Ages of Muhammads Wives at Marriage: Difference between revisions

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{{Underconstruction}}
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The prophet Muhammad had 19 or more [[Muhammad's Marriages|wives or concubines]] according to the traditional Islamic sources. [[Dawah|Islamic apologists and du'aah]] often make the claim that he married many of these women because they were widows, elderly, or otherwise destitute and in need of his aide.
 
The widows whom Prophet Muhammad married after Khadijah’s death do indeed fall into two distinct age-groups. But to label these two groups as “the middle-aged” and “the elderly” gives atypical definitions to these terms. The “elderly” group would refer to those brides between 28 and 40 while the “middle-aged” group would mean the teenagers.
 
Muhammad did indeed marry his first wife Khadijah, who was the same age as himself, when they were both young. He rejected Sawdah, who was a little younger than himself, when they were both middle-aged. All his other wives were young enough to be his daughters and several were young enough to be his granddaughters. According to the traditional Islamic sources, he divorced one woman before consummating the marriage<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111</ref> and broke off another courtship<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:113</ref> solely because he decided that these women were “too old” for him, and he continued to pursue teenagers until the day he died.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:105</ref> Nor does he seem to have been embarrassed by his own preference.<ref>"''Nothing was dearer to the Prophet of Allah than a horse. Then he said: “O Allah! Excuse me, no! The women!” (i.e., not dearer than women).''" - [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 90.6/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' Vol. 1 Chapter 90:6].</ref> The Islamic tradition bears witness against the idea that Muhammad was in the habit of marrying older women who were destitute and in need of his aide, and indeed shows that he rather preferred to marry women much, much younger than he.
 
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


[[File:polygamy.jpg|right|thumb||300px]]
Many [[apologists]] claim that Muhammad’s wives were elderly and that he did not [[Marriage|marry]] them for physical attraction.
 
Muslim apologists claim that Prophet [[Muhammad's Wives|Muhammad’s wives]] were elderly and that he did not marry them for physical attraction.


{{Quote|[http://www.islam4women.org/conclusions/ Islam for Women]|But all his wives were elderly ladies or widows except [Aisha and Mariyah]. If the aim had been seeking sexual pleasures, he would have done so in his youth and would have married young maidens, not aged widows.}}
{{Quote|[http://www.islam4women.org/conclusions/ Islam for Women]|But all his wives were elderly ladies or widows except [Aisha and Mariyah]. If the aim had been seeking sexual pleasures, he would have done so in his youth and would have married young maidens, not aged widows.}}
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{{Quote|Thomas, B. S. (1937). ''The Arabs'', pp. 65-66. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc.|All appear to have been elderly widows except A’isha … The elderly wives were widows of companions who had fallen in the wars, and Muhammad married them to shelter them and provide them with homes.}}
{{Quote|Thomas, B. S. (1937). ''The Arabs'', pp. 65-66. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc.|All appear to have been elderly widows except A’isha … The elderly wives were widows of companions who had fallen in the wars, and Muhammad married them to shelter them and provide them with homes.}}


What this highlights is that terms like “middle-aged” and “elderly” are subjective. They do not give precise information about how old the women were. Rather than debate what the words “middle-aged” and “elderly” ought to mean, we will consult the early Muslim sources and calculate the age of each wife on the day she [[Marriage|married]] Muhammad.
What this highlights is that terms like “middle-aged” and “elderly” are subjective. They do not give precise information about how old the women were. Rather than debate what the words “middle-aged” and “elderly” ought to mean, we will consult the early Muslim sources and calculate the age of each wife on the day she married Muhammad.


===Calculate Comparative Dates===
===Calculating Comparative Dates===


The [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|Islamic year]] consists of twelve lunar cycles and hence it is 354 or 355 days long. This means it is quite difficult to calculate comparative dates. For example:
The [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|Islamic year]] consists of twelve lunar cycles and hence it is 354 or 355 days long. This means it is quite difficult to calculate comparative dates. For example:
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{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 69.|The apostle was born on Monday 12 Rabi-Awwal in the Year of the Elephant.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 69.|The apostle was born on Monday 12 Rabi-Awwal in the Year of the Elephant.}}


This [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ calendar tool] advises us that the date '''12 Rabi-Awwal 1 AH''' is equivalent to the Gregorian date '''27 September 622 AD'''. But this does not give the 53-year-old Muhammad a birthdate of 27 September 569. Because the lunar year is shorter, Muhammad’s age at the time of the ''Hijra'' was only about 51½ solar years. According to the calculator, his birthdate of 12 Rabi-Awwal 53 BH is equivalent to the Gregorian date 26 April 571.
This [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ calendar tool] advises us that the date ''12 Rabi-Awwal 1 AH'' is equivalent to the Gregorian date ''27 September 622 AD''.<ref>If you would like to use the [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ calendar converter], bear in mind that it is programmed to assume that year-numbers are integers, i.e., that each date-system includes a year 0. Of course, none of them does. The year before 1 AH is 1 BH and the year before 1 AD is 1 BC. So if, for example, you want to calculate the year ''53 BH'', you need to call it ''-52'' on this calculator.</ref> But this does not give the 53-year-old Muhammad a birthdate of 27 September 569. Because the lunar year is shorter, Muhammad’s age at the time of the ''Hijra'' was only about 51½ solar years. According to the calculator, his birthdate of 12 Rabi-Awwal 53 BH is equivalent to the Gregorian date 26 April 571.


Of course, the Gregorian calendar did not exist in Muhammad’s day, so reporting dates in Gregorian style is an anachronism. However, it will be convenient to compare Muhammad’s calendar with the Gregorian calendar, which is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar.<ref>[http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/astronomical-information-center/calendars Introduction to Calendars]. United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</ref><ref>[http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html Calendars] by L. E. Doggett. Section 2.</ref><ref>The international standard for the representation of dates and times, ISO 8601, uses the Gregorian calendar. Section 3.2.1.</ref>
The Gregorian calendar did not exist in Muhammad’s day, so reporting dates in Gregorian style is an anachronism. However, it will be convenient to compare Muhammad’s calendar with the Gregorian calendar, which is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar.<ref>[http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/astronomical-information-center/calendars Introduction to Calendars]. United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</ref><ref>[http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html Calendars] by L. E. Doggett. Section 2.</ref><ref>The international standard for the representation of dates and times, ISO 8601, uses the Gregorian calendar. Section 3.2.1.</ref>


When Muslim historians speak of “the Year of the Elephant,” they always mean the year when Muhammad was born, which fell between 15 February 571 and 3 February 572.
When Muslim historians speak of “the Year of the Elephant,” they always mean the year when Muhammad was born, which fell between 15 February 571 and 3 February 572.


Obviously it is suspicious that Muhammad apparently arrived in Medina exactly on his birthday – especially as 12 Rabi-Awwal was also his death-date!<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> It suggests that his official birthday is a made-up date. In fact the early historians give numerous suggestions for birth-dates other than the 12th, which the calculator tells was in any case a Friday and not a Monday. However, since the variant birthdays for Muhammad are all in the month of Rabi-Awwal and the year “of the Elephant,” we shall assume here that '''Muhammad was born in April 571'''.
That Muhammad apparently arrived in [[Medina]] exactly on his birthday – 12 Rabi-Awwal which was also his death-date<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> suggests that his official birthday is a made-up date. In fact the early historians give numerous suggestions for birth-dates other than the 12th, which the calculator tells was in any case a Friday and not a Monday. However, since the variant birthdays for Muhammad are all in the month of Rabi-Awwal and the year “of the Elephant,” we shall assume here that Muhammad was born in April 571.


A further complication is that nobody is certain that the pre-''Hijri'' year was exactly the same as the Muslim year that was standardised after the ''Hijra''. However, Muhammad complained about the custom of adding an intercalary month, which was probably a Medinan practice introduced by the Jews.<ref>See [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3920-calendar-history-of#anchor4/ “Calendar, History of”] in Funk & Wagnalls (1906). ''Jewish Encyclopaedia''. New York: Author.</ref> The fact that he abolished intercalary months<ref>{{Quran-range|9|36|37}}.</ref> suggests that no such practice had been known in Mecca and that the old Meccan year was much the same as the later Islamic year.
A further complication is that nobody is certain that the pre-''Hijri'' year was exactly the same as the Muslim year that was standardised after the ''Hijra''. However, Muhammad complained about the custom of adding an intercalary month, which was probably a Medinan practice introduced by the [[Jews]].<ref>See [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3920-calendar-history-of#anchor4/ “Calendar, History of”] in Funk & Wagnalls (1906). ''Jewish Encyclopaedia''. New York: Author.</ref> The fact that he abolished intercalary months<ref>{{Quran-range|9|36|37}}.</ref> suggests that no such practice had been known in Mecca and that the old Meccan year was much the same as the later Islamic year.


==Analysis==
==Analysis==
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===Khadijah's Age===
===Khadijah's Age===


The discussion about Khadijah’s age does not arouse the type of anger, defensiveness and sheer deceit that surrounds the discussion of Aisha’s age. Nobody denies that Khadijah married Muhammad as a very willing adult. Nevertheless, the traditional view of her age is probably wrong, and many people are uncomfortable with the news that their traditions are wrong.
The discussion about [[Khadijah]]’s age does today not usually arouse the type of defensiveness that surrounds the discussion of Aisha’s age. The Islamic historical tradition is quite clear that she married Muhammad at a mature age. Nevertheless, the traditional view of her age is probably wrong.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:11; {{Tabari|39|p. 41}}.|Hakim ibn Hizam said, “The Messenger of Allah married Khadijah when she was 40 and the Messenger of Allah was 25. Khadijah was two years older than me. She was born 15 years before the Elephant and I was born 13 years before the Elephant.”}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:11; {{Tabari|39|p. 41}}.|Hakim ibn Hizam said, “The Messenger of Allah married Khadijah when she was 40 and the Messenger of Allah was 25. Khadijah was two years older than me. She was born 15 years before the Elephant and I was born 13 years before the Elephant.”}}
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:12; {{Tabari|39|p. 161}}.|Hakim ibn Hizam said, “Khadijah bint Khuwaylid died in the month of Ramadan in the tenth year of prophethood. She was 65 then.”}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:12; {{Tabari|39|p. 161}}.|Hakim ibn Hizam said, “Khadijah bint Khuwaylid died in the month of Ramadan in the tenth year of prophethood. She was 65 then.”}}


The year “65 years before the tenth year of prophethood” ran between 27 July 556 and 15 July 557, which was 15 years before the so-called Year of the Elephant, so this is internally consistent.
The year “65 years before the tenth year of prophethood” ran between 27 July 556 and 15 July 557, which was 15 years before the Year of the Elephant, so this is internally consistent.


Hakim was Khadijah’s nephew.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 160</ref> Since children generally know the ages of their playmates, it is assumed that Hakim would have known the age of an aunt who was only two years older than himself. That is why his statement that she married Muhammad when she was 40 is usually accepted as true. However, there are problems with Hakim’s assertion.
Hakim was Khadijah’s nephew.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 160</ref> Since children generally know the ages of their playmates, it is assumed that Hakim would have known the age of an aunt who was only two years older than himself. That is why his statement that she married Muhammad when she was 40 is usually accepted as true. However, there are problems with Hakim’s assertion.
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====Hakim ibn Hizam====
====Hakim ibn Hizam====


The first problem is that Hakim claimed his own age to be 120.<ref>{{Muslim|10|3662}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 106}}.</ref> This is intrinsically questionable. To bolster his story, Hakim claimed to remember the episode when Abdulmuttalib ibn Hashim vowed to sacrifice his son Abdullah to the god Hubal but was able to ransom him for 100 camels. He says this was about five years before Muhammad was born.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 41, 106}}.</ref> But Hakim’s ability to spill out details that were already common knowledge does not prove he was an eyewitness to the event: he might well have heard the story from his parents.
The first problem is that according to Bukhari and Muslim Hakim claimed his own age to be 120.<ref>{{Muslim|10|3662}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 106}}.</ref> This is intrinsically questionable. To bolster his story, Hakim claimed to remember the episode when Abdulmuttalib ibn Hashim vowed to sacrifice his son Abdullah to the god Hubal but was able to ransom him for 100 camels. He says this was about five years before Muhammad was born.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 41, 106}}.</ref> But Hakim’s ability to recite details that were already common knowledge does not prove he was an eyewitness to the event: he might well have heard the story from his parents.
 
[[File:ArabElders.jpg|left|thumb|Elderly Arabs talking in the market.|300px]]


Hakim’s remarks about Khadijah’s age might have served a similar function of supporting his personal boasts rather than relaying accurate history. If he had long ago mentioned that Khadijah was two years older than himself, he might have needed to stick to his story about her relative age and readjust her chronological age in order to keep it consistent with his claims about his own age. There is something suspicious about his remark here.
Hakim’s remarks about Khadijah’s age might have served a similar function of supporting his personal boasts rather than relaying accurate history. If he had long ago mentioned that Khadijah was two years older than himself, he might have needed to stick to his story about her relative age and readjust her chronological age in order to keep it consistent with his claims about his own age. There is something suspicious about his remark here.
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:9|We asked Hakim ibn Hizam which of them was older, the Messenger of Allah or Khadijah? He said, “Khadijah was 15 years older than him. The prayer was unlawful for my aunt before the Messenger of Allah was born.” Hakim’s statement, “The prayer was unlawful for her,” means she menstruated, but he is speaking as the people of Islam speak.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:9|We asked Hakim ibn Hizam which of them was older, the Messenger of Allah or Khadijah? He said, “Khadijah was 15 years older than him. The prayer was unlawful for my aunt before the Messenger of Allah was born.” Hakim’s statement, “The prayer was unlawful for her,” means she menstruated, but he is speaking as the people of Islam speak.}}


The reporter is emphasising that Hakim was only using a figure of speech to indicate Khadijah’s age and did not literally mean that she followed Islamic prayer rituals before Muhammad was even born. However, this kind of careless anachronism is exactly what we would expect from a person who is not ''remembering'' an event but ''inventing'' it from his imagination. Crudely, it is the way liars speak.
The reporter is emphasizing that Hakim was only using a figure of speech to indicate Khadijah’s age and did not literally mean that she followed Islamic [[prayers|prayer]] rituals before Muhammad was even born. However, this kind of anachronism is exactly what we would expect from a person who is not ''remembering'' an event but ''inventing'' it from his imagination.


It is not impossible for a human to live 120 years but it is an exception to the general rule. So it is surprising how many early Muslims claimed to have reached this great age. Yahya ibn Mandah even wrote a book entitled ''Those of the Companions who Lived 120 Years'', in which he lists fourteen 120-year-old Muslims.<ref>Yahya ibn Mandah. ''Juz f̀ihi man 'asha miattan wa-'ishrina sanatan min al-Sahabah''.</ref> Hakim ibn Hizam is one of them. Another is Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza.
It is not impossible for a human to live 120 years but it is an exception to the general rule and in this case is almost certainly an embellishment of the tradition. So it is surprising how many early Muslims claimed to have reached this great age. Yahya ibn Mandah even wrote a book entitled ''Those of the Companions who Lived 120 Years'', in which he lists fourteen 120-year-old Muslims.<ref>Yahya ibn Mandah. ''Juz f̀ihi man 'asha miattan wa-'ishrina sanatan min al-Sahabah''.</ref> Hakim ibn Hizam is one of them. Another is Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 43}}.|Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived 120 years, 60 of them in the ''Jahiliya'' and 60 in Islam.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 43}}.|Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived 120 years, 60 of them in the ''Jahiliya'' and 60 in Islam.}}


Huwaytib died in the year 54 AH (673-674)<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 40}}.</ref> so he should have converted to Islam in the year 7 BH (615–616). The problem is, he openly admits that he did not convert until the conquest of Mecca in 8 AH (January 630)! He gives a long list of excuses for the tardiness of his conversion<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 43-46}}.</ref> but he never checks his arithmetic. If he became a Muslim in 8 AH, this was only 46 years before his death and not 60. This makes his age at death no more than 106. Of course, even this age assumes that he really was as old as 60 at the time of his conversion, which we now have licence to doubt. Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived to be elderly, but he was probably not entitled to his chapter in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book.
Huwaytib died in the year 54 AH (673-674)<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 40}}.</ref> so he should have converted to Islam in the year 7 BH (615–616). The problem is, he openly admits that he did not convert until the conquest of Mecca in 8 AH (January 630). He gives a long list of excuses for the delay in his conversion<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 43-46}}.</ref> but he never checks his arithmetic. If he became a Muslim in 8 AH, this was only 46 years before his death and not 60. This makes his age at death no more than 106. Of course, even this age assumes that he really was as old as 60 at the time of his conversion, which we now have licence to doubt. Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived to be elderly, but he was probably not entitled to his chapter in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book.


Muhammad’s poet, Hassan ibn Thabit, also claimed to be 120 years old. He said he was 60 at the time of the ''Hijra'' and that he lived another 60 years afterwards.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 72}}.</ref> This means he should have been born in 60 BH (seven years before Muhammad) and should have died in 61 AH (680-681). Tabari vaguely states that he died “in the caliphate of Muawiya,”<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 72}}</ref> which was between 40 and 60 AH (February 661 - April 680). Modern historians usually give his death-date as 54 AH, which is seven years too early.<ref>[http://archive.org/details/diwanofhassantha00hassuoft/ ''The Diwan of Hassan ibn Thabit''.]</ref>
Tabari writes that Muhammad’s poet, Hassan ibn Thabit, also claimed to be 120 years old. He said he was 60 at the time of the ''Hijra'' and that he lived another 60 years afterwards.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 72}}.</ref> This means he should have been born in 60 BH (seven years before Muhammad) and should have died in 61 AH (680-681). Tabari vaguely states that he died “in the caliphate of Muawiya,”<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 72}}</ref> which was between 40 and 60 AH (February 661 - April 680). Modern historians usually give his death-date as 54 AH, which is seven years too early.<ref>[http://archive.org/details/diwanofhassantha00hassuoft/ ''The Diwan of Hassan ibn Thabit''.]</ref>


Not included in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book is the poet Abu Afak, who was said to be 120 years old in 624 when he was assassinated for criticising Muhammad.<ref>Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 2 p. 31.</ref> Of course, no records have survived from pre-Islamic Medina; it was only hearsay that attributed this great age to Abu Afak. Yet even his enemies were willing to go along with the hearsay.
Not included in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book is the poet Abu Afak, who was said to be 120 years old in 624 when he was [[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad|assassinated for criticising Muhammad]].<ref>Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 2 p. 31.</ref> Of course, no records have survived from pre-Islamic Medina; it was only hearsay that attributed this great age to Abu Afak. Yet even his enemies were willing to go along with the hearsay.


