Olamning Qurondagi manzarasi: Difference between revisions

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Quyosh va Oyning "birlashtirilgani" haqidagi oyatlardan nafaqat bu jismlarning bir-biriga "yetib olishi" faqat qiyomat kunida bölishi, balki Quron mualliflarining Quyosh va Oy kattaligi bir xil, deb öylashganidan ham xabar beradi. Aslida ularning hajmi teng emas, bu ularning Yergacha masofalari har xil ekanligidan kelib chiqqan illuziyadir.
Quyosh va Oyning "birlashtirilgani" haqidagi oyatlardan nafaqat bu jismlarning bir-biriga "yetib olishi" faqat qiyomat kunida bölishi, balki Quron mualliflarining Quyosh va Oy kattaligi bir xil, deb öylashganidan ham xabar beradi. Aslida ularning hajmi teng emas, bu ularning Yergacha masofalari har xil ekanligidan kelib chiqqan illuziyadir.


===Kecha va kunduz===
Quron mualliflari Quyosh va Oy tutilishlarni faqatgina boshdan kechirmay, aslida ularga sababchiligini bilishmaganidek, kecha va kunduz almashinishiga ham Quyosh va Yerning öz öqi atrofida aylanishi sababchiligini bilishmagan. Quronda kecha shunchaki kunduzning yöqligi emas. Kecha va kunduz Alloh yaratgan maxsus mohiyat, vujud bölib, ular osmon jismlaridan mustaqil ravishda bir-biri bilan özaro hayot kechiradi.
{{Quote|{{Quron|3|27}}|Kechani kunduzga kiritursan va kunduzni kechaga kiritursan, ölikdan tirikni chiqarursan va tirikdan ölikni chiqarursan hamda istagan kishingga behisob rizq berursan.}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|3|190}}|Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day,- there are indeed Signs for men of understanding.}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|13|3}}|He draweth the night as a veil o'er the Day. Behold, verily in these things there are signs for those who consider!}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|22|61}}|That is because Allah merges night into day, and He merges day into night, and verily it is Allah Who hears and sees (all things).}}
Day and night are clearly entities independent from the sun, moon or any other celestial objects. Even when considered in the same verse, night and day are independent of the sun, with no recognition that the sun causes either of them.
{{Quote|{{Quron|7|54}}|Your Guardian-Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and is firmly established on the throne (of authority): He draweth the night as a veil o'er the day, each seeking the other in rapid succession: He created the sun, the moon, and the stars, (all) governed by laws under His command. Is it not His to create and to govern? Blessed be Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds!}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|14|33}}|And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|21|33}}|It is He Who created the Night and the Day, and the sun and the moon: all (the celestial bodies) swim along, each in its rounded course.}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|31|29}}|’Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night; that He has subjected the sun, and the moon (to his Law), each running its course for a term appointed; and that Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do?}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|39|5}}|He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again?}}
So, if the sun does not cause day and night, what is its purpose other than merely being the brighter of the two major celestial lamps?
Well, it turns out that the purpose of these objects is primarily time and calendar keeping.
{{Quote|{{Quron|6|96}}|He it is that cleaveth the day-break (from the dark): He makes the night for rest and tranquillity, and the sun and moon for the reckoning (of time): Such is the judgment and ordering of (Him), the Exalted in Power, the Omniscient.}}
{{Quote|{{Quron|10|5}}|It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.}}


==Qarang==
==Qarang==

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Ibrohimiy dinlarga binoan olam

Ushbu maqolada Quronda olam qanday tushuntirilgani yoritiladi.

Kirish

Fizik olamning Qurondagi manzarasi qadimgi Yaqin Sharq va unga qöshni mintaqalar - yunon va rumliklarning borliq haqidagi bilim va tushunchalaridan kam bölsa kam-ki, ortiq emas. U paytga kelib ayrim madaniyatlar Yer sayyorasi sharsimon ekanligini tushunib yetgan bölsa, Quronda Yer tekis deyiladi.

