ʾuswatun ḥasanatun fī ʾibrāhīma wal-ladhīna maʕahū ʾidh qālū…
﴿وَمَكَرُوا مَكْرًا كُبَّارًا ﴾ Q71:22
OH: makrā kubbārā
CA: makran kubbārā
﴿وَلَا يَلِدُوا إِلَّا فَاجِرًا كَفَّارًا ﴾ Q71:27
OH: fājirā kaffārā
CA: fājiran kaffārā
﴿إِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا ﴾ Q73:5
OH: qawlā thaqīlā
CA: qawlan thaqīlā
﴿تَجِدُوهُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ هُوَ خَيْرًا وَأَعْظَمَ أَجْرًا ۚ وَاسْتَغْفِرُوا اللَّهَ... ﴾ Q73:20
OH: hū khayrā wa aʕḍham ajrā
CA: huwa khayran wa ʾaʕḍhamu ʾajrā
﴿إِنَّهُ فَكَّرَ وَقَدَّرَ﴾ Q74:18
OH: innah fakkar waqaddar
CA: innahū fakkara waqaddar
﴿ثُمَّ أَدْبَرَ وَاسْتَكْبَرَ﴾ Q74:23
OH: thumm adbar wastakbar
CA: thumma ʾadbara wastakbar
﴿إِنَّا هَدَيْنَاهُ السَّبِيلَ إِمَّا شَاكِرًا وَإِمَّا كَفُورًا ﴾ Q76:3
OH: immā shākirā wa immā kafūrā
CA: ʾimmā shākiran wa ʾimmā kafūrā
﴿وَمِنَ اللَّيْلِ فَاسْجُدْ لَهُ وَسَبِّحْهُ لَيْلًا طَوِيلًا﴾ Q76:26
OH: laylā ṭawīlā
CA: laylan ṭawīlā
﴿عُذْرًا أَوْ نُذْرًا﴾ Q77:6
OH: ʕudhrā aw nudhrā
CA: ʕudhran ʾaw nudhrā
﴿إِنَّهَا تَرْمِي بِشَرَرٍ كَالْقَصْرِ﴾ Q77:32
OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar
CA: bishararin kal-qaṣar
In the canonical readings, the final word is read as “kal-qaṣr”. But a number of non-canonical readings read it as “kal-qaṣar” which makes it a perfect rhyming fit for the preceding word “bisharar”. The final word of the next verse is non-canonically read as ṣufur. (Muʕjam al-qirāʾāt, vol.10 p.248, 251)
﴿وَجَعَلْنَا سِرَاجًا وَهَّاجًا ﴾ Q78:13
OH: sirājā wahhājā
CA: sirājan wahhājā
﴿إِنَّا أَنْذَرْنَاكُمْ عَذَابًا قَرِيبًا يَوْمَ يَنْظُرُ الْمَرْءُ مَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدَاهُ وَيَقُولُ الْكَافِرُ يَالَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ تُرَابًا ﴾ Q78:40
OH: ʕadhābā qarībā
CA: ʕadhāban qarībā (This position is an end of a verse in the Baṣran and some Makkan readings. In the readings wher this position isn't an end of a verse, the two words are read as ʕadhāban qarīban)
﴿وَعِنَبًا وَقَضْبًا ﴾ Q80:28
OH: waʕinabā waqaḍbā
CA: wa inaban waqaḍbā
﴿ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْكَفَرَةُ الْفَجَرَةُ﴾ Q80:42
OH: humu l-kafarah al-fajarah
CA: humu l-kafaratu l-fajarah
﴿عَامِلَةٌ نَاصِبَةٌ﴾ Q88:3
OH: ʕāmilah nāṣibah
CA: ʕāmilatun nāṣibah
﴿نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ خَاطِئَةٍ ﴾ Q96:16 discovered by Larcher
OH: nāṣiyah kādhibah khāṭiyah
CA: nāṣiyatin kādhibatin khāṭiyah
﴿وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ ﴾ Q104:1
OH: humazah lumazah
CA: humazatin lumazah
﴿ وَيَمْنَعُونَ الْمَاعُونَ﴾ Q107:7
OH: wa yamnaʕūn al-māʕūn
CA: wa yamnaʕūna l-māʕūn
﴿تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ﴾ Q111:1
OH: tabbat yadā abī lahab watab
CA: tabbat yadā ʾabī lahabin watab
﴿مِنْ شَرِّ الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ﴾ Q114:4
OH: min sharri l-waswās al-khannās
CA: min sharri l-waswāsi l-khannās
B- Internal rhymes where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants.