Is it really plausible that so many persons (all of them male) lived to be 120? Assuming it is not, is it even fair to accuse them of lying about their ages? More likely, there was some culturally understood convention attached to the number 120. People who boasted that, “I was already 60 before Event X and I have survived another 60 years since,” did not expect to be taken literally. They were simply saying, “I’m really, really old.”
Is it really plausible that so many persons (all of them male) lived to be 120? Assuming it is not, is it even fair to accuse them of lying about their ages? More likely, there was some culturally understood convention attached to the number 120. People who boasted that, “I was already 60 before Event X and I have survived another 60 years since,” did not expect to be taken literally. They were simply saying, “I’m really, really old.”
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====Abdullah ibn Abbas====
====Abdullah ibn Abbas====


The second problem with Khadijah’s age is that there is a strong alternative tradition, one that originates from no less a person than Abdullah ibn Abbas. Ibn Abbas was the cousin who lived at Muhammad’s side through the final years in Medina.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 95}}.</ref> He was a great source of ''ahadith'' and his word would normally be accepted without question.<ref>See {{Tabari|39|pp. 54-57, 95}} for brief accolades. For a modern assessment of his contribution, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). ''Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism'', pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.</ref> What is more, his mother was a close friend of Khadijah’s.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}; Bewley/Saad 8:193.</ref> The only reason why Abdullah has been largely ignored on the subject of Khadijah is that he never knew her personally while Hakim ibn Hizam did.<ref>{{Tabari|39|55}}; Bewley/Saad 8:12; {{Tabari|39|p. 161}}.</ref> Abdullah ibn Abbas says:
The second problem with Khadijah’s age is that there is a strong alternative tradition, one that the scholars of hadith claim originates from no less a person than Abdullah ibn Abbas. Ibn Abbas was the cousin who lived at Muhammad’s side through the final years in Medina.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 95}}.</ref> He was a great source of ''ahadith'' and his word would normally be accepted without question.<ref>See {{Tabari|39|pp. 54-57, 95}} for brief accolades. For a modern assessment of his contribution, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). ''Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism'', pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.</ref> What is more, his mother was a close friend of Khadijah’s.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}; Bewley/Saad 8:193.</ref> The only reason why Abdullah has been largely ignored on the subject of Khadijah is that he never knew her personally while Hakim ibn Hizam did.<ref>{{Tabari|39|55}}; Bewley/Saad 8:12; {{Tabari|39|p. 161}}.</ref> Abdullah ibn Abbas says:


{{Quote|[http://qurango.com/images/b/5/293.jpg/ Ibn Ishaq, cited in Al-Hakim al-Nishaburi, ''Mustadrak'' vol. 3 p. 182. Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa’l-Nihaya'' vol. 5 p. 293]. Hanbali, cited in Al-Irbali, ''Kashf al-Ghumma''. Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar'' vol. 16 p. 12.|On the day Khadijah married Allah’s Messenger, she was '''28 years old'''.}}
{{Quote|[http://qurango.com/images/b/5/293.jpg/ Ibn Ishaq, cited in Al-Hakim, ''Mustadrak'' vol. 3 p. 182. Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa’l-Nihaya'' vol. 5 p. 293].|On the day Khadijah married Allah’s Messenger, she was '''28 years old'''.<ref>Hanbali, cited in Al-Irbali, ''Kashf al-Ghumma''. Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar'' vol. 16 p. 12.</ref>}}
 
This tradition was strong enough to be accepted by Ibn Ishaq. It was not included in the recension of Ibn Hisham (who was not interested in the ages of women) or used as a source by Ibn Saad or Tabari (who followed Hakim ibn Hizam's tradition, presumably for the reasons given above). But it was included by Al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, who lived about a hundred years after Tabari.<ref>[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-hakim-al-naysaburi-SIM_2638/ Robson, J. (2013). "Al-Ḥakim al-Naysaburi" in Bearman, P., Bianquis, T., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E., & Heinrichs, W. P. (1960). ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed.'' Leiden: Brill.]</ref> Although he was not an “early” historian, he was apparently still early enough to have direct access to the original work of Ibn Ishaq.


An independent tradition is:
An independent tradition is:
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The third problem with Khadijah’s age is the common-sense consideration that she bore Muhammad six children over a period of ten years.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 83. Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> If she married him at 40, she was 50 by the time she gave birth to Fatima in 605.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:13.</ref> While this is not completely impossible, it is a sufficiently unusual achievement to cause us to pause and question the assertion.
The third problem with Khadijah’s age is the common-sense consideration that she bore Muhammad six children over a period of ten years.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 83. Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> If she married him at 40, she was 50 by the time she gave birth to Fatima in 605.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:13.</ref> While this is not completely impossible, it is a sufficiently unusual achievement to cause us to pause and question the assertion.


Muhammad’s detractors in Mecca asked him why he did not perform any miracles.<ref>{{Quran|2|118}}. {{Quran|2|145}}. {{Quran|6|37}}. {{Quran|6|109}}. {{Quran|10|20}}. {{Quran|13|7}}. {{Quran|17|59}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 133ff. {{Bukhari|9|92|379}}.</ref> He had to fall back on, “The Qur’an is my miracle,”<ref>{{Quran|24|1}}. {{Quran-range|98|1|4}}.</ref> but it is clear that he was not happy about this response. He subsequently claimed to have [[Moon Split Miracle|split the moon]] and to have [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Isra (The Night Journey)|travelled to Jerusalem and back in one night]]. Later tales, omitted from the earliest histories, claimed that he had multiplied food like Jesus,<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.35/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:35-36]; Matthew 14:13-21.</ref> transfigured wood into iron, reminiscent of Elisha’s retrieval of the borrowed axe-head,<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.38/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:38]; II Kings 6:5-7.</ref> or cursed his enemy’s camel to sink in the sand.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.40/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:40].</ref> Yet in the hostile atmosphere of Mecca, where a miracle was desperately desired to reinforce Muhammad’s credibility, he never pointed to his wife’s extraordinary fecundity. He never called it a blessing similar to Sarah’s gestation of Isaac<ref>Genesis 17:15-21, 21:1-7.</ref> or Elizabeth’s of John the Baptist.<ref>Luke 1:5-25, 57-80.</ref> In fact nobody expressed even mild surprise that a woman of Khadijah’s age had produced so many children.
Muhammad’s detractors in Mecca asked him why he did not perform any miracles.<ref>{{Quran|2|118}}. {{Quran|2|145}}. {{Quran|6|37}}. {{Quran|6|109}}. {{Quran|10|20}}. {{Quran|13|7}}. {{Quran|17|59}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 133ff. {{Bukhari|9|92|379}}.</ref> The only response available to him was, “The Qur’an is my miracle,”<ref>{{Quran|24|1}}. {{Quran-range|98|1|4}}.</ref> but the Islamic tradition seems not to have accepted this answer and numerous other traditions claim that he performed a variety of miracles. It is claimed that he [[Moon Split Miracle|split the moon]] and travelled to Jerusalem and back [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Isra (The Night Journey)|in one night]]. Later tales, omitted from the earliest histories, claimed that he had multiplied food like [[Jesus]] Christ,<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.35/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:35-36]; Matthew 14:13-21.</ref> transfigured wood into iron, reminiscent of Elisha’s retrieval of the borrowed axe-head,<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.38/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:38]; II Kings 6:5-7.</ref> or cursed his enemy’s camel to sink in the sand.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 42.40/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:42:40].</ref> The tradition never points to the fecundidity of Khadijah as a miracle, even though the biblical tradition records a similar miracle in the birth of Isaac to Abraham. He never called it a blessing similar to Sarah’s gestation of Isaac<ref>Genesis 17:15-21, 21:1-7.</ref> or Elizabeth’s of John the Baptist.<ref>Luke 1:5-25, 57-80.</ref> In fact nobody expressed even mild surprise that a woman of Khadijah’s age had produced so many children.
 
[[File:Khadija.jpg|right|thumb|Khadijah’s “medal” in ''Promptuarii iconum insigniorum'' (1553). Lyon: Rouillé.|200px]]
Perhaps that was because Khadijah’s fertility was a commonplace for a woman of her age. Perhaps she was still in her thirties when she bore Muhammad’s children. Perhaps, when Fatima was weaned in 607,<ref>{{Tabari|39|166}}; see {{Quran|2|233}} and Guillaume/Ishaq 71 for two years as the customary duration of nursing.</ref> Khadijah was still a few months short of forty – and that was why her childbearing ceased.
Perhaps that was because Khadijah’s fertility was a commonplace for a woman of her age. Perhaps she was still in her thirties when she bore Muhammad’s children. Perhaps, when her daughter Fatima was weaned in 607,<ref>{{Tabari|39|166}}; see {{Quran|2|233}} and Guillaume/Ishaq 71 for two years as the customary duration of nursing.</ref> Khadijah was still a few months short of forty – and that was why her childbearing ceased.


====Conclusion====
====Problems with the Chronology and Final Calculation====


If Khadijah was only two to three years older than Muhammad, this makes sense of a great deal. It explains how she was able to use her sex appeal was well as her money to attract him: her archetype was not so much “sugar mama” or “cougar” as “movie star”. It explains how she was able to produce six children in ten years and why she then stopped childbearing. It explains why Muhammad remained attracted to Khadijah for so long when, in later life, he was to reject older women.<ref>See Bewley/Saad 8:40, 111, 113; {{Tabari|9|pp. 139, 140}}.</ref> It explains why, after twenty years of marriage, he began thinking about younger women,<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm/ Muir (1861) 2:141-144]. See also [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p024.htm/ Sell, E. (1923). ''The Historical Development of the Qur'an'', 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.]</ref> for Khadijah would have been at that time menopausal and ''first'' losing her looks.
Taken together, all of these issues around the dating of Khadijah's age at marriage are emblematic of the problems presented by the dating of the lives of figures in the Islamic tradition. If Khadijah was only two to three years older than Muhammad, this makes sense of a great deal. It explains how her sex appeal as well as her money factored in to his attraction to her. It explains how she was able to produce six children in ten years and why she then stopped childbearing. It explains why Muhammad remained attracted to Khadijah for so long when, in later life, he was to reject older women.<ref>See Bewley/Saad 8:40, 111, 113; {{Tabari|9|pp. 139, 140}}.</ref> It explains why, after twenty years of marriage, he began thinking about younger women,<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm/ Muir (1861) 2:141-144]. See also [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p024.htm/ Sell, E. (1923). ''The Historical Development of the Qur'an'', 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.]</ref> for Khadijah would have been at that time menopausal and ''first'' losing her looks.


{{Quote|Mughaltay, ''Al-Zahr al-Basim fi Sirat Abi’l-Qasim'', cited in Kister, M. J. (1993). The Sons of Khadijah. ''Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 16'', 59-95.|The Prophet returned with Maysara from Syria on the 14th night from the end of Dhu’l-Hijja in the 25th year from the Day of the Elephant [3 May 595] … The Prophet married Khadijah two months and 15 days after his return from Syria, at the end of Safar in the 26th year.}}
{{Quote|Mughaltay, ''Al-Zahr al-Basim fi Sirat Abi’l-Qasim'', cited in Kister, M. J. (1993). The Sons of Khadijah. ''Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 16'', 59-95.|The Prophet returned with Maysara from Syria on the 14th night from the end of Dhu’l-Hijja in the 25th year from the Day of the Elephant [3 May 595] … The Prophet married Khadijah two months and 15 days after his return from Syria, at the end of Safar in the 26th year.}}
Line 104: Line 107:
While this date, not found in the major ''hadith'' collections, might be an educated fabrication rather than literally historical, there are no rival suggestions for Muhammad and Khadijah’s wedding date. The year at least fits with all the generally accepted information about the ages of Muhammad and his children. 26 Elephant was 28 BH. A wedding date of 29 Safar that year would have fallen on 16 July 595.
While this date, not found in the major ''hadith'' collections, might be an educated fabrication rather than literally historical, there are no rival suggestions for Muhammad and Khadijah’s wedding date. The year at least fits with all the generally accepted information about the ages of Muhammad and his children. 26 Elephant was 28 BH. A wedding date of 29 Safar that year would have fallen on 16 July 595.


If Khadijah was 28 at that time, she was born in the year between March 568 and March 569, some dozen years later than Hakim ibn Hizam claimed. Her age in solar years could have been anywhere between 26 years 4 months and 27 years 4 months. All we can do is take the median and accept it as an approximation.
If Khadijah was 28 at that time, she was born in the year between March 568 and March 569, some dozen years later than Hakim ibn Hizam claimed. Her age in solar years could have been anywhere between 26 years 4 months and 27 years 4 months. Using the median as an approximation yields the following result:


:::'''Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.'''
*Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 24 years and 3 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 24 years and 3 months.
:::'''Age Difference = (minus) 2 years and 7 months.'''
*Age Difference = (minus) 2 years and 7 months.


Far from being a “much older” woman, it appears that Khadijah was the only one of Muhammad’s wives who might fairly be deemed the same age as himself.
Far from being a “much older” woman, it appears that Khadijah might have been the only one of Muhammad’s wives who was close to him in age.


===Sawdah's Age===
===Sawdah's Age===


No contemporary historian gives Sawdah’s exact age, so we can only make an educated guess. The wedding date, however, is widely agreed.
None of the early Islamic sources gives an exact age for Sawdah. Tabari gives the date of her wedding as follows:


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 170}}.|The Prophet married Sawdah in Ramadan, in the tenth year after his prophethood. This was after Khadijah’s death and before his marriage to Aisha.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 170}}.|The Prophet married Sawdah in Ramadan, in the tenth year after his prophethood. This was after Khadijah’s death and before his marriage to Aisha.}}


Ramadan fell between 13 April and 12 May 620; but as Khadijah died on 10 Ramadan<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:152. See also {{Tabari|39|pp. 4, 161}}.</ref> (22 April), Muhammad probably married Sawdah towards the end of the month. We can call the date “May 620” without being far wrong.
Ramadan fell between 13 April and 12 May 620; but as Khadijah died on 10 Ramadan<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:152. See also {{Tabari|39|pp. 4, 161}}.</ref> (22 April), Muhammad probably married Sawdah towards the end of the month. “May 620” thus works as an approximation.


Because Sawdah is described as “older” than her co-wives, this has led to extreme guesses that she was a bride of 65<ref>[http://www.islamforamal.com/contents-2/prophet-s-biography/prophets-wives/ Prophet’s Wives (Ummul Momineen)].</ref> or even 80<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lJe3PNVAnK4C&dq=Sawdah+became+an+old+woman&q=Sawdah#v=snippet&q=Sawdah&f=false/ Al Ghoudairy, F. Why Did Prophet Muhammed Marry Aisha; the Young Girl, p. 24. Dare to read.]</ref> However, while trying to establish Sawdah’s age, we can immediately rule out any estimates that ignore three established facts.
Because Sawdah is described as “older” than her co-wives, this has led to extreme guesses that she was a bride of 65<ref>[http://www.islamforamal.com/contents-2/prophet-s-biography/prophets-wives/ Prophet’s Wives (Ummul Momineen)].</ref> or even 80.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lJe3PNVAnK4C&dq=Sawdah+became+an+old+woman&q=Sawdah#v=snippet&q=Sawdah&f=false/ Al Ghoudairy, F. Why Did Prophet Muhammed Marry Aisha; the Young Girl, p. 24. Dare to read.]</ref> However, while trying to establish Sawdah’s age, we can immediately rule out any estimates that ignore three established facts.


====Sawdah’s Father was Still Alive====
====Sawdah’s Father was Still Alive====
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:43.|Sawdah bint Zamaa died in Medina in Shawwal of 54, during the caliphate of Muawiya.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:43.|Sawdah bint Zamaa died in Medina in Shawwal of 54, during the caliphate of Muawiya.}}


This date is between 11 September and 9 October 674 – more than 54 years after the day when Sawdah married Muhammad. If she had lived to be 134, or even 114, someone would have commented! But if she was only about 40 on her wedding day, she must have survived to her mid-90s, which is impressive but plausible.
This date is between 11 September and 9 October 674 – more than 54 years after the day when Sawdah married Muhammad. If she had lived to be 134, or even 114, someone would have commented. But if she was only about 40 on her wedding day, she must have survived to her mid-90s, which is impressive but plausible (but once again emblematic of the problem of the Islamic tradition attributing extremely and even absurdly long lives to the companions and taabi'uun).


====Sawdah had Not Reached Menopause====
====Sawdah had Not Reached Menopause====
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:40.|Sawdah bint Zamaa '''became old''' and the Messenger of Allah did not have much to do with her. … She became afraid that he would divorce her and she would lose her place with him. So she said, “Messenger of Allah, my day which falls for me is for Aisha and you are in the lawful in it.”}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:40.|Sawdah bint Zamaa '''became old''' and the Messenger of Allah did not have much to do with her. … She became afraid that he would divorce her and she would lose her place with him. So she said, “Messenger of Allah, my day which falls for me is for Aisha and you are in the lawful in it.”}}
[[File:Kahla.png|left|thumb|An “elderly” Arab lady (''kahla''), c. 1890.|200px]]


The texts do not say that Sawdah “was old” but that she “''became'' old”, i.e. that she was only at the beginning of the “old age” period of her life. In the modern world, this would suggest that she was 65 or 70, which may explain why modern historians have assumed she was very elderly. But this is clearly impossible in the light of the fact that she lived another fifty years.
The texts do not say that Sawdah “was old” but that she “''became'' old”, i.e. that she was only at the beginning of the “old age” period of her life. In the modern world, this would suggest that she was 65 or 70, which may explain why modern historians have assumed she was very elderly. But this is clearly impossible in the light of the fact that she lived another fifty years.


In the culture of the medieval Arabs, when a woman’s value to society depended on her capacity to bear children, a woman only had three life-stages: childhood (before she could bear children), adulthood (childbearing age) and old age (when she was past childbearing). So an “old” woman was simply one who was too old to have children – possibly a healthy, active, sharp-minded woman as young as 40. It is practically certain that the sentence “Sawdah became old” really only means “Sawdah reached menopause.”<ref>Personal communication with native speakers of Arabic.</ref>
In the culture of the medieval Arabs, when a woman’s value to society depended on her capacity to bear children, a woman only had three life-stages: childhood (before she could bear children), adulthood (childbearing age) and old age (when she was past childbearing). So an “old” woman was simply one who was too old to have children – possibly a healthy, active, sharp-minded woman as young as 40. It is practically certain that the sentence “Sawdah became old” really only means “Sawdah reached menopause.”<ref>Personal communication with native speakers of Arabic. See also [[:File:Kahla3.jpg|this]] image of an “elderly” lady (''kahla'') from Afghanistan.</ref>


When did Sawdah reach menopause? Obviously it was after Muhammad had consummated his marriage to Aisha in 623. So we already know that Sawdah was pre-menopausal in 620. But in fact it was even later than this, for the near-divorce episode is referred to in {{Quran|4|128}}. Ibn Kathir frankly admits:
When did Sawdah reach menopause? Obviously it was after Muhammad had consummated his marriage to Aisha in 623 CE. So we already know that Sawdah was pre-menopausal in 620 CE. But in fact it was even later than this, for the near-divorce episode is referred to in {{Quran|4|128}}. Ibn Kathir frankly admits:


{{Quote|Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:128.|Ibn Abbas said that the ''ayah'' refers to, “When the husband gives his wife the choice between staying with him or leaving him, as this is better than the husband preferring other wives to her.” However, the apparent wording of the ''ayah'' refers to the settlement where the wife forfeits some of the rights she has over her husband, with the husband agreeing to this concession, and that this settlement is better than divorce. For instance, the Prophet kept Sawdah bint Zam’ah as his wife after she offered to forfeit her day for A’ishah.}}
{{Quote|Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:128.|Ibn Abbas said that the ''ayah'' refers to, “When the husband gives his wife the choice between staying with him or leaving him, as this is better than the husband preferring other wives to her.” However, the apparent wording of the ''ayah'' refers to the settlement where the wife forfeits some of the rights she has over her husband, with the husband agreeing to this concession, and that this settlement is better than divorce. For instance, the Prophet kept Sawdah bint Zam’ah as his wife after she offered to forfeit her day for A’ishah.}}


The fourth ''sura'' of the Quran is long and was probably not written all at once. But it all belongs to the same general period. It covers many family issues, including inheritance rights. {{Quran-range|4|7|11}} was written to answer the complaint of an Uhud widow,<ref>{{Abudawud|18|2885}}; [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=711&Itemid=59/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:7]; [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=707&Itemid=59/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:11].</ref> so it must date from after 22 March 625. This same incident confirmed the limitation of the number of wives to four,<ref>{{Quran|4|3}}.</ref> so it must have been written before Muhammad gave himself permission to take a fifth concurrent wife<ref>{{Quran|33|50}}.</ref> on 27 March 627.<ref>{{Tabari|8|pp. 1-4}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 182}}; Bewley/Saad 8:72-73, 81.</ref> The ''sura'' is also full of invectives against the Jews<ref>{{Quran-range|4|46|59}}; {{Quran-range|4|150|175}}.</ref> and “hypocrites,”<ref>{{Quran-range|4|60|68}}; {{Quran-range|4|136|149}}.</ref> who were no longer a problem after April 627.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> So the episode in which Sawdah “became old” and begged Muhammad not to divorce her occurred between mid-625 and early 627.
The fourth ''[[surah]]'' of the [[Qur'an]] is long and was probably not written all at once. But it all belongs to the same general period. It covers many family issues, including inheritance rights. {{Quran-range|4|7|11}} was written to answer the complaint of an Uhud widow,<ref>{{Abudawud|18|2885}}; [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=711&Itemid=59/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:7]; [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=707&Itemid=59/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Q4:11].</ref> so it must date from after 22 March 625. This same incident confirmed the limitation of the number of wives to four,<ref>{{Quran|4|3}}.</ref> so it must have been written before Muhammad was given permission to take a fifth concurrent wife<ref>{{Quran|33|50}}.</ref> on 27 March 627.<ref>{{Tabari|8|pp. 1-4}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 182}}; Bewley/Saad 8:72-73, 81.</ref> The ''surah'' is also full of invectives against the Jews<ref>{{Quran-range|4|46|59}}; {{Quran-range|4|150|175}}.</ref> and “hypocrites,”<ref>{{Quran-range|4|60|68}}; {{Quran-range|4|136|149}}.</ref> who were supposedly no longer a problem after April 627 according to the tradition (although in point of fact, according to the non-Islamic sources Jews were working with the Arab invaders well into the conquest period, and Muhammad may not have died until after he had personally conquered Jerusalem).<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> So the episode in which Sawdah “became old” and pleaded with Muhammad to not divorce her occurred between mid-625 and early 627.


