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The Sana'a manuscript or Sana'a palimpsest, dubbed Ṣanʿā’ 1, is one of the oldest copies of the Quran in existence. | The Sana'a manuscript or Sana'a palimpsest, dubbed Ṣanʿā’ 1 or DAM 01-27.1, is one of the oldest copies of the Quran in existence. It was found in 1972 in the loft of the grand mosque of Sana'a, Yemen, along with many other old manuscripts. A palimpsest is a parchment whose original text has been scraped clean so that it can be reused. After some centuries, a faint trace of the underlying text can sometimes resurface due to metals in the ink. The lower text of the Sana'a palimpsest, which was subsequently overwritten with the standard Uthmanic Quran, is dated to the 7th Century CE and has many variations from that later standard in terms of individual words and phrases. It is the only known surviving example of a Quran manuscript that is not of the Uthmanic text type. It is considered to be a physical exemplar of the kinds of relatively substantial variations reported of the readings and codices of Muhammad's companions before such variety was constrained under Uthman around 650 CE. See the article [[Textual_History_of_the_Qur%27an#Disagreements_on_the_Qur.27an|Textual History of the Quran]] for a discussion about how Muslim scholars explain the existence of such variants and the responses of critics. | ||
===Notable academic findings=== | |||
In a 2010 paper based on four parchment leaves (pages or "folios") of the Sana'a palimpsest, each with a front and back side, Behnam Sadeghi applied a methodological approach which suggested that the variants in their sample could plausibly be explained as dictation errors, and that the standard Uthmanic text was probably closer to the original.<ref>Behnam Sadeghi & Uwe Bergmann (2010) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25782619 The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet], Arabica. 57(4): 343–436</ref> Revisiting the topic in a 2012 paper transcribing far more folios, Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi identified numerous variants that were also reportedly recited by companions of Muhammad.<ref name="Sadeghi2012">Sadeghi, Behnam; Goudarzi, Mohsen (2012). [https://bible-quran.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Sadeghi-Goudarzi-sana-Origins-of-the-Quran.pdf Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān]. Der Islam. Berlin: De Gruyter. 87 (1–2): 1–129. doi: 10.1515/islam-2011-0025</ref> Moreover, Dr Marijn van Putten has noted that in this much larger data set there are variants which Sadeghi's earlier methodology would best explain as being more authentic than we find in the Uthmanic Quran.<ref>[https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1456282308147916802 "The Lower text of the Sanaa Palimpest is exciting to researchers, because its lower text is a non-Uthmanic version of the Quran."] Twitter.com thread by Dr Marijn van Putten - 4 November 2021 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220406173904/https://twitter.com/PhDniX/status/1456282308147916802 archive]</ref> | |||
Éléonore Cellard, a noted expert on early Quranic manuscripts who studied under Francois Deroche, published in 2021 her detailed study of the physical nature of the manuscript and its folios, demonstrating that it was once a complete Quran codex, with a surah order having some similarites to that reported of the early companion Quran codices of Ubayy b. Ka'b and Ibn Mas'ud.<ref name="Cellard2021">Éléonore Cellard (2021) [https://www.academia.edu/68162838/ The Ṣanʿāʾ Palimpsest: Materializing the Codices], Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 80(1) doi: 10.1086/713473.</ref> Cellard's paper also includes work by Hythem Sidky identifying verse ranges visible in numerous additional folios (the 'Eastern Library' folios), which are not yet possible to transcribe in detail due to the quality of available photographs. | |||
====Asma Hilali's exercise book thesis==== | |||
Asma Hilali has argued that the lower text of the palimpsest might have actually been a student exercise book, in an attempt to explain the many differences to the standard Uthmanic text. However, leading Quranic manuscript expert Hythem Sidky refers to a paper by Nicolai Sinai for "criticism of her reading of the lower text and overall thesis"<ref>Nicolai Sinai, [https://www.academia.edu/42333408/ Beyond the Cairo Edition: On the Study of Early Qurʾānic Codices] JAOS 140 (2020): 189–204 cited in Sidky, H. (2020) [https://www.academia.edu/49523638/ On the Regionality of Qurʾānic Codices], Journal of the International Qur’anic Studies Association, 5(1) doi:10.5913/jiqsa.5.2020.a005</ref> and to a paper by another Quranic manuscript expert, Éléonore Cellard, "for a codicological reconstruction of portions of the undertext demonstrating the document’s status as a codex and the product of professional scribes".<ref name="Cellard2021" /> For these reasons Hilali's thesis is now widely considered to be completely untenable. | |||