Due to the large number of examples of this type, not all of them were counted. Here are some of the notable examples:
﴿وَهُدًى وَبُشْرَى لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ Q2:97 The two words also occur at 16:102 and 27:2
Old Hijazi: wa hudē wa bushrē lil-mūminīn
Classical Arabic: wa hudan wa bushrā lil-muʾminīn
﴿نَذِيرٌ مُبِينٌ﴾ Q7:184 The two words also occur at the end of 10 other verses such as 11:25, 22:49.
OH: nadhīr mubīn
CA: nadhīrun mubīn
﴿لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ﴾ Q11:9
OH: layaūs kafūr
CA: layaʾūsun kafūr
﴿إِنَّ أَخْذَهُ أَلِيمٌ شَدِيدٌ﴾ Q11:102
OH: alīm shadīd
CA: ʾalīmun shadīd
﴿لَهُمْ فِيهَا زَفِيرٌ وَشَهِيقٌ﴾ Q11:106
OH: zafīr wa shahīq
CA: zafīrun wa shahīq
﴿قَالَ اجْعَلْنِي عَلَى خَزَائِنِ الْأَرْضِ إِنِّي حَفِيظٌ عَلِيمٌ ﴾ Q12:55
OH: ḥafīḍh ʕalīm
CA: ḥafīḍhun ʕalīm
﴿مَذْمُومًا مَدْحُورًا﴾ Q17:18
OH: madhmūmā madḥūrā
CA: madhmūman madḥūrā
﴿مَذْمُومًا مَخْذُولًا﴾ Q17:22
OH: madhmūmā makhdhūlā
CA: madhmūman makhdhūlā
﴿قَالَ عَمَّا قَلِيلٍ لَيُصْبِحُنَّ نَادِمِينَ﴾ Q23:40
OH: ʕammā qalīl la yuṣbiḥunn nādimīn
CA: ʕammā qalīlin la yuṣbiḥunna nādimīn
﴿ إِنَّهُ كَانَ ظَلُومًا جَهُولًا ﴾ Q33:72
OH: ḍhalūmā jahūlā
CA: ḍhalūman jahūlā
﴿وَلَهُمْ فِيهَا مَنَافِعُ وَمَشَارِبُ ۚ أَفَلَا يَشْكُرُونَ﴾ Q36:73
OH: manāfiʕ wamashārib
CA: manāfiʕu wamashārib
﴿وَإِنْ مَسَّهُ الشَّرُّ فَيَئُوسٌ قَنُوطٌ ﴾ Q41:49
OH: fa yaūs qanūṭ
CA: fa yaʾūsun qanūṭ
﴿ذُقْ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْكَرِيمُ ﴾ Q44:49
OH: ant al-ʕazīz al-karīm
CA: ʾanta l-ʕazīzu l-karīm
﴿مَا يَلْفِظُ مِنْ قَوْلٍ إِلَّا لَدَيْهِ رَقِيبٌ عَتِيدٌ ﴾ Q50:18
OH: raqīb ʕatīd
CA: raqībun ʕatīd
﴿وَيَبْقَى وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ ﴾ Q55:27
﴿ذِي الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ ﴾ Q55:78
OH: l-jalāl wal-ikram
CA: l-jalāli wal-ʾikram
﴿وَكَانَتِ الْجِبَالُ كَثِيبًا مَهِيلًا﴾ Q73:14
OH: kathībā mahīlā
CA: kathīban mahīlā
Q89:19-22
﴿وَتَأْكُلُونَ التُّرَاثَ أَكْلًا لَمًّا (١٩) وَتُحِبُّونَ الْمَالَ حُبًّا جَمًّا (٢٠) كَلَّا إِذَا دُكَّتِ الْأَرْضُ دَكًّا دَكًّا (٢١) وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا صَفًّا (٢٢) ﴾
OH: …aklā lammā…ḥubbā jammā…dakkā dakkā…ṣaffā ṣaffā
CA: …aklan lammā…ḥubban jammā…dakkan dakkā…ṣaffan ṣaffā
C- Some examples of Internal rhymes where the rhyming words don't share identical final long vowels.