In fact, we strongly suspect that the date was towards the end of this period. Muhammad most likely considered divorcing Sawdah in December 626 or January 627 expressly because he wanted to marry a fifth woman but was trying to observe the limit of four wives.<ref>{{Quran|4|3}}.</ref> If Muhammad had not been contemplating marriage to a fifth woman, there would have been no point in divorcing Sawdah, for she was no trouble to him at home.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:40.</ref> It was only after he had decided to keep Sawdah after all that he needed the special dispensation to marry unlimited wives. However, the sources do not explicitly state this circumstance as the reason for the near-divorce. They only say that Sawdah “became old” and so Muhammad wanted to divorce her.
There are strong reasons to suspect it did happen during this period. Muhammad most likely considered divorcing Sawdah in December 626 or January 627 expressly because he wanted to marry a fifth woman but was trying to observe the limit of four wives.<ref>{{Quran|4|3}}.</ref> If Muhammad had not been contemplating marriage to a fifth woman, there would have been no point in divorcing Sawdah, for she was no trouble to him at home.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:40.</ref> It was only after he had decided to keep Sawdah that he needed the special dispensation to marry unlimited wives. However, the sources do not explicitly state this circumstance as the reason for the near-divorce. They only say that Sawdah “became old” and so Muhammad wanted to divorce her.


If Sawdah was menopausal in 626, or perhaps 625, this suggests she was then aged about 45, making her around 40 when she married Muhammad.
If Sawdah was menopausal in 626, or perhaps 625, this suggests she was then aged about 45, making her around 40 when she married Muhammad.


====Conclusion====
====Calculation of Sawdah's Likely Age====


When Muhammad married Sawdah in May 620, he was 49. It is possible that Sawdah was also about that age<ref>[http://www.themodernreligion.com/prophet/prophet_aisha.htm/ Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”]</ref> and that she lived to be over 100. But it is unlikely. Allowing that she was not yet menopausal and that she had a father living, she was probably closer to 40.
When Muhammad married Sawdah in May 620, he was 49. It is possible that Sawdah was also about that age<ref>[http://www.themodernreligion.com/prophet/prophet_aisha.htm/ Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”]</ref> and that she lived to be over 100. But it is unlikely. Allowing that she was not yet menopausal and that she had a father living, she was probably closer to 40.


:::'''Sawdah’s Probable Age = about 40 years.'''
*Sawdah’s Probable Age = about 40 years.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 49 years and 1 month.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 49 years and 1 month.
:::'''Age Difference = 9 years, plus or minus a few.'''
*Age Difference = 9 years, plus or minus a few.


The age difference between Muhammad and Sawdah was not inappropriate for a middle-aged couple; but she was almost certainly the younger spouse. And we will state here that Sawdah was the oldest bride whom Muhammad ever married.
The age difference between Muhammad and Sawdah was not inappropriate for a middle-aged couple; but she was almost certainly the younger spouse. And we will state here that Sawdah was the oldest bride whom Muhammad ever married.


===Aisha's Age===
===Aisha's Age===
{{Main|Aisha's Age|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha}}


This question has already been adequately answered [[Refutation of Modern Muslim Apologetics Against Aisha's Age|here]] and [[Responses to Apologetics: Muhammad and Aisha|here]]. In sum, there is absolutely no reason to doubt Aisha’s own statements.
If the Islamic tradition is to be trusted at all, Aisha was six years old when Muhammad married her and nine years old when Muhammad consummated the marriage.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:44.|The Messenger of Allah married me when I was six and consummated the marriage when '''I was nine'''. I was playing on a see-saw … I used to play dolls.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:44.|The Messenger of Allah married me when I was six and consummated the marriage when '''I was nine'''. I was playing on a see-saw … I used to play dolls.}}
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{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 171}}.|The Prophet married Aisha in Shawwal in the tenth year after the prophethood [13 May - 10 June 620], three years before the ''Hijra''. He consummated the marriage in Shawwal, eight months after the ''Hijra'' [11 May - 9 April 623]. On the day he consummated the marriage with her, '''she was nine years old.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 171}}.|The Prophet married Aisha in Shawwal in the tenth year after the prophethood [13 May - 10 June 620], three years before the ''Hijra''. He consummated the marriage in Shawwal, eight months after the ''Hijra'' [11 May - 9 April 623]. On the day he consummated the marriage with her, '''she was nine years old.'''}}


Copious documentation on hundreds of Muhammad’s companions shows that most Arabs knew their age to the nearest year. Why should Aisha, with her extraordinary memory,<ref>For a modern assessment of Aisha’s contribution to the ''hadith'' literature, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). ''Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism'', pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.</ref> her penchant for details and her talent for arithmetic,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:47.</ref> have been any exception? To suggest that, contrary to her clear statement, she miscalculated or fabricated her own age is utterly insulting. The information about her death only confirms her consistency.
Copious documentation on hundreds of Muhammad’s companions shows that most Arabs knew their age to the nearest year. Why should Aisha, with her extraordinary memory,<ref>For a modern assessment of Aisha’s contribution to the ''hadith'' literature, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). ''Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism'', pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.</ref> her penchant for details and her talent for arithmetic,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:47.</ref> have been any exception? To suggest that, contrary to her clear statement, she miscalculated or fabricated her own age is not logical. The information about her death only confirms her consistency.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 173}}.|Aisha died on Tuesday night, the 17 Ramadan 58 AH [16 July 678], and she was buried the same night after the night prayer. She was then 66 years old.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 173}}.|Aisha died on Tuesday night, the 17 Ramadan 58 AH [16 July 678], and she was buried the same night after the night prayer. She was then 66 years old.}}


[[File:Jariya.jpg|right|thumb|An Arab ''jariya'' wearing a veil.|200px]]
The year 66 years before 58 AH was once again nine years before the ''Hijra'', making Aisha nine years old at her consummation in 1 AH. While it may well be true that most Arabs only knew their age to the year and not to the day, there is some evidence that Aisha’s family had noted at least the month in which she was born.
 
The year 66 years before 58 AH was once again nine years before the ''Hijra'', making Aisha nine years old at her consummation in 1 AH. While it may well be true that most Arabs only knew their age to the year and not to the day, there is some evidence that Aisha’s family had noted at least the month in which she was born.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:55.|Aisha was born '''at the beginning of the fourth year''' of prophethood, and she married the Messenger of Allah in the tenth year, in Shawwal, when she was six.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:55.|Aisha was born '''at the beginning of the fourth year''' of prophethood, and she married the Messenger of Allah in the tenth year, in Shawwal, when she was six.}}
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{{Quote|Ibn Majah 3:1877|Abdullah narrated. The Holy Prophet married Aisha while she was a seven-year-old girl and took her to his house as a bride '''when she was nine years old''' and he parted with her when she was 18 years old.}}
{{Quote|Ibn Majah 3:1877|Abdullah narrated. The Holy Prophet married Aisha while she was a seven-year-old girl and took her to his house as a bride '''when she was nine years old''' and he parted with her when she was 18 years old.}}


These two narratives offer a variant for Aisha’s age when she was legally married, but this is an uncertainty about ''the date of the contract'' (two rather than three years before the consummation). It does not reflect any uncertainty about Aisha’s date of birth, since they confirm that the marriage was consummated when she was nine. The real discrepancy can be missed by a Western reader, but it is obvious to anyone familiar with the Islamic calendar.
These two narratives offer a variant for Aisha’s age when she was legally married, but this is an uncertainty about ''the date of the contract'' (two rather than three years before the consummation). It does not reflect any uncertainty about Aisha’s date of birth, since they confirm that the marriage was consummated when she was nine. The real discrepancy can be missed by a casual reader, but it is obvious to anyone familiar with the Islamic calendar.


Aisha was married in the ''first'' year AH (19 July 622 - 7 July 623) and widowed in the ''eleventh'' (1 April 632 - 20 March 633). Since she was married at nine, she should have been 19, not 18, when Muhammad died. This is possibly just careless counting by some person other than Aisha: “Nine and a bit plus nine and a bit is still only 18.” But it could also mean that on the day when Muhammad died, Aisha had not yet passed her birthday. Muhammad died on 12 Rabi-Awwal 11 AH (i.e., in the middle of the third month) (10 June 632).<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> If Aisha knew that she had been born on some date later in the year than 12 Rabi-Awwal, then she was still only 18 and not 19 when she was widowed.
Aisha was married in the ''first'' year AH (19 July 622 - 7 July 623) and widowed in the ''eleventh'' (1 April 632 - 20 March 633). Since she was married at nine, she should have been 19, not 18, when Muhammad died. This is possibly just careless counting by some person other than Aisha: “Nine and a bit plus nine and a bit is still only 18.” But it could also mean that on the day when Muhammad died, Aisha had not yet passed her birthday. Muhammad died on 12 Rabi-Awwal 11 AH (i.e., in the middle of the third month) (10 June 632).<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> If Aisha knew that she had been born on some date later in the year than 12 Rabi-Awwal, then she was still only 18 and not 19 when she was widowed.


This gives us Aisha’s date of birth to within six weeks. It might have been as early as 13 Rabi-Awwal 9 BH (4 January 614). But it is unlikely that it was any later than 29 Rabi-Thani 9 BH (19 February 614), as any date later than the fourth month would not have been “early” in the year. So we can express Aisha’s birthday as '''27 January 614, plus or minus three weeks.'''
This gives us Aisha’s date of birth to within six weeks. It might have been as early as 13 Rabi-Awwal 9 BH (4 January 614). But it is unlikely that it was any later than 29 Rabi-Thani 9 BH (19 February 614), as any date later than the fourth month would not have been “early” in the year. So we can express Aisha’s birthday as ''27 January 614, plus or minus three weeks.''


Her marriage was consummated in the tenth month of the first year AH. This fell between 11 April and 9 May (median = 25 April 623). We can now take an informed estimate of her age at consummation.
Her marriage was consummated in the tenth month of the first year AH. This fell between 11 April and 9 May (median = 25 April 623). We can now take an informed estimate of her age at consummation.


:::'''Aisha’s Median Age at Consummation = 9 years and 3 months.'''
*Aisha’s Median Age at Consummation = 9 years and 3 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 52 years and 0 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 52 years and 0 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 42 years and 9 months.'''
*Age Difference = 42 years and 9 months.


The exact age or age difference down to the day or even to the year do not matter, of course. The real points are that (1) Aisha was a prepubescent child, and (2) Muhammad was old enough to be her grandfather.
The exact age or age difference down to the day or even to the year do not matter. The real points are that (1) Aisha was a prepubescent child, and (2) Muhammad was old enough to be her grandfather.


Aisha was the youngest bride whom Muhammad married. It does not follow that she was the youngest wife in the household. Towards the end of his life, Muhammad acquired a few women whose age in years was even younger than Aisha’s.
Aisha was the youngest bride whom Muhammad married. It does not follow that she was the youngest wife in the household. Towards the end of his life, Muhammad acquired a few women whose age in years was even younger than Aisha’s.
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===Hafsah's Age===
===Hafsah's Age===


There is some discrepancy about Hafsah’s exact age but there is no doubt at all concerning her approximate age.
There is some discrepancy in the sources about Hafsah’s exact age but they agree concerning her approximate age.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:56.|Hafsah was born when the Quraysh were building the House, five years before the Prophet was sent.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:56.|Hafsah was born when the Quraysh were building the House, five years before the Prophet was sent.}}
   
   
This was the year from 30 January 605 to 19 January 606, so the median birthdate for Hafsah is 26 July 605. Muhammad’s daughter Fatima was born in the same year.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 166}}.</ref>
This was the year from 30 January 605 to 19 January 606, so the median birthdate for Hafsah is 26 July 605 according to the traditional sources. Muhammad’s daughter Fatima was born in the same year.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 166}}.</ref>


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 174}}.|Hafsah died in Shabaan AH 45 during the caliphate of Muawiya. She was then 60 years old.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 174}}.|Hafsah died in Shabaan AH 45 during the caliphate of Muawiya. She was then 60 years old.}}
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This was the month between 20 October and 17 November 665, which is a contradiction. If Hafsah died at the age of 60 Islamic years, she would have been born in 607 (median = 4 July 607), two years later than Ibn Saad claims. However, the date “when the Quraysh were rebuilding the House” is precise, and so is the mention of Shabaan as the month of death. If both these details are correct, it is possible that “she was then 60” was only meant as an approximation.
This was the month between 20 October and 17 November 665, which is a contradiction. If Hafsah died at the age of 60 Islamic years, she would have been born in 607 (median = 4 July 607), two years later than Ibn Saad claims. However, the date “when the Quraysh were rebuilding the House” is precise, and so is the mention of Shabaan as the month of death. If both these details are correct, it is possible that “she was then 60” was only meant as an approximation.


So we will assume that Hafsah was born in 605; but we should bear in mind she might have been two years younger than this.
An approximate birth year that emerges from the sources is 605; but it should be borne in mind that she might have been two years younger than this.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 174}}.|The Prophet married Hafsah in Shabaan 30 months after [the ''Hijra''], before the battle of Uhud.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 174}}.|The Prophet married Hafsah in Shabaan 30 months after [the ''Hijra''], before the battle of Uhud.}}
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Shabaan 3 AH fell between 20 January and 17 February 625 (median = 3 February).
Shabaan 3 AH fell between 20 January and 17 February 625 (median = 3 February).


:::'''Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 7 months.'''
*Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 7 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 9 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 9 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 34 years and 2 months.'''
*Age Difference = 34 years and 2 months.


It does not really matter whether Hafsah was 19 or 17. The important points are that (1) she was biologically a woman and not a child, but (2) she was a ''young'' woman, while Muhammad was biologically old enough to be her grandfather.
It can thus be surmised from the sources that Hafsah was between 17 and 19 years old, an adult but very young woman.  


===Khuzayma's Age===
===Zaynab bint Khuzayma's Age===


Zaynab’s life is not well documented, which has led to guessing about her age.
Zaynab’s life is not well documented, which has led to conjecture about her age.


{{Quote|[http://www.questionsonislam.com/question/could-you-give-information-about-prophet%E2%80%99s-wives-and-his-polygamy/ Hussein (2011). “Could you give information about the Prophet’s wives and his polygamy?”] in ''Questions on Islam''].|Zainab bint Huzaima … was 60 years old … Of course, it is impossible for a marriage with a sixty-year old woman to have passion. The only aim of this marriage was to help someone who was left alone.}}
{{Quote|[http://www.questionsonislam.com/question/could-you-give-information-about-prophet%E2%80%99s-wives-and-his-polygamy/ Hussein (2011). “Could you give information about the Prophet’s wives and his polygamy?”] in ''Questions on Islam''.|Zainab bint Huzaima … was 60 years old … Of course, it is impossible for a marriage with a sixty-year old woman to have passion. The only aim of this marriage was to help someone who was left alone.}}
[[File:ArabDinner.png|left|thumb|Almsgiving and hospitality have been a feature of most cultures throughout human history, with the pre-Islamic Arabs being no exception.|300px]]


However, there is no need for this kind of guessing, for her age is in fact recorded.
Tabari and Sa'd both report similar ages for her though:


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|164}}.|I asked, “How old was she when she died?” He said, “Thirty years or so.”}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|164}}.|I asked, “How old was she when she died?” He said, “'''Thirty years''' or so.”}}


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:82.|[Muhammad] married [Zaynab] in Ramadan at the beginning of the 31st month of the Hijra. She remained with him for eight months and then died at the end of Rabi al-Akhir at the beginning of the 39th month.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:82.|[Muhammad] married [Zaynab] in Ramadan at the beginning of the 31st month of the Hijra. She remained with him for eight months and then died at the end of Rabi al-Akhir at the beginning of the 39th month.}}


Zaynab was therefore married on or soon after 18 February 625. She died on or just before 11 October 625. If she was “about 30” in 4 AH, she was born in October 596, plus or minus a few years.
According to the above sources Zaynab was therefore married on or soon after 18 February 625. She died on or just before 11 October 625. If she was “about 30” in 4 AH, she was born in October 596, plus or minus a few years.


:::'''Zaynab’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.'''
*Zaynab’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 10 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 10 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 25 years and 6 months.'''
*Age Difference = 25 years and 6 months.


Zaynab married five times.<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918; Bewley/Saad 8:82; {{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 163-614}}.</ref> Her fifth choice, it seems, fell on a high-status and already-married man old enough to be her father.
Zaynab married five times.<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918; Bewley/Saad 8:82; {{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 163-614}}.</ref> Her fifth choice, it seems, fell on a high-status and already-married man old enough to be her father when she was in her late 20's.  


===Hind's Age===
===Hind's Age===
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{{Quote| Bewley/Saad 8:61.|She died in Dhu’l-Qada 59 AH [17 August - 15 September 679].}}
{{Quote| Bewley/Saad 8:61.|She died in Dhu’l-Qada 59 AH [17 August - 15 September 679].}}


{{Quote| Bewley/Saad 8:67|It is related that she was 84 when she died.}}
{{Quote| Bewley/Saad 8:67|It is related that '''she was 84''' when she died.}}


Eighty-four years before 59 AH brings us to the year between 26 April 597 and 15 April 598 and a median birthdate of 20 October 597.
Eighty-four years before 59 AH brings us to the year between 26 April 597 and 15 April 598 and a median birthdate of 20 October 597.
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:61.|The Messenger of Allah married her at the end of the month of Shawwal 4 AH [on or before 6 April 626].}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:61.|The Messenger of Allah married her at the end of the month of Shawwal 4 AH [on or before 6 April 626].}}


:::'''Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.'''
*Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 0 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 0 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 26 years and 5 months.'''
*Age Difference = 26 years and 6 months.


It is very plausible that Hind was 28 when she married Muhammad, for her fourth child was then a newborn<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:63-66.</ref> while her eldest daughter was about ten years of age.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 147.</ref>
It is very plausible that Hind was 28 when she married Muhammad, for her fourth child was then a newborn<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:63-66.</ref> while her eldest daughter was about ten years of age.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 147.</ref>
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===Zaynab bint Jahsh's Age===
===Zaynab bint Jahsh's Age===


There is dispute about Zaynab’s exact age, but there is no doubt about her approximate age.
There is dispute about Muhammad's biological cousin's<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:72; {{Tabari|8|p. 4}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 180}}; cf Guillaume/Ishaq 3; Maududi (1967), Tafhimul Quran, Chapter Al Ahzab</ref> exact age, but there is no doubt about her approximate age.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:80.|I saw Umar ibn Al-Khattab pray over Zaynab bint Jahsh in 20 AH [641] on a summer day, and I saw a cloth stretched over her grave.}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:80.|I saw Umar ibn Al-Khattab pray over Zaynab bint Jahsh in 20 AH [641 CE] on a summer day, and I saw a cloth stretched over her grave.}}


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 182}}.|According to Umar ibn Uthman [ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi] from his father: “Zaynab bint Jahsh died at the age of 53.”}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 182}}.|According to Umar ibn Uthman [ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi] from his father: “Zaynab bint Jahsh died at the age of 53.”}}
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{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:81|Uthman ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi said, “The Messenger of Allah married Zaynab bint Jahsh at the beginning of the month of Dhu’l-Qada in 5 AH. '''She was 35''' at the time.”}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:81|Uthman ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi said, “The Messenger of Allah married Zaynab bint Jahsh at the beginning of the month of Dhu’l-Qada in 5 AH. '''She was 35''' at the time.”}}


Thirty-five years before 5 AH brings us to a birth-year of 31 BH (20 June 592 - 8 June 593), a discrepancy of three years. Probably Umar ibn Uthman was giving a round number when he said she was married at 35; to be conservative, we will assume the earlier birthdate. However, we must bear in mind that Zaynab might have been some three years younger than this.
Thirty-five years before 5 AH brings us to a birth-year of 31 BH (20 June 592 - 8 June 593), a discrepancy of three years. Probably Umar ibn Uthman was giving a round number when he said she was married at 35; to be conservative, for the sake of calculation an earlier fate can be assumed. However, we must bear in mind that Zaynab might have been some three years younger than this.


:::'''Zaynab’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.'''
*Zaynab’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 11 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 11 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 18 years and 9 months.'''
*Age Difference = 18 years and 9 months.