==Table of variants== | |||
This table lists some of the variants in the lower text, as described in a lengthy paper by Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi who have studied most of the manuscript folios in detail to reconstruct and analyse it.<ref name="Sadeghi2012" /> | |||
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==See also== | |||
* [[Textual_History_of_the_Qur%27an|Textual History of the Quran]] | |||
== External Links == | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmd4IAj-oc4 Did the Sanaa Palimpsest Belong to a Companion's Qur'an?] - Exploring the Quran and the Bible - ''YouTube video with professors Sean Anthony and Gabriel Said Reynolds discussing the Sana'a Manuscript'' | |||
* [https://quranvariants.wordpress.com/ Quran Variants] - a website discussing Qur'an variants and providing further resources, including on non-canonical variants | |||
==References== | |||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Qur'an]] | [[Category:Qur'an]] | ||
[[Category: Qur'anic textual history]] | [[Category: Qur'anic textual history]] | ||
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The Sana'a manuscript or Sana'a palimpsest, dubbed Ṣanʿā’ 1 or DAM 01-27.1, is one of the oldest copies of the Quran in existence. It was found in 1972 in the loft of the grand mosque of Sana'a, Yemen, along with many other old manuscripts. A palimpsest is a parchment whose original text has been scraped clean so that it can be reused. After some centuries, a faint trace of the underlying text can sometimes resurface due to metals in the ink. The lower text of the Sana'a palimpsest, which was subsequently overwritten with the standard Uthmanic Quran, is dated to the 7th Century CE and has many variations from that later standard in terms of individual words and phrases. It is the only known surviving example of a Quran manuscript that is not of the Uthmanic text type. It is considered to be a physical exemplar of the kinds of relatively substantial variations reported of the readings and codices of Muhammad's companions before such variety was constrained under Uthman around 650 CE. See the article Textual History of the Quran for a discussion about how Muslim scholars explain the existence of such variants and the responses of critics.
Notable academic findings
In a 2010 paper based on four parchment leaves (pages or "folios") of the Sana'a palimpsest, each with a front and back side, Behnam Sadeghi applied a methodological approach which suggested that the variants in their sample could plausibly be explained as dictation errors, and that the standard Uthmanic text was probably closer to the original.[1] Revisiting the topic in a 2012 paper transcribing far more folios, Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi identified numerous variants that were also reportedly recited by companions of Muhammad.[2] Moreover, Dr Marijn van Putten has noted that in this much larger data set there are variants which Sadeghi's earlier methodology would best explain as being more authentic than we find in the Uthmanic Quran.[3]
Éléonore Cellard, a noted expert on early Quranic manuscripts who studied under Francois Deroche, published in 2021 her detailed study of the physical nature of the manuscript and its folios, demonstrating that it was once a complete Quran codex, with a surah order having some similarites to that reported of the early companion Quran codices of Ubayy b. Ka'b and Ibn Mas'ud.[4] Cellard's paper also includes work by Hythem Sidky identifying verse ranges visible in numerous additional folios (the 'Eastern Library' folios), which are not yet possible to transcribe in detail due to the quality of available photographs.
Asma Hilali's exercise book thesis
Asma Hilali has argued that the lower text of the palimpsest might have actually been a student exercise book, in an attempt to explain the many differences to the standard Uthmanic text. However, leading Quranic manuscript expert Hythem Sidky refers to a paper by Nicolai Sinai for "criticism of her reading of the lower text and overall thesis"[5] and to a paper by another Quranic manuscript expert, Éléonore Cellard, "for a codicological reconstruction of portions of the undertext demonstrating the document’s status as a codex and the product of professional scribes".[4] For these reasons Hilali's thesis is now widely considered to be completely untenable.