﴿فَقَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي لِمَا أَنْزَلْتَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَقِيرٌ ﴾ Q28:24
OH: khayr faqīr
CA: khayrin faqīr
﴿ مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ بَهِيجٍ﴾ Q22:5, 50:7
OH: zawj bahīj
CA: zawjin bahīj
﴿فِي سَمُومٍ وَحَمِيمٍ﴾ Q56:42
OH: samūm waḥamīm
CA: samūmin waḥamīm
A list of All Verse-Final Attributes of Allah that Form Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes
A- The two words share an identical final consonant.
ʕalīm ḥakīm عليم حكيم “Knower, Wise” (15 attestations, such as 9:15,28,60,97,106,110)
ʕalīmā ḥakīmā عليما حكيما (10 attestations, such as 4:11,17,24,92,104,111,170)
al-ʕalīm al-ḥakīm العليم الحكيم “the Knower, the Wise” (4, such as: 12:83,100)
ḥakīm ʕalīm حكيم عليم “Wise, Knower” (5, such as 6:83,128,139)
al-ḥakīm al-ʕalīm الحكيم العليم (43:84 , 51:30)
ghafūr shakūr غفور شكور “Forgiving, Appreciative” (35:30,34 , 42:23)
ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59)
ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51)
khabīr baṣīr خبير بصير “Aware, Seeing” (35:31, 42:27)
khabīrā baṣīrā خبيرا بصيرا(17:17,30,96)
ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59)
ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51)
qarīb mujīb قريب مجيب “Near, Responsive” (11:61)
ḥamīd majīd حميد مجيد “Owner of Praise, Owner of Glory” (11:73)
Note that in the rhyming of verse-final words (external rhymes), the Quran usually alternates between ūn and īn, which means that in the language of the Quran, ū rhymes with ī. Thus it’s natural to see internal rhymes such as غفور رحيم ghafūr raḥīm.
ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as 2:173,182,192)
ghafūrā raḥīmā غفورا رحيما (15, such as 4:23,96,100,106)
al-ghafūr ar-raḥīm الغفور الرحيم “the Forgiving, the Merciful” (7, such as 42:5, 46:8)
ar-raḥīm al-ghafūr الرحيم الغفور “the Merciful, the Forgiving” (34:2)
ʕazīz ḥakīm عزيز حكيم “Mighty, Wise” (13, such as 8:10,49,63)
ʕazīzā ḥakīmā عزيزا حكيما (5, such as 4:56,158,165)
al-ʕazīz al-ḥakīm العزيز الحكيم (29 instances, such as 3:6,18,62)
samīʕ ʕalīm سميع عليم “Hearer, Knower “(16, such as 8:17,42,53)
as-samīʕ al-ʕalīm السميع العليم (15, such as 2:127,137)
al-ʕazīz ar-raḥīm العزيز الرحيم "the Mighty, the Merciful” (13, such as 26:9,68,104)
raūf raḥīm رؤوف رحيم “Kind, Merciful” (9, such as 16:7,47)
ghafūr ḥalīm غفور حليم “Forgiving, Forbearing” (4, such as 5:101)
ḥalīmā ghafūrā حليما غفورا “Forbearing, Forgiving” (17:44, 35:41)
ʕalīm khabīr عليم خبير “Knower, Aware” (31:34, 49:13)
ʕalīma khabīrā عليما خبيرا (4:35)
al-ʕalīm al-khabīr العليم الخبير (66:3)
ḥakīm khabīr حكيم خبير “Wise, Aware” (11:1)
al-ḥakīm al-khabīr الحكيم الخبير (6:18, 6:73, 34:1)
laṭīf khabīr لطيف خبير “Subtle, Aware” (22:63, 31:16)
laṭīfā khabīrā لطيفا خبيرا (33:34)
al-laṭīf al-khabīr اللطيف الخبير (6:103, 67:14)
al- azīz al-ʕalīm العزيز العليم “the Mighty, the Knower” (6, such as 6:96, 27:78)