Therefore we have to discard modern commentaries claiming that Zaynab was “in late middle age.”<ref>[http://www.ispi-usa.org/muhammad/appendix2.html/ Akhter, J. (2001). “The Prophet's Marriages and Wives”] in ''The Seven Phases of Prophet Muhammad's Life''. Chicago: ISPI.</ref> While the Arabs might not have considered her “a young woman,” this is relative. She was still young enough to have been Muhammad’s daughter.
Modern commentaries claiming that Zaynab was “in late middle age”<ref>[http://www.ispi-usa.org/muhammad/appendix2.html/ Akhter, J. (2001). “The Prophet's Marriages and Wives”] in ''The Seven Phases of Prophet Muhammad's Life''. Chicago: ISPI.</ref> thus seem to be off the mark. While her contemporary community might not have considered her “a young woman,” this is relative. She was still young enough to have been Muhammad’s daughter.


===Juwayriyah's Age===
===Juwayriyah's Age===


Juwayriyah’s age is only mildly controversial.
Juwayriyah’s age is only mildly disputed.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 184}}.|According to Juwayriyah: “'''I was 20 years old''' when the Prophet married me.”}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 184}}.|According to Juwayriyah: “'''I was 20 years old''' when the Prophet married me.”}}
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{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 490.|[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe … He went out and met them at a watering-place of theirs called al-Muraysi …}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 490.|[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe … He went out and met them at a watering-place of theirs called al-Muraysi …}}
[[File:Slavemarket.png|right|thumb|''The Slave Market'' by Swiss artist Otto Pilny (1866-1936). Muhammad’s willingness to capture, buy and sell girls like Juwayriyah set the example for the Islamic slave-trade for centuries to come.|300px]]


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:81|I asked Aisha about the marriage of the Messenger of Allah to Zaynab bint Jahsh. She said, “On our return from the expedition of al-Muraysi or shortly after it.” }}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:81|I asked Aisha about the marriage of the Messenger of Allah to Zaynab bint Jahsh. She said, “On our return from the expedition of al-Muraysi or shortly after it.” }}
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This supports a date of 5 AH, though earlier than the eleventh month of Dhu’l-Qada, for the marriage to Juwayriyah.
This supports a date of 5 AH, though earlier than the eleventh month of Dhu’l-Qada, for the marriage to Juwayriyah.


Unfortunately, this cannot be right. For a start, Ibn Ishaq disagrees.
However, this cannot be right. For a start, Ibn Ishaq disagrees.


{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 490.|[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe in '''Shaaban 6 AH''' [19 December 627 - 16 January 628].}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 490.|[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe in '''Shaaban 6 AH''' [19 December 627 - 16 January 628].}}
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{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 494.|So I wrapped myself in my smock … [Safwan ibn al-Mu’attal al-Sulami] passed me … He saw my form and came and stood over me. He used to see me before the veil was prescribed for us, so when he saw me he exclaimed in astonishment, “The apostle’s wife!” while I was wrapped in my garments.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 494.|So I wrapped myself in my smock … [Safwan ibn al-Mu’attal al-Sulami] passed me … He saw my form and came and stood over me. He used to see me before the veil was prescribed for us, so when he saw me he exclaimed in astonishment, “The apostle’s wife!” while I was wrapped in my garments.}}


Muhammad had ordered his wives to be veiled at the time he married Zaynab,<ref>{{Bukhari|7|62|95}}; Bewley/Saad 8:126-127.</ref> so the raid at al-Muraysi must have been after this. After Safwan brought Aisha back to Medina, they found themselves the focus of malicious gossip.
Muhammad had ordered his wives to be veiled at the time he married Zaynab,<ref>{{Bukhari|7|62|95}}; Bewley/Saad 8:126-127.</ref> so the raid at al-Muraysi must have been after this. After Safwan brought Aisha back to Medina, they found themselves the focus of gossip.


{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 495.|The greatest offenders were … Hamna bint Jahsh, for the reason that her sister Zaynab bint Jahsh was one of the apostle’s wives and only she could rival me in his favour. As for Zaynab, Allah protected her by her religion and she spoke nothing but good. But Hamna spread the report far and wide, opposing me for the sake of her sister.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 495.|The greatest offenders were … Hamna bint Jahsh, for the reason that her sister Zaynab bint Jahsh was one of the apostle’s wives and only she could rival me in his favour. As for Zaynab, Allah protected her by her religion and she spoke nothing but good. But Hamna spread the report far and wide, opposing me for the sake of her sister.}}


This makes it very clear that Muhammad was already married to Zaynab at the time of the slander, which arose before the warriors had even arrived home from the al-Muraysi expedition. He married Zaynab in late 5 AH, so Ibn Ishaq’s date of 6 AH for the raid must be the correct one. It does seem odd that Aisha would give the wrong sequence for two such dramatic and personally painful events as the raid at al-Muraysi and the Prophet’s marriage to Zaynab. However, it is more likely that, when asked for a date, she accidentally named the wrong expedition than that, recalling the crisis of her life, she could not remember whether she had been veiled or who had been slandering her.
This makes it very clear that Muhammad was already married to Zaynab during this controversy, which arose before the warriors had even arrived home from the al-Muraysi expedition. He married Zaynab in late 5 AH, so Ibn Ishaq’s date of 6 AH for the raid seems to be the correct one. It does seem odd that Aisha would give the wrong sequence for two such dramatic events as the raid at al-Muraysi and the Prophet’s marriage to Zaynab. However, it is more likely that, when asked for a date, she accidentally named the wrong expedition than that, recalling what could be considered 'the crisis of her life', she could not remember whether she had been veiled or who had been spreading gossip about her; either that, or the traditions related here may have been fabricated by someone other than she.  


If Juwayriyah was 20 years old in 6 AH, she must have been born in 15 BH (between 29 December 607 and 17 December 608). That would make her only 64, not 65, at her death in 50 AH. This is not a serious discrepancy, but it does mean that one of these ages is only an approximation. On balance, the younger age is more likely to be correct. Young people are usually accurate about their ages (“When my husband was killed, I was definitely 20, not 19 or 21”) whereas the elderly are more likely to use round numbers (“I think this will be my final illness, for I’m already in my mid-60s”).
If Juwayriyah was 20 years old in 6 AH, she must have been born in 15 BH (between 29 December 607 and 17 December 608). That would make her only 64, not 65, at her death in 50 AH. This is not a serious discrepancy, but it does mean that one of these ages is only an approximation. On balance, the younger age is more likely to be correct. Young people are usually accurate about their ages (“When my husband was killed, I was definitely 20, not 19 or 21”) whereas the elderly are more likely to use round numbers (“I think this will be my final illness, for I’m already in my mid-60s”).


Nevertheless, to be on the safe side, we shall take a two-year range for Juwayriyah’s birthdate, between 9 January 607 and 17 December 608. The median is 28 December 607. She was married in Shabaan 6 AH, a median date of 2 January 628.
Nevertheless, for the sake of calculation, a two-year range for Juwayriyah’s birthdate, between 9 January 607 and 17 December 608, will be used. The median is 28 December 607. She was married in Shabaan 6 AH, a median date of 2 January 628.


:::'''Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.'''
*Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 56 years and 9 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 56 years and 9 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 36 years and 9 months.'''
*Age Difference = 36 years and 9 months.


The theme is becoming repetitive: Juwayriyah was young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter.
So another one of Muhammad's wives, Juwayriyah, was young enough to be his granddaughter when she married him at just around 20.  


===Safiyah's Age===
===Safiyah's Age===


Safiyah gives us unusual precision, for it appears that she knew her age to the month.
[[Safiyah]] is given with unusual precision, down to the month:


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 185}}.|I was not even 17, or I was just 17, the night I entered the Prophet.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 185}}.|'''I was not even 17''', or '''I was just 17''', the night I entered the Prophet.}}


She married Muhammad at the time when Khaybar fell. The exact date of this victory is not recorded, but the general period of the siege is clear.
She married Muhammad at the time when Khaybar fell. The exact date of this victory is not recorded, but the general period of the siege is clear.
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{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 510, 511, 530|The apostle stayed in Medina during Dhu’l-Hijja and part of al-Muharram ... Then he marched against Khaybar … The apostle seized the property piece by piece and conquered the forts one by one as he came to them … The apostle took captives from them, among whom was Safiyah bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab. The apostle chose Safiyah for himself … When the apostle returned from Khaybar to Medina he stayed there from the first Rabi’ until Shawwal.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 510, 511, 530|The apostle stayed in Medina during Dhu’l-Hijja and part of al-Muharram ... Then he marched against Khaybar … The apostle seized the property piece by piece and conquered the forts one by one as he came to them … The apostle took captives from them, among whom was Safiyah bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab. The apostle chose Safiyah for himself … When the apostle returned from Khaybar to Medina he stayed there from the first Rabi’ until Shawwal.}}


The Muslims therefore began the march to Khaybar in late May or early June 628 and were back in Medina before the end of July. So Muhammad married Safiyah early in Rabi-Awwal 7 AH (mid-July 628). Safiyah apparently knew that she had been born in Rabi-Awwal 17 years earlier, though she did not know whether it had been late or early in the month and therefore did not know whether she had reached 17 full years on the particular night when she married Muhammad. The Rabi-Awwal of 17 years earlier fell between 14 January and 12 February 612, giving Safiyah a birthdate of 28 January 612, plus or minus a fortnight.
The Muslims therefore began the march to Khaybar in late May or early June 628 and were back in Medina before the end of July according to ibn Ishaq. So Muhammad married Safiyah early in Rabi-Awwal 7 AH (mid-July 628). Safiyah apparently knew that she had been born in Rabi'-Awwal 17 years earlier, though she did not know whether it had been late or early in the month and therefore did not know whether she had reached 17 full years on the particular night when she married Muhammad. The Rabi'-Awwal of 17 years earlier fell between 14 January and 12 February 612, giving Safiyah a birthdate of 28 January 612, plus or minus a fortnight.


:::'''Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.'''
*Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 40 years and 9 months.'''
*Age Difference = 40 years and 9 months.


Safiyah was yet another bride who was young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter.
Safiyah was yet another bride who was young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter, most likely still being in her teens while Muhammad was in his 50's.  


===Ramlah's Age===
===Ramlah's Age===


It is said, citing ''Sunan Nasa’i'' vol. 1 book 1 #60 p. 127, that Ramlah (Umm Habiba) was 23 years younger than Muhammad.<ref>[http://www.muslimhope.com/WhyDidMohammedGetSoManyWives.htm/ “Why Did Mohammed Get So Many Wives?”] See also [http://www.prophetmuhammadforall.org/webfiles/downloads/wives/HUmmeHabiba.pdf/ “Hadrat Umm-e-Habiba (r.a)”] in ''Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Guidance for Soul Satisfaction''.</ref> Since he was born in 53 BH, this would place her birth in 30 BH (9 June 593 - 28 May 594). Unfortunately I have not been able to verify this citation, though it is in broad agreement with the other sources.
It is said, citing ''Sunan Nasa’i'' vol. 1 book 1 #60 p. 127, that Ramlah (Umm Habiba) was 23 years younger than Muhammad.<ref>[http://www.muslimhope.com/WhyDidMohammedGetSoManyWives.htm/ “Why Did Mohammed Get So Many Wives?”] See also [http://www.prophetmuhammadforall.org/webfiles/downloads/wives/HUmmeHabiba.pdf/ “Hadrat Umm-e-Habiba (r.a)”] in ''Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Guidance for Soul Satisfaction''.</ref> Since he was born in 53 BH, this would place her birth in 30 BH. If this citation is correct, it is in broad agreement with the other sources.
 
[[File:Saffron.jpg|left|thumb|Saffron has been used as a perfume from ancient times. According to {{Tabari|39|p. 179}}, Ramlah arrived in Medina loaded with saffron, civet-musk, ambergris and aloe perfumes.|300px]]


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 180}}.|[Ramlah’s marriage] occurred in the year 7 AH. '''She was thirty-odd years old''' when she was brought to Medina.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 180}}.|[Ramlah’s marriage] occurred in the year 7 AH. '''She was thirty-odd years old''' when she was brought to Medina.}}
Line 373: Line 368:
{{Quote|[http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/ Ibn Kathir, “Umm Habiba”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet''.|[Ramlah] married the Prophet Muhammad in 1 AH, although she did not actually come to live with him in Medina until 7 AH, when the Prophet was 60 years old and '''she was 35'''.}}
{{Quote|[http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/ Ibn Kathir, “Umm Habiba”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet''.|[Ramlah] married the Prophet Muhammad in 1 AH, although she did not actually come to live with him in Medina until 7 AH, when the Prophet was 60 years old and '''she was 35'''.}}


Ibn Kathir makes Muhammad 25 years older than Ramlah. This is not a serious contradiction. If Muhammad was 53 in 1 AH, then he was only 59 and not 60 in 7 AH; so calling Ramlah’s age 35 rather than 36 may also be an approximation, much like Tabari’s “thirty-odd”. Since Ibn Kathir is not a primary source, we shall be conservative and assume that “thirty-odd” means 36 and that Ramlah was born in 30 BH.
Ibn Kathir makes Muhammad 25 years older than Ramlah. This is not a serious contradiction. If Muhammad was 53 in 1 AH, then he was only 59 and not 60 in 7 AH; so calling Ramlah’s age 35 rather than 36 may also be an approximation, much like Tabari’s “thirty-odd”. Since Ibn Kathir is a source far removed in time from the life of the prophet, for calculation it will be assumed that “thirty-odd” means 36 and that Ramlah was born in 30 BH.


30 BH fell between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594, giving Ramlah a median birthdate of 2 December 593. Her marriage to Muhammad was consummated upon his return from Khaybar in July 628.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 526, 529-530.</ref>
30 BH fell between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594, giving Ramlah a median birthdate of 2 December 593. Her marriage to Muhammad was consummated upon his return from Khaybar in July 628.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 526, 529-530.</ref>


:::'''Ramlah’s Median Age at Consummation = 34 years and 7 months.'''
*Ramlah’s Median Age at Consummation = 34 years and 7 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.'''
*Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.


Ramlah was young enough to be Muhammad’s daughter.
Ramlah was young enough to be Muhammad’s daughter, although older than many of Muhammad's other wives.  


===Maymunah's Age===
===Maymunah's Age===


There are two traditions about Maymunah, neither of which makes very much sense.
The traditions about Maymunah are hard to reconcile:


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 186}}.|Maymunah died in the year 61 AH during the caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiya. She was the last of the wives of the Prophet to die, and her age was then 80 or 81.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 186}}.|Maymunah died in the year 61 AH during the caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiya. She was the last of the wives of the Prophet to die, and her age was then 80 or 81.}}
Line 395: Line 390:
This was between 4 February and 4 March 629 (median = 18 February), indicating that her age at marriage was 26, plus or minus a year.
This was between 4 February and 4 March 629 (median = 18 February), indicating that her age at marriage was 26, plus or minus a year.


But in fact the death-date of 61 AH might have been a mistranscription. Other sources indicate that she could not have been the last survivor of Muhammad’s widows, for Aisha outlived her, and Hind, of course, outlived Aisha.
But in fact the death-date of 61 AH might have been a mistake. Other sources indicate that she could not have been the last survivor of Muhammad’s widows, for Aisha outlived her, and Hind, of course, outlived Aisha.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 177}}.|Zaynab was the first of the Prophet’s wives to die, and Umm Salama [Hind] was the last.}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|p. 177}}.|Zaynab was the first of the Prophet’s wives to die, and Umm Salama [Hind] was the last.}}
Line 405: Line 400:
{{Quote|[http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/ Ibn Kathir, “Maymunah”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet''.|After the Prophet's death, Maymunah continued to live in Medina for another forty years, dying at the age of 80, in 51 AH [21 January 671 - 10 January 672], being the last but one of the Prophet's wives to die.}}
{{Quote|[http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/ Ibn Kathir, “Maymunah”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet''.|After the Prophet's death, Maymunah continued to live in Medina for another forty years, dying at the age of 80, in 51 AH [21 January 671 - 10 January 672], being the last but one of the Prophet's wives to die.}}


This is still not correct, as not one, but four or five, of Muhammad’s widows were still alive in 51 AH (Hind, Aisha, Sawdah, Safiyah and perhaps Juwayriyah). Ibn Kathir, writing 700 years after the event, was either trying to harmonise the conflict without considering all the facts – also known as “guessing” – or else blindly copying the text of someone else who did. If Ibn Kathir (or his source) guessed at which part of his original text was the error, he might also have been guessing at the year of Maymunah’s death. So we have no real confidence that the correct year was either 51 ''or'' 61 AH. The only consistency is that Maymunah lived to be about 80.
This does not seem to be correct, as not one, but four or five of Muhammad’s widows were still alive in 51 AH (Hind, Aisha, Sawdah, Safiyah and perhaps Juwayriyah) according to other sources. Ibn Kathir, writing 700 years after the event, was either trying to harmonize the conflict without considering all the facts or merely restating the words of someone else who likewise failed to consider the facts. If Ibn Kathir (or his source) guessed at which part of his original text was the error, he might also have been guessing at the year of Maymunah’s death. Thus neither 51 n''or'' 61 AH can be confidently taken as her death date. The only consistency amongst the reports is that Maymunah lived to be about 80.


While we do not really know Maymunah’s death-date, and therefore her birth-date, we will accept Ibn Kathir’s more conservative tradition. According to this, she was born in 30 BH, i.e., between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594 (median = 2 December 593). This would make her about 35 when she married Muhammad in February 629, although we will bear in mind that she might have been many years younger.
While we do not really know Maymunah’s death-date, and therefore her birth-date, for the purposes of calculation Ibn Kathir’s more conservative tradition will be accepted here. According to this, she was born in 30 BH, i.e., between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594 (median = 2 December 593). This would make her about 35 when she married Muhammad in February 629, although she might have been many years younger.


:::'''Maymunah's Median Age at Marriage = 35 years and 2 months.'''
*Maymunah's Median Age at Marriage = 35 years and 2 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 57 years and 10 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 57 years and 10 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.'''
*Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.


Sir William Muir’s unsourced comment that “Maymunah is said to have been at this time 51 years of age”<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life4/chap22.htm/ Muir, W. (1861). ''The Life of Mahomet'' vol. 4 p. 89. London: Smith, Elder & Co.]</ref> is thus wide of the mark.
Sir William Muir’s unsourced comment that “Maymunah is said to have been at this time 51 years of age”<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life4/chap22.htm/ Muir, W. (1861). ''The Life of Mahomet'' vol. 4 p. 89. London: Smith, Elder & Co.]</ref> is thus shown to be extremely doubtful. Muhammad was around 20 years older than she when they married.  


===Mulaykah's Age===
===Mulaykah's Age===
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Mulaykah’s exact age is not given, but there is a clue in this statement.
Mulaykah’s exact age is not given, but there is a clue in this statement.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|165}}.|Her clan came to the Prophet and said, “She is small and has no mind of her own; she was beguiled.”}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|165}}.|Her clan came to the Prophet and said, “'''She is small''' and has '''no mind of her own'''; she was beguiled.”}}


If they expected Mohammed to believe that “she is too young to think for herself,” they were suggesting that she was barely an adult – someone whose body had so recently reached puberty that her mind had not yet caught up.
If they expected Mohammed to believe that “she is too young to think for herself,” they were suggesting that she was barely an adult – someone whose body had so recently reached puberty that her mind had not yet caught up.


This makes sense in the light of the fact that Mulaykah found a new fiancé within days of her divorce from Muhammad, before she had completed her three-month waiting-period.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106; {{Tabari|39|p. 165}}.</ref> It looks suspiciously as if this man had already been a suitor before it became politically necessary for Mulaykah to marry Muhammad. If she had been courted but not married, this also suggests that she was very young.
This makes sense in the light of the fact that Mulaykah found a new fiancé within days of her divorce from Muhammad, before she had completed her three-month waiting-period,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106; {{Tabari|39|p. 165}}.</ref> indicating that the marriage was likely not consummated. It looks as if this man had already been a suitor before it became politically necessary for Mulaykah to marry Muhammad. If she had been courted but not married, this also suggests that she was very young.