Table of variants
This table lists some of the variants in the lower text, as described in a lengthy paper by Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi who have studied most of the manuscript folios in detail to reconstruct and analyse it.[2]
| Location | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).191 Stanford folio, recto, l. 4, p. 44 |
ﺣ/ / ٮٯٮـ(ـلو) کم | حَتّی يُقـٰتِلوکُم | حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).191 Stanford folio, recto, l. 5, p. 44 |
د لک جز ا ا لکڡر ٮں | ذَٰلِکَ جَزاءُ الکـٰفِرينَ | كـذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).192 Stanford folio, recto, l. 5, p. 44 |
ا نتـ(ﻬ)ـﻮ | إنتَهَو | انتَهَوا |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).193 Stanford folio, recto, l. 6, p. 44 |
حتا | حَتّا | حَتّی |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).193 Stanford folio, recto, l. 7, p. 44 |
و ٮکو ں ا لد ٮں کله ﻟ[ﻠ]ﻪ | و يَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّـهِ | وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّـهِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 10, p. 44 |
و من اعتدی | وَ مَنِ اعتَدَی | فَــمَنِ ٱعْتَدَى |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 11, p. 44 |
ڡا ﻋٮـ/ / و | فاعتدو | فَٱعْتَدُوا |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 11, p. 44 |
ما اعتد ی علٮكم ٮه | مَا اعتَدَی عَلَيكُم بِه | مَا ٱعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 17, p. 44 |
ڡـﻤ// تٮسر مں ا لهد ی | فَما تَيَسَّر مِن الهَدی | فما استَيسَرَ مِنَ ٱلْهَدْىِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 17, p. 44 |
و لا تحلٯو ا | وَلَا تَحلِقُوا | وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا رُءُوسَكُمْ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 18, p. 44 |
ڡا ﮞ كا ﮞ ا حد ﻣٮكم | فَإن كان أحَدٌ مِنكُم | فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 19, p. 45 |
ڡد ٮه | فِديَةٌ | فَـفِديَةٌ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 20, p. 45 |
مں صٮم او نسک | مِن صِيٰمٍ أَو نُسُكٍ | مِن صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).209 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 5, p. 46 |
مں [ٮـ]ﻌﺪ (ما ﺣ)ﺎ کم ا ﻟ(ﻬد) [ی]؛ | مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَكُمُ ٱلْهُدَىٰ | مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَتْكُمُ ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).210 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 6, p. 46 |
هل ٮـ//ـﻄﺮ (و ﮞ) ا لا ا ﮞ (ٮـ)ﺎ ٮـ(ـٮـ)ﮑﻢ ا ﻟﻠﻪ | هَلْ تَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا أَن يَأْتِيَكُمُ ٱللَّـهُ | هَلْ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا أَن يَأْتِيَهُمُ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).211 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 9, p. 46 |
ا لعڡٮ | ٱلْعِقٰبِ | ٱلْعِقَابِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 12, p. 46 |
ڡﺎ // (ﺳ)ـﻞ ا لـلـه | فَــأَرسَلَ اللهُ | فَـــبَعَثَ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 13, p. 46 |
ﻟ(ـٮـحکمو ا ٮـ)ـٮں ا لٮا س | لِــيَحْكُمُوا بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ | لِــيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 15, p. 46 |
ا ﻟٮـ(ـٮـٮـ)ـٮت | ٱلْبَيِّنَٮٰتُ | ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ بَغْيًا بَيْنَهُمْ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 17, p. 46 |
ا (ﺣﺴ)ـٮٮم | أَ حَسِبْتُمْ | أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 17, p. 46 |
ا ﻟ[ـﺪ ٮں] (ﻣ)ـﮟ [ٯٮـ]ـلکم | ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُم | ٱلَّذِينَ خَلَوْا۟ مِن قَبْلِكُم |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 18, p. 47 |
ا لٮسا | ٱلْبَٔسَاءُ | ٱلْبَأْسَاءُ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).215 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 20, p. 47 |
ٮـ(ـسا) لو ٮک | يَسْأَلُونَكَ | يَسْـَٔلُونَكَ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).217 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 25, p. 47 |
عں ا ﻟ(ﺴ)ﻬﺮ ا لحر (م) [و] ﻋ(ـں) ٯٮل ڡـ[ـٮـ]ﻪ | عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرٰمِ وَعَنْ قِتٰلٍ فِيهِ | عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرَامِ قِتَالٍ فِيهِ |
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).217 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 26, p. 47 |
؛/--/ [و] (ﺻ)[ﺪ] عں /------/؛ | وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ | وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِ ٱللَّـهِ وَكُفْرٌۢ بِهِ |
| Quran 11 (Hūd).105 Folio 4, recto, l. 1, p. 51 |
ا (لا) مں ا {------}؛ | إلّا مَن أَذِنَ لَه | إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ |
| Quran 11 (Hūd).122 Folio 4, verso, l. 4, p. 52 |
ا / / (ﻣﻌ)[ﮑ]/ / {--------}؛ | إِنَّا مَعَكُم مُنتَظِرُونَ | إِنَّا مُنتَظِرُونَ |
| Quran 8 (al-Anfāl).2 Folio 4, verso, l. 12, p. 52 |
ڡـ(ﺮ) ٯـٮ | ْفَرِقَت | ْوَجِلَت |
| Quran 8 (al-Anfāl).2 Folio 4, verso, l. 13, p. 52 |
ا ٮـ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ | ءَايَـٰتُنا | ءَايَـٰتُهُ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).122 Folio 22, recto, l. 3, p. 62 |
ما [كـ]ﺎ ﮞ | مَا كَانَ | وَمَا كَانَ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).122 Folio 22, recto, l. 4, p. 62 |
مں كل ا ﻣﻪ | مِن كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ | مِن كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).124 Folio 22, recto, l. 9, p. 62 |
و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ | وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ | وَإِذَا مَا أُنزِلَتْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 12, p. 62 |
ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس | فِى قُلُوبِهِم رِجْسٌ | فِى قُلُوبِهِم مَرَضٌ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴ[ﻬ]ـﻢ | رِجزاً إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ | رِجساً إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ)[ـﻮ] ﮞ | وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ | وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ كَـٰفِرُونَ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).126 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
ا [و] / / ٮر و | أَوَلَا يَرَوْ | أَوَلَا يَرَوْنَ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).126 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 |
و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ | وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ | وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 |
و ا د ا ا [ٮـ]ـﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ | وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ | وَإِذَا مَا أُنزِلَتْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 16, p. 62 |
هل ٮر ٮٮا | هَلْ يَرَىٰنَا | هَلْ يَرَىٰكُم |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
ڡا ٮـ[ـﺼ](ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا | فَـﭑنصَرَفُوا | ثُمَّ انصَرَفُوا |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ | فَــصَرَفَ اللهُ | صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)//[ـﻢ] (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ | ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ | بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 |
و لٯد حا کم | وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ | لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 |
ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ | رَسولٌ مِنْكُمْ | رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِکُمْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 19, p. 63 |
عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠ[ـٮـ](ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم | عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنَّتَكُمْ | عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).129 Folio 22, recto, l. 20, p. 63 |
ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا [ﻋ](ـٮـ)ـﮏ | فَإن تَوَلَّوْا عَنْكَ | فَإن تَوَلَّوْا |
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).129 Folio 22, recto, l. 21, p. 63 |
ا لد ی لا ا ﻟ[ﻪ] ا لا ﻫﻮ | الَّذي لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ | لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).2 Folio 22, recto, l. 24, p. 63 |
ر ﺣ[ـﻤ]ﻪ | رَحْمَةِ | رَحْمَتِ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).3 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 |
ا د ٮا د ی ر ٮک ر ﻛ[ـر] ٮا | إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّــكَ زَكَرِيَّا | إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّــهُ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 |
و ٯل ر ٮی | وَقٰلَ رَبِّــي | قالَ رَبِّ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 |
و ٯل ر ٮی ا سٮعل ا لر ا س سٮٮا | وَقٰلَ رَبِّي ٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْباً | قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ ٱلْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 |
و لم ا کں ر ٮ ٮـ(ـد) عا ک | وَلَمْ أَکُنْ رَبِّ بِدُعَاءِكَ | وَلَمْ أَكُن بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).5 Folio 22, recto, l. 27, p. 63 |
و ﺣ(ڡـ)ـٮ ا لمو ل مں و [ر] ا ی | وَ خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰل مِن وَرٰاءِى | وَإِنِّى خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰلِىَ مِن وَرٰاءِى |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).7 Folio 22, verso, l. 2-3, p. 63 |