al-ʕazīz al-ḥamīd العزيز الحميد “the Mighty, the Owner of Praise”(14:1, 34:6, 85:8)
samīʕ baṣīr سميع بصير “Hearer, Seer” (4, such as 22:61)
samīʕā baṣīrā سميعا بصيرا (3, such as 4:58)
as-samīʕ al-baṣīr السميع البصير (4, such as 40:20)
ʕalīm qadīr عليم قدير “Knower, Powerful” (16:70, 42:50)
ʕalīmā qadīrā عليما قديرا (35:44)
al-ʕalīm al-qadīr العليم القدير (30:54)
ʕalīm ḥalīm عليم حليم “Knower, Forbearing” (4:12, 22:59)
ʕalīmā ḥalīmā عليما حليما (33:51)
ʕazīz ghafūr عزيز غفور “Mighty, Forgiving” (35:28)
al- azīz al-ghafūr العزيز الغفور (67:2)
raḥīm wadūd رحيم ودود “Merciful, Loving” (11:90)
ḥakīm ḥamīd حكيم حميد “Wise, Owner of Praise” (41:42)
shakūr ḥalīm شكور حليم “Appreciative, Forbearing” (64:17)
al-ghafūr al-wadūd الغفور الودود “the Forgiving, the Loving” (85:14)
samīʕ qarīb سميع قريب “Hearer, Near” (34:50)
Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in Hadith
Due to the vast size of the Hadith corpus, it wasn’t possible for Idris Al-Arabi to scan the entirety of it for internal rhymes the same way he did with the Quran. Since that prayers tend to be poetic, Idris looked into Hadith collections of prayers and found most of the following internal rhymes.
The first internal rhyme is from the seven aḥruf Hadith listed in a huge number of Hadith sources. The two rhyming words in this Hadith always come at a possible pausal position and sometimes at the end of the Hadith, such as:
[1]«نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ عَلَى سَبْعَةِ أَحْرُفٍ كُلٌّ شَافٍ كَافٍ»
Old Hijazi: shāf kāf
Classical Arabic: shāfin kāf, or shāfin kāfī
The second example is from a popular prayer that’s said after the call of prayer (adhān):
أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " مَنْ قَالَ حِينَ يَسْمَعُ النِّدَاءَ: اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ هَذِهِ الدَّعْوَةِ التَّامَّةِ، وَالصَّلَاةِ القَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا الوَسِيلَةَ وَالفَضِيلَةَ، وَابْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا الَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ، حَلَّتْ لَهُ شَفَاعَتِي يَوْمَ القِيَامَةِ "[2]
Old Hijazi: al-wasīlah wal-faḍīlah
Classical Arabic: al-wasīlata wal-faḍīlah
[3]أَنَّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ يَدْعُو فِي الصَّلَاةِ اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَسِيحِ الدَّجَّالِ ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَحْيَا وَالْمَمَاتِ ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْمَأْثَمِ وَ الْمَغْرَمِ.
Old Hijazi: al-mātham wal-maghram
Classical Arabic: al-maʾthami wal-maghram
[4]قَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ يَدْعُو " اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الشِّقَاقِ وَالنِّفَاقِ وَسُوءِ الأَخْلاَقِ " .
OH: min al-shiqāq wal-nifāq wa suww al-akhlāq
CA: mina l-shiqāqi wal-nifāqi wa sūʾi l-ʾakhlāq
[5]إِذَا دَخَلَ النُّورُ الْقَلْبَ انْفَسَحَ وَانْشَرَحَ.