Since the mean age of menarche was 12½ years,<ref>[http://www.mum.org/menarage.htm/ Finley, H. (2003). “Average age at menarche in various cultures.”]</ref> this indicates that Mulaykah was about 13, plus or minus a couple of years. As for the date of the wedding:
Since the mean age of menarche was 12½ years,<ref>[http://www.mum.org/menarage.htm/ Finley, H. (2003). “Average age at menarche in various cultures.”]</ref> this indicates that Mulaykah was about 13, plus or minus a couple of years. As for the date of the wedding:
[[File:Bedouin1904.jpg|right|thumb|A Bedouin bride and groom, c. 1904. The bride must be much younger than the groom as she has very obviously not yet reached her full height.|200px]]


{{Quote|{{Tabari|8|p. 187}}.|In this year [8 AH] the Messenger of God married Mulaykah ... He had killed her father the day of the conquest of Mecca [14 January 630].}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|8|p. 187}}.|In this year [8 AH] the Messenger of God married Mulaykah ... He had killed her father the day of the conquest of Mecca [14 January 630].}}


The year 8 AH did not end until 22 April 630. But in fact Muhammad must have married Mulaykah earlier than this. Her tribe lived near Mecca; they had resisted him at Mecca on 14 January; and Muhammad left Mecca on 28 January to fight the Hawazinites and Thaqifites.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 2-3}}.</ref> It is practically certain that he married Mulaykah during his fortnight of residence in the city, i.e. in the second half of January 630.
The year 8 AH did not end until 22 April 630 CE. But in fact Muhammad must have married Mulaykah earlier than this. Her tribe lived near Mecca; they had resisted him at Mecca on 14 January; and Muhammad left Mecca on 28 January to fight the Hawazinites and Thaqifites.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 2-3}}.</ref> It seems that he married Mulaykah during his fortnight of residence in the city, i.e. in the second half of January 630.


:::'''Mulaykah’s Probable Age = about 13 years.'''
*Mulaykah’s Probable Age = about 13 years.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 58 years and 9 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 58 years and 9 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 45 years and 9 months.'''
*Age Difference = 45 years and 9 months.


While this is only a guess, we were also only guessing about Sawdah. By the time Muhammad married Mulaykah, Aisha had become a just-nubile 16. Although Mulaykah was an older bride, she was almost certainly younger in years than Aisha.
While this is only an estimation, we were also only guessing about Sawdah. By the time Muhammad married Mulaykah, Aisha had become 16. Although Mulaykah was an older bride, she was almost certainly younger than Aisha.


===Asma's Age===
===Asma's Age===


Asma’s age is unknown but her age-range is clearly implied.
Asma’s age is unknown but her age-range is clearly implied in the sources.


{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|pp. 188-189}}.|“O Messenger of Allah, shall I give you in marriage the most beautiful among the Arab widows? She had been married to a relative of hers, but he died, and she lost her way…”}}
{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|pp. 188-189}}.|“O Messenger of Allah, shall I give you in marriage the most beautiful among the Arab widows? She had been married to a relative of hers, but he died, and she lost her way…”}}
Line 449: Line 442:
At the same time, Abdullah ibn Abbas suggests Asma’s upper age-limit.
At the same time, Abdullah ibn Abbas suggests Asma’s upper age-limit.


{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:103.|Ibn Abbas said: “Asma bint An-Numan was the most beautiful and youthful of the people of her time.”}}
{{Quote|Bewley/Saad 8:103.|Ibn Abbas said: “Asma bint An-Numan was the most beautiful and '''youthful''' of the people of her time.”}}


This kind of accolade would be absurd for a woman who was older than 20. The sources do not describe Hafsah, Juwayriyah or Safiyah as “youthful,” and Asma’s naiveté certainly suggests youth.
This kind of accolade would be absurd for a woman who was older than 20. The sources do not describe Hafsah, Juwayriyah or Safiyah as “youthful,” and Asma’s naiveté certainly suggests youth.
Line 455: Line 448:
In conclusion, Asma was probably in her late teens; but we do not really know. To be conservative, we will say that she was 20.
In conclusion, Asma was probably in her late teens; but we do not really know. To be conservative, we will say that she was 20.


:::'''Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years and 0 months.'''
*Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years and 0 months.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 59 years and 3 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 59 years and 3 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 39 years and 3 months.'''
*Age Difference = 39 years and 3 months.


Asma was once again young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter.
Asma was once again young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter.
Line 463: Line 456:
===Amrah's Age===
===Amrah's Age===


Amrah’s age is not stated anywhere. However, we do know the approximate age of her first husband.
Amrah’s age is not extant in any sources surveyed for this study. However, the age of her first husband is recorded. He was Muhammad’s cousin, Al-Fadl ibn Abbas.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref> Al-Fadl’s brother Abdullah recalled: “We reached Allah’s Apostle five years after he had made ''Hijra'' and were with the Quraysh when they marched during the year in which the Battle of ''Ahzab'' [Trench] was fought [627]. I was with my brother Fadl … I was then eight years old while my brother was 13.”<ref>Tabrani/Haythami vol. 6 p. 64 reported on the chain of narrators for this hadith. Cited in Khandhlawi, M. M. Y. (1959). ''Hayatus Sahaba''. Translated by Elias, A. H. (2008). ''The Lives of the Sahabah'', vol. 1, p. 373. Farid Book Depot (Pvt.) Ltd.</ref>
 
He was Al-Fadl, the older brother of Abdullah ibn Abbas.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref> Abdullah was born in early 620,<ref>{{Tabari|39|55}}.</ref> while their next brother, Ubaydallah, was only a year younger.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 95}}.</ref> A fourth brother, Quthum, was born before March 624;<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 313</ref> a sister, Umm Habib, before 630;<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 311. Bewley/Saad 8:94.</ref> and there were also two other brothers, Maabad and Abdulrahman, both born before Muhammad’s death in June 632.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}. Bewley/Saad 8:94.</ref> The close spacing of the whole family suggests that Al-Fadl, the firstborn,<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 95}}.</ref> was only a few years older than Abdullah. Since Abdullah was only 12 when Muhammad died, Al-Fadl was surely a teenager.
 
The following episode must have occurred after the family of Abbas emigrated to Medina, which was after Muhammad’s return from the conquest of Mecca in late March 630.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 202}}.</ref>
 
{{Quote|{{Muslim|5|2347}}|Abdulmuttalib ibn Rabi'a narrated. … [Al-Fadl ibn Abbas and I] spoke: “Messenger of Allah, you are the best of humanity and the best to cement the ties of blood-relations. '''We have reached the marriageable age.''' We have come so that you may appoint us as tax-collectors, and we would pay you just as The Thins [''apparently slang for “tax-collectors”''] pay you, and receive our share as others receive it [so that we can earn our living and afford to marry].” ... [Muhammad said]: “It is not suitable for Muhammad's family to collect tax ... Call to me Mahmiyah (and he was the treasurer) and Nawfal ibn Harith ibn Abdulmuttalib.” They both came to him, and he said to Mahmiyah: “Marry your daughter to this young man (Al-Fadl),” and he married her to him. And he said to Nawfal ibn Harith: “Marry your daughter to this young man (Abdulmuttalib),” and he married her to me. He said to Mahmiyah: “Pay the dower on behalf of both of them out of the treasury.”}}
 
It is not clear whether these marriages were long-standing betrothals that the young men wanted to consummate or whether Muhammad match-made on the spot. The point here is that the young cousins had to remind Muhammad that they had reached puberty, so they must have been quite recently pubescent. This suggests that Al-Fadl was born in 615, plus or minus a year. Mahmiyah ibn Jazi did not take his family on his emigration to Abyssinia,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 148, 527.</ref> so his daughter must have been conceived in Mecca before 615. Her age is not known beyond this; we can only guess that she was paired off with Al-Fadl (her cousin) because they were roughly the same age, i.e., about 15.


Later Al-Fadl married Amrah bint Yazid. It is safe to say that he married her willingly. Amrah was of no political importance, and Al-Fadl was extremely susceptible to pretty girls.<ref>See {{Bukhari|8|74|247}}.</ref> So it is highly unlikely that Amrah was older than Al-Fadl (or that she was plain). She would have been the same age as her bridegroom or a little younger. However, Al-Fadl subsequently divorced Amrah, and she was afterwards married to Muhammad.
If Al-Fadl was 13 in 627, he was born in late 613 or 614 – that is, he was exactly the same age as Aisha. His family emigrated to Medina three years later,<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 202}}.</ref> and soon afterwards, Al-Fadl petitioned Muhammad to arrange a marriage for him. Muhammad found him a wife on the same day, but it was not Amrah bint Yazid. The girl whom Al-Fadl married in 630 was his cousin, Safiya bint Mahmiyah.<ref>{{Muslim|5|2347}}.</ref>


While the date of Amrah’s marriage to Muhammad is unknown, there would scarcely have been time for all these events to have occurred before January 631. Since Muhammad fell ill and then died in early June 632,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> the latest possible date for his marriage to Amrah would be May 632. So the median wedding date is September 631.
It is a little strange that such a young man would so soon afterwards take on a second wife, but it seems that he did so willingly, for Amrah was of no political importance. There is no obvious reason for this marriage beyond the documented fact that Al-Fadl was susceptible to pretty girls.<ref>See {{Bukhari|74|247}}.</ref> He was also said to be the eldest son of a very wealthy man,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 113, 114, 309-310.</ref> so if he wanted a second wife, there was nothing to stop him from taking one. It is therefore highly unlikely that Amrah was plain or that she was older than Al-Fadl. She would have been the same age as her bridegroom or a little younger.


We do not know how old Amrah was in 631, but it is reasonable to suggest that she was 14 or 15 – a couple of years younger than Aisha.
However, Al-Fadl divorced Amrah within a matter of months, and she was afterwards married to Muhammad. While the date of this marriage is unknown, there would scarcely have been time for all these events to have occurred before January 631. Since Muhammad fell ill and then died in early June 632,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 689</ref> the latest possible date for his marriage to Amrah would be May 632. So the median wedding date is September 631. We do not know how old Amrah was in 631, but Al-Fadl was 17, so it is reasonable to suggest that Amrah was about 15 – a couple of years younger than Aisha.


:::'''Amrah’s Probable Age = about 15 years.'''
*Amrah’s Probable Age = about 15 years, give or take 5 years.
:::'''Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 60 years and 5 months.'''
*Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 60 years and 5 months.
:::'''Age Difference = 45 years and 5 months.'''
*Age Difference = around 45 years and 5 months.


Again, this is a guess, but it is an estimate based on real data about Amrah’s life. We can make no such guesses about the remaining women in Muhammad’s life.
There is a lot of guesswork that went into this estimation, but it is an estimate based on real data about Amrah’s life. No data remains extant for the remainder of Muhammad's wives.  


[[File:Rayhana.png|left|thumb|Rayhana’s first husband was beheaded in the Qurayza massacre of 627.|300px]]
==Ages Unknown==


==Wives Whose Ages Are Not Known==
Muhammad had other marriage contracts with several other women, but most of these unions were dissolved before consummation and thus were not true marriages according to Islamic law. The other women with whom he is known to have had a sexual relationship are the five listed below, four of whom were technically concubines (sex [[Slavery|slaves]]) rather than legal wives. The ages of these five women are unknown.
 
Muhammad had some kind of marriage contract with several other women, but most of these unions were dissolved before consummation. The other women with whom he is known to have had a sexual relationship are the five listed below, four of whom were technically concubines rather than legal wives. The ages of these five women are unknown.


===Rayhanah bint Zayd ibn Amr===
===Rayhanah bint Zayd ibn Amr===


Rayhanah was a Jewess from the Nadir tribe in Medina. She married a Qurazi,<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 164-165}}.</ref> which means she must have been married before the Nadir tribe was banished from Medina in August 625.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 437-438, 445.</ref> As a Jewess, she would not have been living with her husband before she reached menarche<ref>Ezekiel 16:7-8.</ref> or before the age of 12 years.<ref>[http://www.jewfaq.org/marriage.htm/ “Prohibited Marriages and Illegitimate Children”] in ''Judaism 101''.</ref> So her latest possible birthdate is mid-613.
Rayhanah was a Jewish female from the Nadir tribe in Medina. She married a Qurazi,<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 164-165}}.</ref> which means she must have been married before the Nadir tribe was banished from Medina in August 625.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 437-438, 445.</ref> As a Jew, she would not have been living with her husband before she reached menarche<ref>Ezekiel 16:7-8.</ref> or before the age of 12 years.<ref>[http://www.jewfaq.org/marriage.htm/ “Prohibited Marriages and Illegitimate Children”] in ''Judaism 101''.</ref> So her latest possible birthdate is mid-613.


{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 459, 461.|In Shawwal 5 AH … [Jibreel said]: “God commands you, Muhammad, to go to the Qurayza tribe.” … He besieged them for 25 nights until they were sore pressed, and God cast terror into their hearts.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 459, 461.|In Shawwal 5 AH … [Jibreel said]: “God commands you, Muhammad, to go to the Qurayza tribe.” … He besieged them for 25 nights until they were sore pressed, and God cast terror into their hearts.}}


These details, a siege of 25 nights starting from some time in Shawwal 5 AH (26 February - 26 March 627), place the surrender of the Qurayza between 23 March and 20 April 627. Within a day or two of the surrender came the business of distributing the booty.
These details, a siege of 25 nights starting from some time in Shawwal 5 AH (26 February - 26 March 627), place the surrender of the Qurayza between 23 March and 20 April 627. Within a day or two of the surrender came the distribution of booty.


{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 466.|Then the Apostle divided the property, wives and children of the Qurayza tribe among the Muslims … The apostle had chosen one of their women for himself, Rayhanah bint Amr ibn Khunafa, one of the women of the Amr clan of the Qurayza, and she remained with him until she died, in his power.}}
{{Quote|Guillaume/Ishaq 466.|Then the Apostle divided the property, wives and children of the Qurayza tribe among the Muslims … The apostle had chosen one of their women for himself, Rayhanah bint Amr ibn Khunafa, one of the women of the Amr clan of the Qurayza, and she remained with him until she died, in his power.}}


So Muhammad captured Rayhanah in spring 627, a date when her youngest possible age would have been 14. She might have been considerably older than this minimum. Although secondary historians have guessed that she was about 15,<ref>[http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=552/ Ibn Kammuna. “Love Story: How Prophet Muhammad Fall in Love with Rayhanah on the Day of Qurayza Massacre.”].</ref> this is not stated in the early sources. Since her exact age is not known, we have omitted her from the calculation.
So Muhammad captured Rayhanah in spring 627, a date when her youngest possible age would have been 14. She might have been considerably older than this minimum. Although secondary historians have guessed that she was about 15, this is not stated in the early sources. Since her exact age is not known, we have omitted her from the calculation.


===Mariyah bint Shamoon===
===Mariyah bint Shamoon===


Mariyah’s age is not stated anywhere. The only certain fact is that, since she bore Muhammad a son in 630, she must have been of childbearing age.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 39, 137}}.</ref> Various guesses that she was 20<ref>[http://www.a2youth.com/ebooks/the_wives_of_the_prophet/Maymunah_bint_al-harith/ Thomson, H. A. (1993). “Maymunah bint Al-Harith”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</ref> or 17<ref>[http://www.themodernreligion.com/prophet/prophet_aisha.htm/ Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”]</ref> betray the assumptions of the secondary historians that if she attracted Muhammad, she must have been young. The truth is, they are probably right. But because we don’t ''know'' Mariyah’s age, we have omitted her from the calculation.
Mariyah’s age is not stated anywhere. The only certain fact is that, since she bore Muhammad a son in 630, she must have been of childbearing age.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 39, 137}}.</ref> Various guesses that she was 20<ref>[http://www.a2youth.com/ebooks/the_wives_of_the_prophet/Maymunah_bint_al-harith/ Thomson, H. A. (1993). “Maymunah bint Al-Harith”] in ''The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</ref> or 17<ref>[http://www.themodernreligion.com/prophet/prophet_aisha.htm/ Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”]</ref> betray the assumptions of the secondary historians that if she attracted Muhammad, she must have been young. Given the other evidence this is likely correct, but there is no data to support this conclusion.


===Fatima (''Al-Aliya'') bint Al-Dahhak===
===Fatima ("Al-Aliya") bint Al-Dahhak===


The only objective clue to Fatima’s age is that she lived another 50 years after Muhammad divorced her.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100</ref> Subjectively, her behaviour seems teenager-ish: we can imagine a giggly 15- or 16-year-old watching the action from behind her curtain without giving a thought to the rule of the veil, then screaming hysterically when she realised she was in trouble.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}; Bewley/Saad 8:101.</ref> But because we do not know Fatima’s age, we have omitted her from the calculation.
The only objective clue to Fatima’s age is that she lived another 50 years after Muhammad divorced her.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100</ref> Subjectively, her behaviour seems immature and suited to a child aged 15 or 16.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}; Bewley/Saad 8:101.</ref> There is not any concrete data for calculation of her age though.


===''Al-Jariya'' and Tukanah===
==="Al-Jariya" and Tukanah===


These two concubines were presumably selected for their looks and were presumably young. But presumption is not fact. We do not know their ages and so we have omitted them from the calculation.
These two concubines were presumably selected for their looks and were presumably young. But presumption is not fact. Their ages are unknown and no data is available for calculation.


==Mean Age of Muhammad’s Wives==
==Mean Ages==


We can now calculate the mean age of 14 of Muhammad’s wives at the time he married them.
===Muhammad’s Wives===


:::#Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.
Based on the above sources the calculations of the ages of Muhammad's wives at marriage (including the various estimations above) are as follows:
:::#Sawdah’s Approximate Age = 40 years.
:::#Aisha’s Median Age = 9 years and 3 months.
:::#Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 6 months.
:::#Zaynab bint Khuzayma’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.
:::#Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.
:::#Zaynab bint Jahsh’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.
:::#Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.
:::#Ramlah’s Median Age = 34 years and 7 months
:::#Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.
:::#Maymunah’s Median Age = 35 years and 2 months.
:::#Mulaykah’s Approximate Age = 13 years.
:::#Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years.
:::#Amrah’s Approximate Age = about 15 years.
:::Total Years = 343 years and 10 months.
:::Mean Age of Muhammad’s Brides = '''24.56 years'''


The mean age of Muhammad’s brides was about '''24½ years'''. Even by Arab standards, a woman of 24 was not quite “middle-aged”.
#Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.
#Sawdah’s Approximate Age = 40 years.
#Aisha’s Median Age = 9 years and 3 months.
#Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 6 months.
#Zaynab bint Khuzayma’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.
#Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.
#Zaynab bint Jahsh’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.
#Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.
#Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.
#Ramlah’s Median Age = 34 years and 7 months.
#Maymunah’s Median Age = 35 years and 2 months.
#Mulaykah’s Approximate Age = 13 years.
#Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years.
#Amrah’s Approximate Age = 15 years.


==Muhammad’s Mean Age as a Bridegroom==
*Total Years = 343 years and 10 months.
*Mean Age of Muhammad’s Brides = ''24.56 years''


We can also calculate Muhammad’s mean age as a bridegroom. Here is his age when he consummated each of these marriages.
The mean age of Muhammad’s brides was about ''24½ years''. To call such a woman middle-aged, even in Arabia at the time, seems uncalled for. Rather it appears that (like most rules of his stature) Muhammad preferred younger women.  


:::#Khadijah = 24 years and 3 months.
===Muhammad as Bridegroom===
:::#Sawdah = 49 years and 1 month.
:::#Aisha = 52 years and 0 months.
:::#Hafsah = 53 years and 9 months.
:::#Zaynab bint Khuzayma = 53 years and 10 months.
:::#Hind = 55 years and 0 months.
:::#Zaynab bint Jahsh = 55 years and 11 months.
:::#Juwayiriyah = 56 years and 9 months.
:::#Ramlah = 57 years and 3 months.
:::#Safiyah = 57 years and 3 months
:::#Maymunah = 57 years and 10 months.
:::#Mulaykah = 58 years and 9 months.
:::#Asma = 59 years and 3 months.
:::#Amrah = 60 years and 5 months.
:::Total Years = 751 years and 4 months.
:::Mean Age of Muhammad as Bridegroom = '''53.66 years'''


[[File:strife.jpg|right|thumb|Polygamy.|300px]]
Based on the above data, it is also possible to calculate Muhammad's age as a bridgegroom in each other cases mentioned above. Here is his age when he consummated each of these marriages.


Muhammad’s mean age at marriage was '''53 years and 8 months'''. The mean age difference between Muhammad and all his wives was over '''29 years'''.
#Khadijah = 24 years and 3 months.
#Sawdah = 49 years and 1 month.
#Aisha = 52 years and 0 months.
#Hafsah = 53 years and 9 months.
#Zaynab bint Khuzayma = 53 years and 10 months.
#Hind = 55 years and 0 months.
#Zaynab bint Jahsh = 55 years and 11 months.
#Juwayiriyah = 56 years and 9 months.
#Safiyah = 57 years and 3 months
#Ramlah = 57 years and 3 months.
#Maymunah = 57 years and 10 months.
#Mulaykah = 58 years and 9 months.
#Asma = 59 years and 3 months (not consummated, but legalities finalised).
#Amrah = 60 years and 5 months (not consummated, but legalities finalised).