؛{-----------------} (ٯد) و هٮٮا لک علما ر کٮا و ٮسر ٮه {----------------}(ﻪ) مں ٯـٮـ(ـﻞ) ﺳ//ـﻤٮـﺎ | ؛{يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا} قَد وَهَبْنَا لَكَ غُلٰماً زَكِيَّاً وَبَشَّرْنٰهُ {بِيَحْيیٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل ﻟَّ}ﻪُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا | يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَـٰمٍ ٱسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).8 Folio 22, verso, l. 3-4, p. 63 |
ا //ﻰ ٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻮ ﮞ لی (ﻋ)ـلم {---------------} ﻟ[ﮑ]ـٮر عٮٮا | أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ {وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱ} لْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا | أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ وَكَانَتِ ٱمْرَأَتِى عَاقِرًا وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱلْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).9 Folio 22, verso, l. 5, p. 63 |
و لم ٮک سا ی | وَلَمْ تَكُ شَاي | وَلَمْ تَكُ شَيْئًا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 |
؛{-}ـم حرح | ؛{ثُـ}ـمَّ خَرَجَ | فَــخَرَجَ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 |
ا (و) ﺣ(ﻰ) ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)ﻬﻢ | أَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ | فَــأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).12 Folio 22, verso, l. 8, p. 64 |
و علمٮه ا ﻟ(ـﺤ)ﮑﻢ | وَعَلَّمْنٰهُ الْحُكْمَ | وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).13 Folio 22, verso, l. 9, p. 64 |
حننا | حَنٰناً | وَحَنَاناً |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).14 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 |
و لم ٮک | وَلَمْ يَكُ | وَلَمْ يَكُنْ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).15 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 |
و علٮه ا لسلم | وَعَلَيْهِ السَّلٰمُ | وَسَلَـٰمٌ عَلَيْهِ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).19 Folio 22, verso, l. 15, p. 64 |
لنهب | لِنَهَبَ | لِأَهَبَ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).21 Folio 22, verso, l. 17, p. 64 |
و هو ﻋﻠ//(ﻪ) ﻫ(ـٮـ)ـﮟ | وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ هَيِّنٌ | هُوَ عَلَىَّ هَيِّنٌ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).21 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 |
و [ا] مر ا مٯصٮا | وَأَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا | وَكَانَ أَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).22 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 |
ڡحملٮ | فَحَمَلَتْ | فَحَمَلَتْــهُ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).23 Folio 22, verso, l. 19, p. 64 |
ڡـﻠﻤ// ا حا ها ا لمحص | فَــلَمَّا أَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخٰضُ | فَأَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخَاضُ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).23 Folio 22, verso, l. 20, p. 65 |
ٯٮل هد ا ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)[ـو] م | قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا الْيَوْمِ | قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).24 Folio 22, verso, l. 20-21, p. 65 |
ڡٮـ[ـد] ٮها مں ٮـﺤٮـﻬ/----------/ ا لا ٮحر ٮی | فَنٰدٮٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَـ/ـا مَلَكٌ/ أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى | فَنَادَىٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَا أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 23, p. 65 |
و ٯـ// [ی] ﻋ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ | وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا | وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 |
ﺻ[ـﻮ] (ما) [و ﺻﻤ]ـٮا | صَوْماً وَصُمْتاً | صَوْماً |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 |
ﻟﮟ ا کلم | لَنْ أُکَلِّمَ | فَــلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 |
؛//ﺎ [ٮـ](ـت ٯو) [ﻣﻬ] ﺎ | فَأَتَتْ قَوْمَهَا | فَأَتَتْ بِهِ قَوْمَهَا |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 |
لٯد ا ﺗٮت | لَقَدْ أَتَيْتِ | لَقَدْ جِئْتِ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam).28 Folio 22, verso, l. 26, p. 65 |
ما کا (ﮞ) ا ٮو [ک] (ا ٮا) //[ﻮ] ا | مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ أَباً سُوءاً | مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ ٱمْرَأَ سَوْءٍ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 4-5, p. 71 |