OH: infasaḥ wa-nsharaḥ
CA: infasaḥa wa-nsharaḥ
((لَبَّيْكَ وَسَعْدَيْكَ وَالْخَيْرُ كُلُّهُ فِي يَدَيْكَ، وَالشَّرُّ لَيْسَ إِلَيْكَ، أَنَا بِكَ وَإِلَيْكَ، تَبَارَكْتَ وَتَعَالَيْتَ، أَسْتَغْفِرُكَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْكَ...اللهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي مَا قَدَّمْتُ وَمَا أَخَّرْتُ، وَمَا أَسْرَرْتُ وَمَا أَعْلَنْتُ، وَمَا أَسْرَفْتُ، وَمَا أَنْتَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ مِنِّي، أَنْتَ الْمُقَدِّمُ وَأَنْتَ الْمُؤَخِّرُ، لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ)). [6]
This is a prayer that contains many internal rhymes:
OH: labbayk wa saʕdayk (pause) tabārakt wa taʕālayt (pause)… mā qaddamt wa mā akhkhart (pause) wa mā asrart wa mā aʕlant (pause) wa mā asraft (pause)
CA: labbayka wa saʕdayk (pause) tabārakta wa taʕālayt (pause)… mā qaddamtu wa mā ʾakhkhart (pause) wa mā ʾasrartu wa mā ʾaʕlant (pause) wa mā ʾasraft (pause)
[7]اللَّهمَّ إنِّي أسألُكَ مِنَ الخيرِ كلِّهِ عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ ، وأعوذُ بِكَ منَ الشَّرِّ كلِّهِ عاجلِهِ وآجلِهِ ، ما عَلِمْتُ منهُ وما لم أعلَمْ.
OH: ʕājilih wa ājilih
CA: ʕājilihī wa ʾājilih
[8]أَنَّ نَاسًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالُوا لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، ذَهَبَ أَهْلُ الدُّثُورِ بِالْأُجُورِ، يُصَلُّونَ كَمَا نُصَلِّي، وَيَصُومُونَ كَمَا نَصُومُ، وَيَتَصَدَّقُونَ بِفُضُولِ أَمْوَالِهِمْ.
OH: ahlu d-duthūr bil-ujūr
CA: ʾahlu d-duthūri bil-ʾujūr
[9]اللَّهُمَّ هَبْ لِي قَلْبًا تَقِيًّا نَقِيًّا مِنَ الشَّرِّ بَرِيئا لَا كَافِرًا وَلَا شَقِيًّا.
OH: qalbā taqiyyā naqiyyā (pause) min al-sharr bariyyā (pause) lā kāfirā wa lā shaqiyyā.
CA: qalban taqiyyan naqiyyā (pause) mina l-sharri barīʾā (pause) lā kāfiran wa lā shaqiyyā.
Note how the word “bariyyā” only rhymes without the hamzah.
[10]«اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْهَدْمِ وَالتَّرَدِّي وَالْهَرَمِ وَالْغَرَقِ وَالْحَرَقِ وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ إِنْ يَتَخَبَّطَنِي الشَّيْطَانُ عِنْدَ الْمَوْتِ وَأَنْ أُقْتَلَ فِي سَبِيلِكَ مُدْبِرًا أَوْ أَمُوتَ لَدِيغًا»
OH: wal-gharaq wal-ḥaraq
CA: wal-gharaqi wal-ḥaraq
[11]«اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ عِلْمًا نَافِعًا، وَرِزْقًا طَيِّبًا، وَعَمَلًا مُتَقَبَّلًا»
OH: wa ʕamalā mutaqabbalā
CA: wa ʕamalan mutaqabbalā
[12]" جَاهِدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ؛ فَإِنَّ الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ بَابٌ مِنْ أَبْوَابِ الْجَنَّةِ يُنَجِّي اللهُ بِهِ مِنَ الْهَمِّ وَالْغَمِّ "
OH: min al-hamm wal-ghamm
CA: mina l-hammi wal-ghamm
[13]" اللهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْفَقْرِ وَالْقِلَّةِ وَالذِّلَّةِ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ أَنْ أَظْلِمَ أَوْ أُظْلَمَ "
OH: wal-qillah wal-dhillah
CA: wal-qillati wal-dhillah
[14]«اللَّهُمَّ قِنِي عَذَابَكَ يَوْمَ تَبْعَثُ عِبَادَكَ»
OH: allāhumm qinī ʕadhābak yawm tabʕath ʕibādak
CA: allāhumma qinī ʕadhābaka yawma tabʕathu ʕibādak
[15]«اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الْكُفْرِ وَالْفَقْرِ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ»
OH: min al-kufr wal-faqr (pause)… min ʕadhāb al-qabr (pause)
CA: mina l-kufri wal-faqr (pause)… min ʕadhābi l-qabr (pause)
كان رسول الله صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إذا قام من الليل كبَّر، ثم يقول:
"سبحانك اللهم! وبحمدك، وتبارك اسمك، وتعالى جدك، ولا إله غيرك"، ثم يقول: "لا إله إلا الله" ثلاثًا، ثم يقول:
[16]"الله أكبر كبيرًا" -ثلاثًا- أعوذ بالله السميع العليم من الشيطان الرجيم؛ من همزه ونفخه ونفثه" ثم يقرأ.