Of course, Muhammad’s first marriage to Khadijah skews the statistics. She was the ''only'' wife whom Muhammad married as a young man. She was the ''only'' wife who was close to his own age, as opposed to being significantly younger. Some statisticians would exclude her as an outlier before they began the calculation.
*Total Years = 751 years and 4 months.
*Mean Age of Muhammad as Bridegroom = ''53.66 years''


A more serious skew of the statistics is caused by the fact that these 14 wives were not the only women whom Muhammad married. He also had four known concubines and at least one other full wife. While we do not know the ages of any of these women, we can infer a definite trend. They all seem to have been teenagers – significantly younger than the mean. If their ages could be added to the calculation, the mean age of Muhammad’s brides would be even lower, perhaps around 22 years.
Muhammad’s mean age at marriage was ''53 years and 8 months''. The mean age difference between Muhammad and all his wives was over ''29 years''.


Muhammad acquired these five women in the last five years of his life, so his mean age as bridegroom has to be raised. While we don’t know all of his wedding dates, the new figure would probably come to about 55 years – making the age difference between Muhammad and his “average wife” a grand mean of 33 years.
===Skewed Statistics===


Therefore our calculation that Muhammad’s average wife was 29 years younger than himself and that she became his bride when she was 24½ has to be taken as conservative.
Muhammad’s first marriage to Khadijah skews the mean. According to the traditional sources, she was the ''only'' wife whom Muhammad married as a young man. She was the ''only'' wife who was close to his own age, as opposed to being significantly younger. Some statisticians would exclude her as an outlier before they began the calculation.


==The Calendar Converter==
A more serious skew of the statistics is caused by the fact that these 14 wives were not the only women whom Muhammad married. He also had four known concubines and at least one other full wife. While we do not know the ages of any of these women, we can infer a definite trend. They all seem to have been teenagers – significantly younger than the mean. If their ages could be added to the calculation, the mean age of Muhammad’s brides would be even lower, perhaps around 22 years.
 
If you would like to play with the [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ calendar converter], bear in mind that it is programmed to assume that year-numbers are integers, i.e., that each date-system includes a year 0. Of course, none of them does. The year before 1 AH is 1 BH and the year before 1 AD is 1 BC. So if, for example, you want to calculate the year '''53 BH''', you need to call it '''-52''' on this calculator.


==Conclusion==
Muhammad acquired these five women in the last five years of his life, so his mean age as bridegroom has to be raised. While we don’t know all of his wedding dates or the dates where he first sexually assaulted his slaves, the new figure would probably come to about 55 years – making the age difference between Muhammad and his “average wife” a grand mean of 33 years.


The widows whom Muhammad married after Khadijah’s death do indeed fall into two distinct age-groups. But to label these two groups as “the middle-aged” and “the elderly” gives atypical definitions to these terms. The “elderly” group would refer to those brides between 28 and 40 while the “middle-aged” group would mean the teenagers. We wonder which familiar adjective ought to be re-commissioned to describe the quinquagenarian bridegroom.
It should thus be kept in mind that the calculation that Muhammad’s average wife was 29 years younger than himself and that she became his bride when she was 24½ should be seen as conservative, and underrepresenting both the age gap and the youth of Muhammad's female lover in each case.


The inevitable conclusion is that Muhammad preferred younger women. He loved Khadijah, who was the same age as himself, when they were both young. He rejected Sawdah, who was a little younger than himself, when they were both middle-aged. All his other wives were young enough to be his daughters; several were young enough to be his granddaughters. In fact he divorced one woman before consummating the marriage<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111</ref> and broke off another courtship<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:113</ref> solely because he decided that these women were “too old” for him; but he continued to chase teenagers until the day he died.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:105</ref> Nor does he seem to have been in the least embarrassed by his own preference.
==See Also==


{{Quote|[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 90.6/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' Vol. 1 Chapter 90:6].|Nothing was dearer to the Prophet of Allah than a horse. Then he said: “O Allah! Excuse me, no! The women!” (i.e., not dearer than women).}}
*[[:Category:Muhammad's wives and concubines|Muhammad's wives and concubines]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Muhammad's wives and concubines]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Sahabah (companions)]]
[[Category:Ahl al-Bayt (People of the House)]]
{{page_title|Ages of Muhammad's Wives at Marriage}}
{{page_title|Ages of Muhammad's Wives at Marriage}}

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The prophet Muhammad had 19 or more wives or concubines according to the traditional Islamic sources. Islamic apologists and du'aah often make the claim that he married many of these women because they were widows, elderly, or otherwise destitute and in need of his aide.

The widows whom Prophet Muhammad married after Khadijah’s death do indeed fall into two distinct age-groups. But to label these two groups as “the middle-aged” and “the elderly” gives atypical definitions to these terms. The “elderly” group would refer to those brides between 28 and 40 while the “middle-aged” group would mean the teenagers.

Muhammad did indeed marry his first wife Khadijah, who was the same age as himself, when they were both young. He rejected Sawdah, who was a little younger than himself, when they were both middle-aged. All his other wives were young enough to be his daughters and several were young enough to be his granddaughters. According to the traditional Islamic sources, he divorced one woman before consummating the marriage[1] and broke off another courtship[2] solely because he decided that these women were “too old” for him, and he continued to pursue teenagers until the day he died.[3] Nor does he seem to have been embarrassed by his own preference.[4] The Islamic tradition bears witness against the idea that Muhammad was in the habit of marrying older women who were destitute and in need of his aide, and indeed shows that he rather preferred to marry women much, much younger than he.

Introduction

Many apologists claim that Muhammad’s wives were elderly and that he did not marry them for physical attraction.

But all his wives were elderly ladies or widows except [Aisha and Mariyah]. If the aim had been seeking sexual pleasures, he would have done so in his youth and would have married young maidens, not aged widows.
Then he emigrated to Medina and began spreading the word of Allah. Thereafter, he married eight women, all of them widows or divorcees, all old or middle-aged.

Even some non-Muslim historians have repeated this claim.

All appear to have been elderly widows except A’isha … The elderly wives were widows of companions who had fallen in the wars, and Muhammad married them to shelter them and provide them with homes.
Thomas, B. S. (1937). The Arabs, pp. 65-66. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc.

What this highlights is that terms like “middle-aged” and “elderly” are subjective. They do not give precise information about how old the women were. Rather than debate what the words “middle-aged” and “elderly” ought to mean, we will consult the early Muslim sources and calculate the age of each wife on the day she married Muhammad.

Calculating Comparative Dates

The Islamic year consists of twelve lunar cycles and hence it is 354 or 355 days long. This means it is quite difficult to calculate comparative dates. For example:

The apostle came to Medina on Monday at high noon on 12 Rabi-Awwal. The apostle on that day was 53 years of age, that being 13 years after God called him.
Guillaume/Ishaq 281.
The apostle was born on Monday 12 Rabi-Awwal in the Year of the Elephant.
Guillaume/Ishaq 69.

This calendar tool advises us that the date 12 Rabi-Awwal 1 AH is equivalent to the Gregorian date 27 September 622 AD.[5] But this does not give the 53-year-old Muhammad a birthdate of 27 September 569. Because the lunar year is shorter, Muhammad’s age at the time of the Hijra was only about 51½ solar years. According to the calculator, his birthdate of 12 Rabi-Awwal 53 BH is equivalent to the Gregorian date 26 April 571.

The Gregorian calendar did not exist in Muhammad’s day, so reporting dates in Gregorian style is an anachronism. However, it will be convenient to compare Muhammad’s calendar with the Gregorian calendar, which is internationally the most widely accepted and used civil calendar.[6][7][8]

When Muslim historians speak of “the Year of the Elephant,” they always mean the year when Muhammad was born, which fell between 15 February 571 and 3 February 572.

That Muhammad apparently arrived in Medina exactly on his birthday – 12 Rabi-Awwal which was also his death-date[9] – suggests that his official birthday is a made-up date. In fact the early historians give numerous suggestions for birth-dates other than the 12th, which the calculator tells was in any case a Friday and not a Monday. However, since the variant birthdays for Muhammad are all in the month of Rabi-Awwal and the year “of the Elephant,” we shall assume here that Muhammad was born in April 571.

A further complication is that nobody is certain that the pre-Hijri year was exactly the same as the Muslim year that was standardised after the Hijra. However, Muhammad complained about the custom of adding an intercalary month, which was probably a Medinan practice introduced by the Jews.[10] The fact that he abolished intercalary months[11] suggests that no such practice had been known in Mecca and that the old Meccan year was much the same as the later Islamic year.

Analysis

Khadijah's Age

The discussion about Khadijah’s age does today not usually arouse the type of defensiveness that surrounds the discussion of Aisha’s age. The Islamic historical tradition is quite clear that she married Muhammad at a mature age. Nevertheless, the traditional view of her age is probably wrong.

Hakim ibn Hizam said, “The Messenger of Allah married Khadijah when she was 40 and the Messenger of Allah was 25. Khadijah was two years older than me. She was born 15 years before the Elephant and I was born 13 years before the Elephant.”
Bewley/Saad 8:11; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 41.
Hakim ibn Hizam said, “Khadijah bint Khuwaylid died in the month of Ramadan in the tenth year of prophethood. She was 65 then.”
Bewley/Saad 8:12; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 161.

The year “65 years before the tenth year of prophethood” ran between 27 July 556 and 15 July 557, which was 15 years before the Year of the Elephant, so this is internally consistent.

Hakim was Khadijah’s nephew.[12] Since children generally know the ages of their playmates, it is assumed that Hakim would have known the age of an aunt who was only two years older than himself. That is why his statement that she married Muhammad when she was 40 is usually accepted as true. However, there are problems with Hakim’s assertion.

Hakim ibn Hizam

The first problem is that according to Bukhari and Muslim Hakim claimed his own age to be 120.[13] This is intrinsically questionable. To bolster his story, Hakim claimed to remember the episode when Abdulmuttalib ibn Hashim vowed to sacrifice his son Abdullah to the god Hubal but was able to ransom him for 100 camels. He says this was about five years before Muhammad was born.[14] But Hakim’s ability to recite details that were already common knowledge does not prove he was an eyewitness to the event: he might well have heard the story from his parents.

Hakim’s remarks about Khadijah’s age might have served a similar function of supporting his personal boasts rather than relaying accurate history. If he had long ago mentioned that Khadijah was two years older than himself, he might have needed to stick to his story about her relative age and readjust her chronological age in order to keep it consistent with his claims about his own age. There is something suspicious about his remark here.

We asked Hakim ibn Hizam which of them was older, the Messenger of Allah or Khadijah? He said, “Khadijah was 15 years older than him. The prayer was unlawful for my aunt before the Messenger of Allah was born.” Hakim’s statement, “The prayer was unlawful for her,” means she menstruated, but he is speaking as the people of Islam speak.
Bewley/Saad 8:9

The reporter is emphasizing that Hakim was only using a figure of speech to indicate Khadijah’s age and did not literally mean that she followed Islamic prayer rituals before Muhammad was even born. However, this kind of anachronism is exactly what we would expect from a person who is not remembering an event but inventing it from his imagination.

It is not impossible for a human to live 120 years but it is an exception to the general rule and in this case is almost certainly an embellishment of the tradition. So it is surprising how many early Muslims claimed to have reached this great age. Yahya ibn Mandah even wrote a book entitled Those of the Companions who Lived 120 Years, in which he lists fourteen 120-year-old Muslims.[15] Hakim ibn Hizam is one of them. Another is Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza.

Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived 120 years, 60 of them in the Jahiliya and 60 in Islam.

Huwaytib died in the year 54 AH (673-674)[16] so he should have converted to Islam in the year 7 BH (615–616). The problem is, he openly admits that he did not convert until the conquest of Mecca in 8 AH (January 630). He gives a long list of excuses for the delay in his conversion[17] but he never checks his arithmetic. If he became a Muslim in 8 AH, this was only 46 years before his death and not 60. This makes his age at death no more than 106. Of course, even this age assumes that he really was as old as 60 at the time of his conversion, which we now have licence to doubt. Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza lived to be elderly, but he was probably not entitled to his chapter in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book.

Tabari writes that Muhammad’s poet, Hassan ibn Thabit, also claimed to be 120 years old. He said he was 60 at the time of the Hijra and that he lived another 60 years afterwards.[18] This means he should have been born in 60 BH (seven years before Muhammad) and should have died in 61 AH (680-681). Tabari vaguely states that he died “in the caliphate of Muawiya,”[19] which was between 40 and 60 AH (February 661 - April 680). Modern historians usually give his death-date as 54 AH, which is seven years too early.[20]

Not included in Yahya ibn Mandah’s book is the poet Abu Afak, who was said to be 120 years old in 624 when he was assassinated for criticising Muhammad.[21] Of course, no records have survived from pre-Islamic Medina; it was only hearsay that attributed this great age to Abu Afak. Yet even his enemies were willing to go along with the hearsay.

Is it really plausible that so many persons (all of them male) lived to be 120? Assuming it is not, is it even fair to accuse them of lying about their ages? More likely, there was some culturally understood convention attached to the number 120. People who boasted that, “I was already 60 before Event X and I have survived another 60 years since,” did not expect to be taken literally. They were simply saying, “I’m really, really old.”

If Hakim ibn Hizam was not literally 120, nor is it necessarily true that Khadijah (or any other person) was the age he claimed for her.

Abdullah ibn Abbas

The second problem with Khadijah’s age is that there is a strong alternative tradition, one that the scholars of hadith claim originates from no less a person than Abdullah ibn Abbas. Ibn Abbas was the cousin who lived at Muhammad’s side through the final years in Medina.[22] He was a great source of ahadith and his word would normally be accepted without question.[23] What is more, his mother was a close friend of Khadijah’s.[24] The only reason why Abdullah has been largely ignored on the subject of Khadijah is that he never knew her personally while Hakim ibn Hizam did.[25] Abdullah ibn Abbas says:

On the day Khadijah married Allah’s Messenger, she was 28 years old.[26]

This tradition was strong enough to be accepted by Ibn Ishaq. It was not included in the recension of Ibn Hisham (who was not interested in the ages of women) or used as a source by Ibn Saad or Tabari (who followed Hakim ibn Hizam's tradition, presumably for the reasons given above). But it was included by Al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, who lived about a hundred years after Tabari.[27] Although he was not an “early” historian, he was apparently still early enough to have direct access to the original work of Ibn Ishaq.

An independent tradition is:

Some say that Khadijah died at 65, but age 50 is sounder.
Bayhaqi, Signs of Prophethood vol. 2 p. 71.

If she was 50 at death, she was 25 at marriage. However, this is not really a third tradition about Khadijah’s age, for the context suggests that the number 50 is only an approximation. So the tradition that Khadijah was married at “about 25” is actually independent support for the tradition that she was in fact 28.

Gynaecology

The third problem with Khadijah’s age is the common-sense consideration that she bore Muhammad six children over a period of ten years.[28] If she married him at 40, she was 50 by the time she gave birth to Fatima in 605.[29] While this is not completely impossible, it is a sufficiently unusual achievement to cause us to pause and question the assertion.

Muhammad’s detractors in Mecca asked him why he did not perform any miracles.[30] The only response available to him was, “The Qur’an is my miracle,”[31] but the Islamic tradition seems not to have accepted this answer and numerous other traditions claim that he performed a variety of miracles. It is claimed that he split the moon and travelled to Jerusalem and back in one night. Later tales, omitted from the earliest histories, claimed that he had multiplied food like Jesus Christ,[32] transfigured wood into iron, reminiscent of Elisha’s retrieval of the borrowed axe-head,[33] or cursed his enemy’s camel to sink in the sand.[34] The tradition never points to the fecundidity of Khadijah as a miracle, even though the biblical tradition records a similar miracle in the birth of Isaac to Abraham. He never called it a blessing similar to Sarah’s gestation of Isaac[35] or Elizabeth’s of John the Baptist.[36] In fact nobody expressed even mild surprise that a woman of Khadijah’s age had produced so many children.

Perhaps that was because Khadijah’s fertility was a commonplace for a woman of her age. Perhaps she was still in her thirties when she bore Muhammad’s children. Perhaps, when her daughter Fatima was weaned in 607,[37] Khadijah was still a few months short of forty – and that was why her childbearing ceased.

Problems with the Chronology and Final Calculation

Taken together, all of these issues around the dating of Khadijah's age at marriage are emblematic of the problems presented by the dating of the lives of figures in the Islamic tradition. If Khadijah was only two to three years older than Muhammad, this makes sense of a great deal. It explains how her sex appeal as well as her money factored in to his attraction to her. It explains how she was able to produce six children in ten years and why she then stopped childbearing. It explains why Muhammad remained attracted to Khadijah for so long when, in later life, he was to reject older women.[38] It explains why, after twenty years of marriage, he began thinking about younger women,[39] for Khadijah would have been at that time menopausal and first losing her looks.

The Prophet returned with Maysara from Syria on the 14th night from the end of Dhu’l-Hijja in the 25th year from the Day of the Elephant [3 May 595] … The Prophet married Khadijah two months and 15 days after his return from Syria, at the end of Safar in the 26th year.
Mughaltay, Al-Zahr al-Basim fi Sirat Abi’l-Qasim, cited in Kister, M. J. (1993). The Sons of Khadijah. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 16, 59-95.

While this date, not found in the major hadith collections, might be an educated fabrication rather than literally historical, there are no rival suggestions for Muhammad and Khadijah’s wedding date. The year at least fits with all the generally accepted information about the ages of Muhammad and his children. 26 Elephant was 28 BH. A wedding date of 29 Safar that year would have fallen on 16 July 595.

If Khadijah was 28 at that time, she was born in the year between March 568 and March 569, some dozen years later than Hakim ibn Hizam claimed. Her age in solar years could have been anywhere between 26 years 4 months and 27 years 4 months. Using the median as an approximation yields the following result:

  • Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 24 years and 3 months.
  • Age Difference = (minus) 2 years and 7 months.

Far from being a “much older” woman, it appears that Khadijah might have been the only one of Muhammad’s wives who was close to him in age.

Sawdah's Age

None of the early Islamic sources gives an exact age for Sawdah. Tabari gives the date of her wedding as follows:

The Prophet married Sawdah in Ramadan, in the tenth year after his prophethood. This was after Khadijah’s death and before his marriage to Aisha.

Ramadan fell between 13 April and 12 May 620; but as Khadijah died on 10 Ramadan[40] (22 April), Muhammad probably married Sawdah towards the end of the month. “May 620” thus works as an approximation.

Because Sawdah is described as “older” than her co-wives, this has led to extreme guesses that she was a bride of 65[41] or even 80.[42] However, while trying to establish Sawdah’s age, we can immediately rule out any estimates that ignore three established facts.

Sawdah’s Father was Still Alive

When Khawla bint Hakim brought Muhammad’s marriage proposal to Sawdah:

Sawdah said, “I want you to go to my father and tell him about it.” Khawla states: he was a very old man and had stayed away from the pilgrimage. I went to him and greeted him with the pre-Islamic salutation and told him that Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdulmuttalib had sent me to ask for Sawdah’s hand in marriage. “A noble match,” he replied. “What does your friend say?” … [Muhammad] came and [Zamaa] married her to him.

Sawdah Lived another 54 Years

Sawdah bint Zamaa died in Medina in Shawwal of 54, during the caliphate of Muawiya.
Bewley/Saad 8:43.

This date is between 11 September and 9 October 674 – more than 54 years after the day when Sawdah married Muhammad. If she had lived to be 134, or even 114, someone would have commented. But if she was only about 40 on her wedding day, she must have survived to her mid-90s, which is impressive but plausible (but once again emblematic of the problem of the Islamic tradition attributing extremely and even absurdly long lives to the companions and taabi'uun).

Sawdah had Not Reached Menopause

As [Sawdah] became old, she had made over her day with Allah’s Messenger to Aisha. She said: “I have made over my day with you to Aisha.” So Allah’s Messenger allotted two days to Aisha, her own day and that of Sawdah.
Sawdah bint Zamaa became old and the Messenger of Allah did not have much to do with her. … She became afraid that he would divorce her and she would lose her place with him. So she said, “Messenger of Allah, my day which falls for me is for Aisha and you are in the lawful in it.”
Bewley/Saad 8:40.