ْو {------} (ﻋﻠٮـ)// ٮـﻌ[ﺺ] (ا) ﻟ[ﺴ]/ /؛ | و {جَاءَت} عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ السَّيَّارَةِ | وَجَاءَتْ سَيَّارَةٌ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 6, p. 71 |
و ٯل | وَقٰلَ | قَالَ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 7, p. 71 |
و (ا) ﻟ[ﻠﻪ] ﻋﻠ//ـﻢ ٮـﻤ(ﺎ) ٮڡعلو{}ﮞ | وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَفْعَلُونَ | وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).28 Folio 31, verso, l. 4, p. 72 |
ٯل ا //[ﻪ] (ﻛ)[ـٮد] ﻛﮟ | قٰلَ إِنَّهُ كَيْدَكُنَّ | قَالَ إِنَّهُ مِن كَيْدِكُنَّ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).30 Folio 31, verso, l. 5, p. 72 |
ٮسو (ه) مں ا (هل) ا لمد [ٮـ]ـٮه | نِسْوَةٌ مِن أَهْلِ ٱلْمَدِينَةِ | نِسْوَةٌ فِي ٱلْمَدِينَةِ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).30 Folio 31, verso, l. 5-6, p. 72 |
؛{---------------}/ / ٯـ(ـﺪ ﺳ)ﻌ(ڡـ)[ﻬﺎ] (ﺣ)[ـٮ] ڡٮـ//(ﻬ)ﺎ | ؛{ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ} قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبُّ فَتَٮٰهَا | ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ تُرَٰوِدُ فَتَٮٰهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).31 Folio 31, verso, l. 7, p. 72 |
ڡلما ﺳﻤ[ﻌ]/ / مکر[ﻫ]ـﮟ | فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ مَكْرَهُنَّ | فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ بِــمَكْرِهِنَّ |
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf).31 Folio 31, verso, l. 8, p. 72 |
و{ } ﺣ(ﻌ)ﻠ/ / ﻟ(ﻬ)/ / (ﻣٮـﮑ)//؛ | وَجَعَلَتْ لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا | وَأَعْتَدَتْ لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).15 Folio 28, recto, l. 1, p. 102 |
و ٯلو ا هد ا {------}//ٮٮں | وَقٰلوا هذا سِحرٌ مُبينٌ | وَقالوا إن هـٰذا إِلّا سِحرٌ مُبينٌ |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).19 Folio 28, recto, l. 4, p. 102 |
/ /ڡا د ا ﻫ[ـﻢ] ﻣﺤ(ـﺼ)ـﺮ | فَإذا هُم مُحضَرون | فَإِذا هُم يَنظُرونَ |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).22 Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102 |
ا ٮـ(ﻌٮـ)ﻮ ا | إبعَثوا | احشُرُوا |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).22 Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102 |
ﻃـ//[ـﻤ]ـﻮ ا { } | الَّذينَ ظَلَموا | الَّذينَ ظَلَموا وَأَزوٰجَهُم |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).23 Folio 28, recto, l. 8, p. 102 |
صر ٮط ا (ﻟﺤ)ﺤٮم | صِر ٮطِ الجَحيم | صِرٰطِ الجَحيمِ |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).25 Folio 28, recto, l. 9, p. 103 |
/ / لا ٮٮٮصرو | لا تَنٮٰصَرون or لا تَتَنٰصَرون | لا تَناصَرون |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).27 Folio 28, recto, l. 10, p. 103 |
ڡـ(ﺎ ٯـ)ـٮل | فَـﺄ قبَلَ | وَأَقبَلَ |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).48 Folio 28, verso, l. 3, p. 103 |
ﻋ(ـٮـ)[ـد] هم | عِندَهُم | وَعِندَهُم |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).50 Folio 28, verso, l. 4, p. 103 |
علا | عَلا | عَلی |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).54 Folio 28, verso, l. 7, p. 103 |
ٯهل | فَــﻬَﻞ | هَل |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).56 Folio 28, verso, l. 8, p. 103 |
ﻟ(ـٮـﻌ)ـو ٮں | لَتُغوِينِ | ِلَتُرْدِين |
| Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).58 Folio 28, verso, l. 9, p. 103 |
و ما ٮحں | وَما نَحنُ | أَفَما نَحْنُ |
See also
External Links
- Did the Sanaa Palimpsest Belong to a Companion's Qur'an? - Exploring the Quran and the Bible - YouTube video with professors Sean Anthony and Gabriel Said Reynolds discussing the Sana'a Manuscript
- Quran Variants - a website discussing Qur'an variants and providing further resources, including on non-canonical variants
References
- ↑ Behnam Sadeghi & Uwe Bergmann (2010) The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet, Arabica. 57(4): 343–436
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sadeghi, Behnam; Goudarzi, Mohsen (2012). Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān. Der Islam. Berlin: De Gruyter. 87 (1–2): 1–129. doi: 10.1515/islam-2011-0025
- ↑ "The Lower text of the Sanaa Palimpest is exciting to researchers, because its lower text is a non-Uthmanic version of the Quran." Twitter.com thread by Dr Marijn van Putten - 4 November 2021 archive
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Éléonore Cellard (2021) The Ṣanʿāʾ Palimpsest: Materializing the Codices, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 80(1) doi: 10.1086/713473.
- ↑ Nicolai Sinai, Beyond the Cairo Edition: On the Study of Early Qurʾānic Codices JAOS 140 (2020): 189–204 cited in Sidky, H. (2020) On the Regionality of Qurʾānic Codices, Journal of the International Qur’anic Studies Association, 5(1) doi:10.5913/jiqsa.5.2020.a005