OH: min hamzih wa nafkhih wa nafthih
CA: min hamzihī wa nafkhihī wa nafthih
External Links
Idris AlArabi--A list of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith
References
- ↑ مصنف ابن أبي شيبة، ج6 ص137، دار التاج Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah, vol.6 p.137, Dar Al-Taj
- ↑ صحيح البخاري، ج1 ص126، ط السلطانية Sahih Al-Bukhari, Vol.1 p.126, published by Al-Sultaniah
- ↑ صحيح مسلم، ج1 ص412، تحقيق عبد الباقي Sahih Muslim, vol.1 p.412, Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi
- ↑ سنن أبي داود، ج2 ص645، تحقيق شعيب الأرنؤوط Sunan Abi Dawud, vol.2 p.645, Tahqiq by Shuayb Arnaut
- ↑ تفسير الطبري في ج12 ص100 دار التربية Tafsir Al-Tabari, vol.12 p.100, Dar Al-Tarbiyah
- ↑ صحيح مسلم، ج1 ص534، تحقيق عبد الباقي Sahih Muslim, vol.1 p.534, Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi
- ↑ سنن ابن ماجه، ج5 ص17، دار الرسالة العلمية (Sunan Ibn Majah, vol.5 p.17, Dar Al-Risalah Al-ʿilmiyyah)
- ↑ صحيح مسلم ج2 ص697 تحقيق عبد الباقي Sahih Muslim, vol.2 p.697, Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi
- ↑ الدعوات الكبير للبيهقي، تحقيق بدر البدر، ج2 ص147 Al-Daʕawāt al-kabīr by Albayhaqī, vol.2 p.147, Tahqiq by Badr Al-Badr
- ↑ الآحاد والمثاني لابن أبي عاصم» (3/ 460) Al-ʾāḥād wal-mathānī by Ibn Abī ʕāṣim, vol.3 p.460, Dār Al-Rāyah
- ↑ مصنف ابن أبي شيبة (6/ 33 تحقيق الحوت) Al-Musannaf by Ibn Abi Shaybah, vol.6 p.33, Tahqiq by Al-Hout
- ↑ مسند أحمد، ج37 ص355 ط الرسالة Musnad Ahmad, vol.37 p.355, Al-Risalah
- ↑ مسند أحمد، ج13 ص418 ط الرسالة Musnad Ahmad, vol.13 p.418, Al-Risalah
- ↑ مسند أبي داود الطيالسي، ج2 ص84، دار هجر Musnad Abi Dawud Al-Tayalisi, vol.2 p.84, Dar Hajr
- ↑ مسند أبي داود الطيالسي، ج2 ص199، دار هجر Musnad Abi Dawud Al-Tayalisi, vol.2 p.199, Dar Hajr
- ↑ سنن أبي داود تحقيق الأرنؤوط، ج2 ص82 Sunan Abi Dawud, vol.2 p.82, Tahqiq by Shuayb Arnaut