The texts do not say that Sawdah “was old” but that she “became old”, i.e. that she was only at the beginning of the “old age” period of her life. In the modern world, this would suggest that she was 65 or 70, which may explain why modern historians have assumed she was very elderly. But this is clearly impossible in the light of the fact that she lived another fifty years.

In the culture of the medieval Arabs, when a woman’s value to society depended on her capacity to bear children, a woman only had three life-stages: childhood (before she could bear children), adulthood (childbearing age) and old age (when she was past childbearing). So an “old” woman was simply one who was too old to have children – possibly a healthy, active, sharp-minded woman as young as 40. It is practically certain that the sentence “Sawdah became old” really only means “Sawdah reached menopause.”[43]

When did Sawdah reach menopause? Obviously it was after Muhammad had consummated his marriage to Aisha in 623 CE. So we already know that Sawdah was pre-menopausal in 620 CE. But in fact it was even later than this, for the near-divorce episode is referred to in Quran 4:128. Ibn Kathir frankly admits:

Ibn Abbas said that the ayah refers to, “When the husband gives his wife the choice between staying with him or leaving him, as this is better than the husband preferring other wives to her.” However, the apparent wording of the ayah refers to the settlement where the wife forfeits some of the rights she has over her husband, with the husband agreeing to this concession, and that this settlement is better than divorce. For instance, the Prophet kept Sawdah bint Zam’ah as his wife after she offered to forfeit her day for A’ishah.
Ibn Kathir, Tafsir on Q4:128.

The fourth surah of the Qur'an is long and was probably not written all at once. But it all belongs to the same general period. It covers many family issues, including inheritance rights. Quran 4:7-11 was written to answer the complaint of an Uhud widow,[44] so it must date from after 22 March 625. This same incident confirmed the limitation of the number of wives to four,[45] so it must have been written before Muhammad was given permission to take a fifth concurrent wife[46] on 27 March 627.[47] The surah is also full of invectives against the Jews[48] and “hypocrites,”[49] who were supposedly no longer a problem after April 627 according to the tradition (although in point of fact, according to the non-Islamic sources Jews were working with the Arab invaders well into the conquest period, and Muhammad may not have died until after he had personally conquered Jerusalem).[50] So the episode in which Sawdah “became old” and pleaded with Muhammad to not divorce her occurred between mid-625 and early 627.

There are strong reasons to suspect it did happen during this period. Muhammad most likely considered divorcing Sawdah in December 626 or January 627 expressly because he wanted to marry a fifth woman but was trying to observe the limit of four wives.[51] If Muhammad had not been contemplating marriage to a fifth woman, there would have been no point in divorcing Sawdah, for she was no trouble to him at home.[52] It was only after he had decided to keep Sawdah that he needed the special dispensation to marry unlimited wives. However, the sources do not explicitly state this circumstance as the reason for the near-divorce. They only say that Sawdah “became old” and so Muhammad wanted to divorce her.

If Sawdah was menopausal in 626, or perhaps 625, this suggests she was then aged about 45, making her around 40 when she married Muhammad.

Calculation of Sawdah's Likely Age

When Muhammad married Sawdah in May 620, he was 49. It is possible that Sawdah was also about that age[53] and that she lived to be over 100. But it is unlikely. Allowing that she was not yet menopausal and that she had a father living, she was probably closer to 40.

  • Sawdah’s Probable Age = about 40 years.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 49 years and 1 month.
  • Age Difference = 9 years, plus or minus a few.

The age difference between Muhammad and Sawdah was not inappropriate for a middle-aged couple; but she was almost certainly the younger spouse. And we will state here that Sawdah was the oldest bride whom Muhammad ever married.

Aisha's Age

If the Islamic tradition is to be trusted at all, Aisha was six years old when Muhammad married her and nine years old when Muhammad consummated the marriage.

The Messenger of Allah married me when I was six and consummated the marriage when I was nine. I was playing on a see-saw … I used to play dolls.
Bewley/Saad 8:44.
Allah’s Apostle married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.
The Prophet married Aisha in Shawwal in the tenth year after the prophethood [13 May - 10 June 620], three years before the Hijra. He consummated the marriage in Shawwal, eight months after the Hijra [11 May - 9 April 623]. On the day he consummated the marriage with her, she was nine years old.

Copious documentation on hundreds of Muhammad’s companions shows that most Arabs knew their age to the nearest year. Why should Aisha, with her extraordinary memory,[54] her penchant for details and her talent for arithmetic,[55] have been any exception? To suggest that, contrary to her clear statement, she miscalculated or fabricated her own age is not logical. The information about her death only confirms her consistency.

Aisha died on Tuesday night, the 17 Ramadan 58 AH [16 July 678], and she was buried the same night after the night prayer. She was then 66 years old.

The year 66 years before 58 AH was once again nine years before the Hijra, making Aisha nine years old at her consummation in 1 AH. While it may well be true that most Arabs only knew their age to the year and not to the day, there is some evidence that Aisha’s family had noted at least the month in which she was born.

Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood, and she married the Messenger of Allah in the tenth year, in Shawwal, when she was six.
Bewley/Saad 8:55.

If they knew that she had been born at the “beginning” and not the “middle” or the “end” of the year, it is unlikely that they would have been wrong about the year itself. “The fourth year of prophethood” was indeed the ninth year before the Hijra (25 October 613 - 13 October 614). It was the year when Muhammad first preached Islam in public;[56] Aisha’s parents would not have forgotten what was happening around the city at the time when their daughter was born. Abu Bakr’s accuracy is not really surprising, as he was a recognised expert on genealogy,[57] so a person’s month of birth was exactly the kind of detail that he would remember.

Aisha narrated that Allah’s Apostle married her when she was seven years old, and he she was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he died she was 18 years old.
Abdullah narrated. The Holy Prophet married Aisha while she was a seven-year-old girl and took her to his house as a bride when she was nine years old and he parted with her when she was 18 years old.
Ibn Majah 3:1877

These two narratives offer a variant for Aisha’s age when she was legally married, but this is an uncertainty about the date of the contract (two rather than three years before the consummation). It does not reflect any uncertainty about Aisha’s date of birth, since they confirm that the marriage was consummated when she was nine. The real discrepancy can be missed by a casual reader, but it is obvious to anyone familiar with the Islamic calendar.

Aisha was married in the first year AH (19 July 622 - 7 July 623) and widowed in the eleventh (1 April 632 - 20 March 633). Since she was married at nine, she should have been 19, not 18, when Muhammad died. This is possibly just careless counting by some person other than Aisha: “Nine and a bit plus nine and a bit is still only 18.” But it could also mean that on the day when Muhammad died, Aisha had not yet passed her birthday. Muhammad died on 12 Rabi-Awwal 11 AH (i.e., in the middle of the third month) (10 June 632).[58] If Aisha knew that she had been born on some date later in the year than 12 Rabi-Awwal, then she was still only 18 and not 19 when she was widowed.

This gives us Aisha’s date of birth to within six weeks. It might have been as early as 13 Rabi-Awwal 9 BH (4 January 614). But it is unlikely that it was any later than 29 Rabi-Thani 9 BH (19 February 614), as any date later than the fourth month would not have been “early” in the year. So we can express Aisha’s birthday as 27 January 614, plus or minus three weeks.

Her marriage was consummated in the tenth month of the first year AH. This fell between 11 April and 9 May (median = 25 April 623). We can now take an informed estimate of her age at consummation.

  • Aisha’s Median Age at Consummation = 9 years and 3 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 52 years and 0 months.
  • Age Difference = 42 years and 9 months.

The exact age or age difference down to the day or even to the year do not matter. The real points are that (1) Aisha was a prepubescent child, and (2) Muhammad was old enough to be her grandfather.

Aisha was the youngest bride whom Muhammad married. It does not follow that she was the youngest wife in the household. Towards the end of his life, Muhammad acquired a few women whose age in years was even younger than Aisha’s.

Hafsah's Age

There is some discrepancy in the sources about Hafsah’s exact age but they agree concerning her approximate age.

Hafsah was born when the Quraysh were building the House, five years before the Prophet was sent.
Bewley/Saad 8:56.

This was the year from 30 January 605 to 19 January 606, so the median birthdate for Hafsah is 26 July 605 according to the traditional sources. Muhammad’s daughter Fatima was born in the same year.[59]

Hafsah died in Shabaan AH 45 during the caliphate of Muawiya. She was then 60 years old.

This was the month between 20 October and 17 November 665, which is a contradiction. If Hafsah died at the age of 60 Islamic years, she would have been born in 607 (median = 4 July 607), two years later than Ibn Saad claims. However, the date “when the Quraysh were rebuilding the House” is precise, and so is the mention of Shabaan as the month of death. If both these details are correct, it is possible that “she was then 60” was only meant as an approximation.

An approximate birth year that emerges from the sources is 605; but it should be borne in mind that she might have been two years younger than this.

The Prophet married Hafsah in Shabaan 30 months after [the Hijra], before the battle of Uhud.

Shabaan 3 AH fell between 20 January and 17 February 625 (median = 3 February).

  • Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 7 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 9 months.
  • Age Difference = 34 years and 2 months.

It can thus be surmised from the sources that Hafsah was between 17 and 19 years old, an adult but very young woman.

Zaynab bint Khuzayma's Age

Zaynab’s life is not well documented, which has led to conjecture about her age.

Zainab bint Huzaima … was 60 years old … Of course, it is impossible for a marriage with a sixty-year old woman to have passion. The only aim of this marriage was to help someone who was left alone.

Tabari and Sa'd both report similar ages for her though:

I asked, “How old was she when she died?” He said, “Thirty years or so.”
[Muhammad] married [Zaynab] in Ramadan at the beginning of the 31st month of the Hijra. She remained with him for eight months and then died at the end of Rabi al-Akhir at the beginning of the 39th month.
Bewley/Saad 8:82.

According to the above sources Zaynab was therefore married on or soon after 18 February 625. She died on or just before 11 October 625. If she was “about 30” in 4 AH, she was born in October 596, plus or minus a few years.

  • Zaynab’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 53 years and 10 months.
  • Age Difference = 25 years and 6 months.

Zaynab married five times.[60] Her fifth choice, it seems, fell on a high-status and already-married man old enough to be her father when she was in her late 20's.

Hind's Age

The data about Hind (Umm Salama) is precise, and there are no variant traditions.

She died in Dhu’l-Qada 59 AH [17 August - 15 September 679].
Bewley/Saad 8:61.
It is related that she was 84 when she died.
Bewley/Saad 8:67

Eighty-four years before 59 AH brings us to the year between 26 April 597 and 15 April 598 and a median birthdate of 20 October 597.

The Messenger of Allah married her at the end of the month of Shawwal 4 AH [on or before 6 April 626].
Bewley/Saad 8:61.
  • Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 0 months.
  • Age Difference = 26 years and 6 months.

It is very plausible that Hind was 28 when she married Muhammad, for her fourth child was then a newborn[61] while her eldest daughter was about ten years of age.[62]

Zaynab bint Jahsh's Age

There is dispute about Muhammad's biological cousin's[63] exact age, but there is no doubt about her approximate age.

I saw Umar ibn Al-Khattab pray over Zaynab bint Jahsh in 20 AH [641 CE] on a summer day, and I saw a cloth stretched over her grave.
Bewley/Saad 8:80.
According to Umar ibn Uthman [ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi] from his father: “Zaynab bint Jahsh died at the age of 53.”

Note that this narrator was the grandson of Zaynab’s own nephew. If Zaynab was 53 in 20 AH, she was born in 34 BH between 23 July 589 and 11 July 590 (median = 15 January 590).

The Prophet married Zaynab bint Jahsh on the first of Dhu’l-Qada 5.

The first of Dhu’l-Qada 5 AH was 27 March 627. However, there is a contradiction. The same nephew who said she died at age 53 also said:

Uthman ibn Abdullah al-Jahshi said, “The Messenger of Allah married Zaynab bint Jahsh at the beginning of the month of Dhu’l-Qada in 5 AH. She was 35 at the time.”
Bewley/Saad 8:81

Thirty-five years before 5 AH brings us to a birth-year of 31 BH (20 June 592 - 8 June 593), a discrepancy of three years. Probably Umar ibn Uthman was giving a round number when he said she was married at 35; to be conservative, for the sake of calculation an earlier fate can be assumed. However, we must bear in mind that Zaynab might have been some three years younger than this.

  • Zaynab’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 55 years and 11 months.
  • Age Difference = 18 years and 9 months.

Modern commentaries claiming that Zaynab was “in late middle age”[64] thus seem to be off the mark. While her contemporary community might not have considered her “a young woman,” this is relative. She was still young enough to have been Muhammad’s daughter.

Juwayriyah's Age

Juwayriyah’s age is only mildly disputed.

According to Juwayriyah: “I was 20 years old when the Prophet married me.”
Juwayriyah died in 50 AH [1 February 670 - 20 January 671] when she was 65.
Bewley/Saad 8:85.

If Juwayriyah was 65 in 50 AH, the year in which she was born would have been 16 BH, which fell between 9 January and 28 December 607. (Although there is a variant tradition that she did not die until 56 AH,[65] this tradition does not state her age at death, so we shall ignore it.) The year in which she was 20 would have been 5 AH. There is indeed some evidence for a wedding date of 5 AH.

He married Juwayriyah bint al-Harith ibn Abi Dirar al-Khuza’iya, who was among the captives of the Mustaliq of Khuza’a tribe.
Ibn Hisham note 918.
[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe … He went out and met them at a watering-place of theirs called al-Muraysi …
Guillaume/Ishaq 490.
I asked Aisha about the marriage of the Messenger of Allah to Zaynab bint Jahsh. She said, “On our return from the expedition of al-Muraysi or shortly after it.”
Bewley/Saad 8:81
The Prophet married Zaynab bint Jahsh on the first of Dhu’l-Qada 5 AH.

This supports a date of 5 AH, though earlier than the eleventh month of Dhu’l-Qada, for the marriage to Juwayriyah.

However, this cannot be right. For a start, Ibn Ishaq disagrees.

[The apostle] attacked the Mustaliq branch of the Khuza’a tribe in Shaaban 6 AH [19 December 627 - 16 January 628].
Guillaume/Ishaq 490.

Further, it is certain that the raid at al-Muraysi and consequent marriage to Juwayriyah took place not before, but after, Muhammad’s marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh. As Aisha tells the story:

[Muhammad] cast lots between his wives which of them should accompany him. He did this on the occasion of the raid on the Mustaliq tribe, and the lot fell on me, so the apostle took me out.
Guillaume/Ishaq 494.

On the way home, Aisha was temporarily lost:

So I wrapped myself in my smock … [Safwan ibn al-Mu’attal al-Sulami] passed me … He saw my form and came and stood over me. He used to see me before the veil was prescribed for us, so when he saw me he exclaimed in astonishment, “The apostle’s wife!” while I was wrapped in my garments.
Guillaume/Ishaq 494.

Muhammad had ordered his wives to be veiled at the time he married Zaynab,[66] so the raid at al-Muraysi must have been after this. After Safwan brought Aisha back to Medina, they found themselves the focus of gossip.

The greatest offenders were … Hamna bint Jahsh, for the reason that her sister Zaynab bint Jahsh was one of the apostle’s wives and only she could rival me in his favour. As for Zaynab, Allah protected her by her religion and she spoke nothing but good. But Hamna spread the report far and wide, opposing me for the sake of her sister.
Guillaume/Ishaq 495.

This makes it very clear that Muhammad was already married to Zaynab during this controversy, which arose before the warriors had even arrived home from the al-Muraysi expedition. He married Zaynab in late 5 AH, so Ibn Ishaq’s date of 6 AH for the raid seems to be the correct one. It does seem odd that Aisha would give the wrong sequence for two such dramatic events as the raid at al-Muraysi and the Prophet’s marriage to Zaynab. However, it is more likely that, when asked for a date, she accidentally named the wrong expedition than that, recalling what could be considered 'the crisis of her life', she could not remember whether she had been veiled or who had been spreading gossip about her; either that, or the traditions related here may have been fabricated by someone other than she.

If Juwayriyah was 20 years old in 6 AH, she must have been born in 15 BH (between 29 December 607 and 17 December 608). That would make her only 64, not 65, at her death in 50 AH. This is not a serious discrepancy, but it does mean that one of these ages is only an approximation. On balance, the younger age is more likely to be correct. Young people are usually accurate about their ages (“When my husband was killed, I was definitely 20, not 19 or 21”) whereas the elderly are more likely to use round numbers (“I think this will be my final illness, for I’m already in my mid-60s”).

Nevertheless, for the sake of calculation, a two-year range for Juwayriyah’s birthdate, between 9 January 607 and 17 December 608, will be used. The median is 28 December 607. She was married in Shabaan 6 AH, a median date of 2 January 628.

  • Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 56 years and 9 months.
  • Age Difference = 36 years and 9 months.

So another one of Muhammad's wives, Juwayriyah, was young enough to be his granddaughter when she married him at just around 20.

Safiyah's Age

Safiyah is given with unusual precision, down to the month:

I was not even 17, or I was just 17, the night I entered the Prophet.

She married Muhammad at the time when Khaybar fell. The exact date of this victory is not recorded, but the general period of the siege is clear.

The apostle stayed in Medina during Dhu’l-Hijja and part of al-Muharram ... Then he marched against Khaybar … The apostle seized the property piece by piece and conquered the forts one by one as he came to them … The apostle took captives from them, among whom was Safiyah bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab. The apostle chose Safiyah for himself … When the apostle returned from Khaybar to Medina he stayed there from the first Rabi’ until Shawwal.
Guillaume/Ishaq 510, 511, 530

The Muslims therefore began the march to Khaybar in late May or early June 628 and were back in Medina before the end of July according to ibn Ishaq. So Muhammad married Safiyah early in Rabi-Awwal 7 AH (mid-July 628). Safiyah apparently knew that she had been born in Rabi'-Awwal 17 years earlier, though she did not know whether it had been late or early in the month and therefore did not know whether she had reached 17 full years on the particular night when she married Muhammad. The Rabi'-Awwal of 17 years earlier fell between 14 January and 12 February 612, giving Safiyah a birthdate of 28 January 612, plus or minus a fortnight.

  • Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.
  • Age Difference = 40 years and 9 months.

Safiyah was yet another bride who was young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter, most likely still being in her teens while Muhammad was in his 50's.

Ramlah's Age

It is said, citing Sunan Nasa’i vol. 1 book 1 #60 p. 127, that Ramlah (Umm Habiba) was 23 years younger than Muhammad.[67] Since he was born in 53 BH, this would place her birth in 30 BH. If this citation is correct, it is in broad agreement with the other sources.

[Ramlah’s marriage] occurred in the year 7 AH. She was thirty-odd years old when she was brought to Medina.
[Ramlah] married the Prophet Muhammad in 1 AH, although she did not actually come to live with him in Medina until 7 AH, when the Prophet was 60 years old and she was 35.
Ibn Kathir, “Umm Habiba” in The Wives of the Prophet.

Ibn Kathir makes Muhammad 25 years older than Ramlah. This is not a serious contradiction. If Muhammad was 53 in 1 AH, then he was only 59 and not 60 in 7 AH; so calling Ramlah’s age 35 rather than 36 may also be an approximation, much like Tabari’s “thirty-odd”. Since Ibn Kathir is a source far removed in time from the life of the prophet, for calculation it will be assumed that “thirty-odd” means 36 and that Ramlah was born in 30 BH.

30 BH fell between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594, giving Ramlah a median birthdate of 2 December 593. Her marriage to Muhammad was consummated upon his return from Khaybar in July 628.[68]

  • Ramlah’s Median Age at Consummation = 34 years and 7 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age = 57 years and 3 months.
  • Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.

Ramlah was young enough to be Muhammad’s daughter, although older than many of Muhammad's other wives.

Maymunah's Age

The traditions about Maymunah are hard to reconcile:

Maymunah died in the year 61 AH during the caliphate of Yazid ibn Muawiya. She was the last of the wives of the Prophet to die, and her age was then 80 or 81.

This would place her death in the year between 4 October 680 and 22 September 681 and her birth in 21 or 20 BH between 4 March 602 and 10 February 604 (median = 21 February 603).

The Messenger of Allah married Maymunah bint Al-Harith in Shawwal in 7 AH.
Bewley/Saad 8:94

This was between 4 February and 4 March 629 (median = 18 February), indicating that her age at marriage was 26, plus or minus a year.

But in fact the death-date of 61 AH might have been a mistake. Other sources indicate that she could not have been the last survivor of Muhammad’s widows, for Aisha outlived her, and Hind, of course, outlived Aisha.

Zaynab was the first of the Prophet’s wives to die, and Umm Salama [Hind] was the last.
We stood on the walls of Medina, looking out … [Aisha said]: “By Allah! Maymunah is no more! She has gone, and you are left free to do whatever you like. She was the most pious of all of us and the most devoted to her relatives.”
Al-Hakim al-Nishaburi, Mustadrak vol. 4 p. 32. Ibn Hajar, Al-Isaba vol. 8 p. 192.

While it is possible that Aisha’s remarks on Maymunah’s death are apocryphal (the sources are not particularly early), the story lends strength to an alternative tradition that Maymunah died about a decade before 61 AH.

After the Prophet's death, Maymunah continued to live in Medina for another forty years, dying at the age of 80, in 51 AH [21 January 671 - 10 January 672], being the last but one of the Prophet's wives to die.
Ibn Kathir, “Maymunah” in The Wives of the Prophet.

This does not seem to be correct, as not one, but four or five of Muhammad’s widows were still alive in 51 AH (Hind, Aisha, Sawdah, Safiyah and perhaps Juwayriyah) according to other sources. Ibn Kathir, writing 700 years after the event, was either trying to harmonize the conflict without considering all the facts or merely restating the words of someone else who likewise failed to consider the facts. If Ibn Kathir (or his source) guessed at which part of his original text was the error, he might also have been guessing at the year of Maymunah’s death. Thus neither 51 nor 61 AH can be confidently taken as her death date. The only consistency amongst the reports is that Maymunah lived to be about 80.

While we do not really know Maymunah’s death-date, and therefore her birth-date, for the purposes of calculation Ibn Kathir’s more conservative tradition will be accepted here. According to this, she was born in 30 BH, i.e., between 9 June 593 and 28 May 594 (median = 2 December 593). This would make her about 35 when she married Muhammad in February 629, although she might have been many years younger.

  • Maymunah's Median Age at Marriage = 35 years and 2 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 57 years and 10 months.
  • Age Difference = 22 years and 8 months.

Sir William Muir’s unsourced comment that “Maymunah is said to have been at this time 51 years of age”[69] is thus shown to be extremely doubtful. Muhammad was around 20 years older than she when they married.

Mulaykah's Age

Mulaykah’s exact age is not given, but there is a clue in this statement.

Her clan came to the Prophet and said, “She is small and has no mind of her own; she was beguiled.”

If they expected Mohammed to believe that “she is too young to think for herself,” they were suggesting that she was barely an adult – someone whose body had so recently reached puberty that her mind had not yet caught up.

This makes sense in the light of the fact that Mulaykah found a new fiancé within days of her divorce from Muhammad, before she had completed her three-month waiting-period,[70] indicating that the marriage was likely not consummated. It looks as if this man had already been a suitor before it became politically necessary for Mulaykah to marry Muhammad. If she had been courted but not married, this also suggests that she was very young.

Since the mean age of menarche was 12½ years,[71] this indicates that Mulaykah was about 13, plus or minus a couple of years. As for the date of the wedding:

In this year [8 AH] the Messenger of God married Mulaykah ... He had killed her father the day of the conquest of Mecca [14 January 630].

The year 8 AH did not end until 22 April 630 CE. But in fact Muhammad must have married Mulaykah earlier than this. Her tribe lived near Mecca; they had resisted him at Mecca on 14 January; and Muhammad left Mecca on 28 January to fight the Hawazinites and Thaqifites.[72] It seems that he married Mulaykah during his fortnight of residence in the city, i.e. in the second half of January 630.

  • Mulaykah’s Probable Age = about 13 years.
  • Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 58 years and 9 months.
  • Age Difference = 45 years and 9 months.

While this is only an estimation, we were also only guessing about Sawdah. By the time Muhammad married Mulaykah, Aisha had become 16. Although Mulaykah was an older bride, she was almost certainly younger than Aisha.

Asma's Age

Asma’s age is unknown but her age-range is clearly implied in the sources.

“O Messenger of Allah, shall I give you in marriage the most beautiful among the Arab widows? She had been married to a relative of hers, but he died, and she lost her way…”

Since Asma’s family had adopted Jewish cultural norms over a century earlier,[73] it is safe to say that she had passed puberty at the time of her first marriage.[74] Further, the text suggests that her first husband had been dead for some months or even years. When she arrived in Medina in the summer of 630,[75] she must have been at least 14 years old and perhaps considerably older. She displayed a dignity and sense of duty[76] that make her seem more mature than Mulaykah bint Kaab or Fatima bint Al-Dahhak. While this could tell us more about Asma’s education than her age (she was, after all, a princess), it is clear that she was no child-bride.

At the same time, Abdullah ibn Abbas suggests Asma’s upper age-limit.

Ibn Abbas said: “Asma bint An-Numan was the most beautiful and youthful of the people of her time.”
Bewley/Saad 8:103.

This kind of accolade would be absurd for a woman who was older than 20. The sources do not describe Hafsah, Juwayriyah or Safiyah as “youthful,” and Asma’s naiveté certainly suggests youth.

In conclusion, Asma was probably in her late teens; but we do not really know. To be conservative, we will say that she was 20.

  • Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years and 0 months.
  • Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 59 years and 3 months.
  • Age Difference = 39 years and 3 months.

Asma was once again young enough to be Muhammad’s granddaughter.

Amrah's Age

Amrah’s age is not extant in any sources surveyed for this study. However, the age of her first husband is recorded. He was Muhammad’s cousin, Al-Fadl ibn Abbas.[77] Al-Fadl’s brother Abdullah recalled: “We reached Allah’s Apostle five years after he had made Hijra and were with the Quraysh when they marched during the year in which the Battle of Ahzab [Trench] was fought [627]. I was with my brother Fadl … I was then eight years old while my brother was 13.”[78]

If Al-Fadl was 13 in 627, he was born in late 613 or 614 – that is, he was exactly the same age as Aisha. His family emigrated to Medina three years later,[79] and soon afterwards, Al-Fadl petitioned Muhammad to arrange a marriage for him. Muhammad found him a wife on the same day, but it was not Amrah bint Yazid. The girl whom Al-Fadl married in 630 was his cousin, Safiya bint Mahmiyah.[80]

It is a little strange that such a young man would so soon afterwards take on a second wife, but it seems that he did so willingly, for Amrah was of no political importance. There is no obvious reason for this marriage beyond the documented fact that Al-Fadl was susceptible to pretty girls.[81] He was also said to be the eldest son of a very wealthy man,[82] so if he wanted a second wife, there was nothing to stop him from taking one. It is therefore highly unlikely that Amrah was plain or that she was older than Al-Fadl. She would have been the same age as her bridegroom or a little younger.

However, Al-Fadl divorced Amrah within a matter of months, and she was afterwards married to Muhammad. While the date of this marriage is unknown, there would scarcely have been time for all these events to have occurred before January 631. Since Muhammad fell ill and then died in early June 632,[83] the latest possible date for his marriage to Amrah would be May 632. So the median wedding date is September 631. We do not know how old Amrah was in 631, but Al-Fadl was 17, so it is reasonable to suggest that Amrah was about 15 – a couple of years younger than Aisha.

  • Amrah’s Probable Age = about 15 years, give or take 5 years.
  • Muhammad’s Age at Marriage = 60 years and 5 months.
  • Age Difference = around 45 years and 5 months.

There is a lot of guesswork that went into this estimation, but it is an estimate based on real data about Amrah’s life. No data remains extant for the remainder of Muhammad's wives.

Ages Unknown

Muhammad had other marriage contracts with several other women, but most of these unions were dissolved before consummation and thus were not true marriages according to Islamic law. The other women with whom he is known to have had a sexual relationship are the five listed below, four of whom were technically concubines (sex slaves) rather than legal wives. The ages of these five women are unknown.

Rayhanah bint Zayd ibn Amr

Rayhanah was a Jewish female from the Nadir tribe in Medina. She married a Qurazi,[84] which means she must have been married before the Nadir tribe was banished from Medina in August 625.[85] As a Jew, she would not have been living with her husband before she reached menarche[86] or before the age of 12 years.[87] So her latest possible birthdate is mid-613.

In Shawwal 5 AH … [Jibreel said]: “God commands you, Muhammad, to go to the Qurayza tribe.” … He besieged them for 25 nights until they were sore pressed, and God cast terror into their hearts.
Guillaume/Ishaq 459, 461.

These details, a siege of 25 nights starting from some time in Shawwal 5 AH (26 February - 26 March 627), place the surrender of the Qurayza between 23 March and 20 April 627. Within a day or two of the surrender came the distribution of booty.

Then the Apostle divided the property, wives and children of the Qurayza tribe among the Muslims … The apostle had chosen one of their women for himself, Rayhanah bint Amr ibn Khunafa, one of the women of the Amr clan of the Qurayza, and she remained with him until she died, in his power.
Guillaume/Ishaq 466.

So Muhammad captured Rayhanah in spring 627, a date when her youngest possible age would have been 14. She might have been considerably older than this minimum. Although secondary historians have guessed that she was about 15, this is not stated in the early sources. Since her exact age is not known, we have omitted her from the calculation.

Mariyah bint Shamoon

Mariyah’s age is not stated anywhere. The only certain fact is that, since she bore Muhammad a son in 630, she must have been of childbearing age.[88] Various guesses that she was 20[89] or 17[90] betray the assumptions of the secondary historians that if she attracted Muhammad, she must have been young. Given the other evidence this is likely correct, but there is no data to support this conclusion.

Fatima ("Al-Aliya") bint Al-Dahhak

The only objective clue to Fatima’s age is that she lived another 50 years after Muhammad divorced her.[91] Subjectively, her behaviour seems immature and suited to a child aged 15 or 16.[92] There is not any concrete data for calculation of her age though.

"Al-Jariya" and Tukanah

These two concubines were presumably selected for their looks and were presumably young. But presumption is not fact. Their ages are unknown and no data is available for calculation.

Mean Ages

Muhammad’s Wives

Based on the above sources the calculations of the ages of Muhammad's wives at marriage (including the various estimations above) are as follows:

  1. Khadijah’s Median Age = 26 years and 10 months.
  2. Sawdah’s Approximate Age = 40 years.
  3. Aisha’s Median Age = 9 years and 3 months.
  4. Hafsah’s Median Age = 19 years and 6 months.
  5. Zaynab bint Khuzayma’s Median Age = 28 years and 4 months.
  6. Hind’s Median Age = 28 years and 6 months.
  7. Zaynab bint Jahsh’s Median Age = 37 years and 2 months.
  8. Juwayriyah’s Median Age = 20 years and 0 months.
  9. Safiyah’s Age = 16 years and 6 months.
  10. Ramlah’s Median Age = 34 years and 7 months.
  11. Maymunah’s Median Age = 35 years and 2 months.
  12. Mulaykah’s Approximate Age = 13 years.
  13. Asma’s Maximum Age = 20 years.
  14. Amrah’s Approximate Age = 15 years.
  • Total Years = 343 years and 10 months.
  • Mean Age of Muhammad’s Brides = 24.56 years

The mean age of Muhammad’s brides was about 24½ years. To call such a woman middle-aged, even in Arabia at the time, seems uncalled for. Rather it appears that (like most rules of his stature) Muhammad preferred younger women.

Muhammad as Bridegroom

Based on the above data, it is also possible to calculate Muhammad's age as a bridgegroom in each other cases mentioned above. Here is his age when he consummated each of these marriages.

  1. Khadijah = 24 years and 3 months.
  2. Sawdah = 49 years and 1 month.
  3. Aisha = 52 years and 0 months.
  4. Hafsah = 53 years and 9 months.
  5. Zaynab bint Khuzayma = 53 years and 10 months.
  6. Hind = 55 years and 0 months.
  7. Zaynab bint Jahsh = 55 years and 11 months.
  8. Juwayiriyah = 56 years and 9 months.
  9. Safiyah = 57 years and 3 months
  10. Ramlah = 57 years and 3 months.
  11. Maymunah = 57 years and 10 months.
  12. Mulaykah = 58 years and 9 months.
  13. Asma = 59 years and 3 months (not consummated, but legalities finalised).
  14. Amrah = 60 years and 5 months (not consummated, but legalities finalised).
  • Total Years = 751 years and 4 months.
  • Mean Age of Muhammad as Bridegroom = 53.66 years

Muhammad’s mean age at marriage was 53 years and 8 months. The mean age difference between Muhammad and all his wives was over 29 years.

Skewed Statistics

Muhammad’s first marriage to Khadijah skews the mean. According to the traditional sources, she was the only wife whom Muhammad married as a young man. She was the only wife who was close to his own age, as opposed to being significantly younger. Some statisticians would exclude her as an outlier before they began the calculation.

A more serious skew of the statistics is caused by the fact that these 14 wives were not the only women whom Muhammad married. He also had four known concubines and at least one other full wife. While we do not know the ages of any of these women, we can infer a definite trend. They all seem to have been teenagers – significantly younger than the mean. If their ages could be added to the calculation, the mean age of Muhammad’s brides would be even lower, perhaps around 22 years.

Muhammad acquired these five women in the last five years of his life, so his mean age as bridegroom has to be raised. While we don’t know all of his wedding dates or the dates where he first sexually assaulted his slaves, the new figure would probably come to about 55 years – making the age difference between Muhammad and his “average wife” a grand mean of 33 years.

It should thus be kept in mind that the calculation that Muhammad’s average wife was 29 years younger than himself and that she became his bride when she was 24½ should be seen as conservative, and underrepresenting both the age gap and the youth of Muhammad's female lover in each case.

See Also

References

  1. Bewley/Saad 8:111
  2. Bewley/Saad 8:113
  3. Bewley/Saad 8:105
  4. "Nothing was dearer to the Prophet of Allah than a horse. Then he said: “O Allah! Excuse me, no! The women!” (i.e., not dearer than women)." - 90.6/ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat Vol. 1 Chapter 90:6.
  5. If you would like to use the calendar converter, bear in mind that it is programmed to assume that year-numbers are integers, i.e., that each date-system includes a year 0. Of course, none of them does. The year before 1 AH is 1 BH and the year before 1 AD is 1 BC. So if, for example, you want to calculate the year 53 BH, you need to call it -52 on this calculator.
  6. Introduction to Calendars. United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  7. Calendars by L. E. Doggett. Section 2.
  8. The international standard for the representation of dates and times, ISO 8601, uses the Gregorian calendar. Section 3.2.1.
  9. Guillaume/Ishaq 689
  10. See “Calendar, History of” in Funk & Wagnalls (1906). Jewish Encyclopaedia. New York: Author.
  11. Quran 9:36-37.
  12. Guillaume/Ishaq 160
  13. Sahih Muslim 10:3662; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 106.
  14. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 41, 106.
  15. Yahya ibn Mandah. Juz f̀ihi man 'asha miattan wa-'ishrina sanatan min al-Sahabah.
  16. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 40.
  17. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 43-46.
  18. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 72.
  19. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 72
  20. The Diwan of Hassan ibn Thabit.
  21. Ibn Saad, Tabaqat vol. 2 p. 31.
  22. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 95.
  23. See Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 54-57, 95 for brief accolades. For a modern assessment of his contribution, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism, pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.
  24. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 201; Bewley/Saad 8:193.
  25. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, 55; Bewley/Saad 8:12; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 161.
  26. Hanbali, cited in Al-Irbali, Kashf al-Ghumma. Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar vol. 16 p. 12.
  27. Robson, J. (2013). "Al-Ḥakim al-Naysaburi" in Bearman, P., Bianquis, T., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E., & Heinrichs, W. P. (1960). Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed. Leiden: Brill.
  28. Guillaume/Ishaq 83. Bewley/Saad 8:10.
  29. Bewley/Saad 8:13.
  30. Quran 2:118. Quran 2:145. Quran 6:37. Quran 6:109. Quran 10:20. Quran 13:7. Quran 17:59. Guillaume/Ishaq 133ff. Sahih Bukhari 9:92:379.
  31. Quran 24:1. Quran 98:1-4.
  32. 42.35/ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat 1:42:35-36; Matthew 14:13-21.
  33. 42.38/ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat 1:42:38; II Kings 6:5-7.
  34. 42.40/ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat 1:42:40.
  35. Genesis 17:15-21, 21:1-7.
  36. Luke 1:5-25, 57-80.
  37. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, 166; see Quran 2:233 and Guillaume/Ishaq 71 for two years as the customary duration of nursing.
  38. See Bewley/Saad 8:40, 111, 113; Al-Tabari, Vol. 9, pp. 139, 140.
  39. Muir (1861) 2:141-144. See also Sell, E. (1923). The Historical Development of the Qur'an, 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.
  40. Bewley/Saad 8:152. See also Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 4, 161.
  41. Prophet’s Wives (Ummul Momineen).
  42. Al Ghoudairy, F. Why Did Prophet Muhammed Marry Aisha; the Young Girl, p. 24. Dare to read.
  43. Personal communication with native speakers of Arabic. See also this image of an “elderly” lady (kahla) from Afghanistan.
  44. Sunan Abu Dawud 18:2885; Ibn Kathir, Tafsir on Q4:7; Ibn Kathir, Tafsir on Q4:11.
  45. Quran 4:3.
  46. Quran 33:50.
  47. Al-Tabari, Vol. 8, pp. 1-4; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 182; Bewley/Saad 8:72-73, 81.
  48. Quran 4:46-59; Quran 4:150-175.
  49. Quran 4:60-68; Quran 4:136-149.
  50. Guillaume/Ishaq 466.
  51. Quran 4:3.
  52. Bewley/Saad 8:40.
  53. Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”
  54. For a modern assessment of Aisha’s contribution to the hadith literature, see Siddiqi, M. Z. (2006). Hadith Literature: its origin, development, special features and criticism, pp. 33-34. Kuala Lumpar: Islamic Book Trust.
  55. Bewley/Saad 8:47.
  56. Guillaume/Ishaq 117.
  57. Guillaume/Ishaq 115.
  58. Guillaume/Ishaq 689
  59. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 166.
  60. Ibn Hisham note 918; Bewley/Saad 8:82; Al-Tabari, Vol. 9, p. 138; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 163-614.
  61. Bewley/Saad 8:63-66.
  62. Guillaume/Ishaq 147.
  63. Bewley/Saad 8:72; Al-Tabari, Vol. 8, p. 4; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 180; cf Guillaume/Ishaq 3; Maududi (1967), Tafhimul Quran, Chapter Al Ahzab
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  65. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 184; Bewley/Saad 8:85.
  66. Sahih Bukhari 7:62:95; Bewley/Saad 8:126-127.
  67. “Why Did Mohammed Get So Many Wives?” See also “Hadrat Umm-e-Habiba (r.a)” in Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Guidance for Soul Satisfaction.
  68. Guillaume/Ishaq 526, 529-530.
  69. Muir, W. (1861). The Life of Mahomet vol. 4 p. 89. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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  72. Al-Tabari, Vol. 9, pp. 2-3.
  73. Lecker, M. (1995). Judaism among Kinda and the Ridda of Kinda. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115, 635-650.
  74. Ezekiel 16:7-8. “Prohibited Marriages and Illegitimate Children” in Judaism 101.
  75. Bewley/Saad 8:103.
  76. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 189-190.
  77. Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). New Light on the Life of Muhammad, p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  78. Tabrani/Haythami vol. 6 p. 64 reported on the chain of narrators for this hadith. Cited in Khandhlawi, M. M. Y. (1959). Hayatus Sahaba. Translated by Elias, A. H. (2008). The Lives of the Sahabah, vol. 1, p. 373. Farid Book Depot (Pvt.) Ltd.
  79. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 202.
  80. Sahih Muslim 5:2347.
  81. See Sahih Bukhari 74:247:1.
  82. Guillaume/Ishaq 113, 114, 309-310.
  83. Guillaume/Ishaq 689
  84. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 164-165.
  85. Guillaume/Ishaq 437-438, 445.
  86. Ezekiel 16:7-8.
  87. “Prohibited Marriages and Illegitimate Children” in Judaism 101.
  88. Al-Tabari, Vol. 9, pp. 39, 137.
  89. Thomson, H. A. (1993). “Maymunah bint Al-Harith” in The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
  90. Ahmed, S. “Prophet Muhammad and Aisha Siddiqa.”
  91. Bewley/Saad 8:100
  92. Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, pp. 187-188; Bewley/Saad 8:101.