Bazi fikrlarga binoan qadimgi diniy manbalarni sözma-söz qabul qilish shart emas, ayrim qismlarini köchma manoda tushunish mumkin. Biroq musulmonlarning aksariyati bunday fikrlamay, Quronni xudoning aynan sözi, deb ishonishadi. Bu maqolada esa Quronni xudodan kelgan, deb emas, balki Muhammadning sözlari, deb qabul qilinadi va Muhammadning olam haqidagi tushunchasi körsatiladi.

Quron kosmologiyasi

Osmonlar va Yer

Quron kosmologiyasi haqida yozishni islomiy olamning nihoyatda kichkina va sodda ekanligini eslatishdan boshlash lozim. Quronga binoan olam atigi ikkita qismdan: osmonlar va yerdan iborat.

Islomda zamonaviy odamlar biladigan boshqa astronomik qamrovlar yöq. Quronda yulduz tizimlari, galaktikalari, vakuum degan narsalar haqida yozilmagan. Yer koinotdagi bazi boshqa jismlar kabi sayyora, Quyoshning esa bir yulduz ekani haqida hech nima deyilmaydi. Quron kosmologiyasi asosan qurollanmagan köz bilan körinadigan osmon jismlari bilan chegaralangan; qadimgilar köra olmagan jismlarni tasvirlashda esa qattiq yanglishadi.

Yaratilish zamirida "osmonlar va yer" yotishi Quronda takror va takror eslatiladi, bu ikki narsaning "ajratilishi" esa Allohning butun olamni qanday yaratganini körsatish uchun ishlatiladi.

Kofir bölgan kimsalar osmonlar ham, yer ham tösiq bölganini, bas, Biz ularni ochib yuborganimizni va barcha jonli mavjudotni suvdan qilganimizni körmadilarmi?! Endi ham iymon keltirmaydilarmi?!
Quron 21:30

Bu ikki joyning favquloddaligiga takroran urğu beriladi. Bu ikki joydan boshqa joy eslatilmaydi. Quron mualliflari Allohning hamma narsadan boxabarligini bildirish uchun "yeru osmon" iborasini ishlatib, göyoki butun olam shulardangina iborat ekaniga ishora qilishadi.

Parvardigoro, albatta Sen bizlar yashirgan narsani ham, oshkor qilgan narsani ham bilursan, Alloh uchun yeru osmondagi biron narsa maxfiy emasdir.
Quron 14:38
aytdi: "Parvardigorim osmonu-zamindagi har bir sözni bilur. U eshitguvchi, bilguvchidir.
Quron 21:4
siz Alloh osmon va yerdagi bor narsani bilishini bilmadingizmi?! Albatta, bu Kitobda. Albatta, bu Allohga osondir.
Quron 22:70
Osmonlar va yerdagi bor narsalar Allohnikidir. Albatta Allohning Özigina behojat va hamdu sanoga loyiq zotdir.
Quron 31:26

"Osmonlar va yer" shuningdek ichida butun olamni saqlaydigan "idish" kabi tasvirlanadi. Hamma narsa osmon va yer orasida joylashgan.

Biz osmon va yerni hamda ularning orasidagi narsalarni öynab-behuda yaratganimiz yöq.
Quron 21:16

Ajablanarli emas-ki, ushbu "osmon va yer orasidagi" fazo yerda turgan odamning (har doim ham töğri emas) nuqtai nazaridan tushuntirilgan. Atrofga qaraganda, Yer tekis körinadi, ufq esa kuzatuvchi tekis disk markazida turganidek taassurot qoldiradi. Tepaga qaralsa, osmon gardishi ufqqa örnatilgan qattiq kök gumbazdek tuyuladi. Quronda ham aynan shu taassurot tasvirlangan.

Quronda Alloh osmonu yerni yaratayotganida, avval yerdan boshlagani ochiq aytiladi.

Ayting: "Haqiqatan ham sizlar Yerni ikki kunda yaratgan Zotga kofir bölurmisizlar va özgalarni Unga tenglashtirurmisizlar?! Bu barcha olamlarning Parvardigori-ku?! U zot ustida toğlarni qildi va uni barakotli qildi hamda öshada uning yemishlarini töla tört kunda belgilab-taqsimladi. Söraguvchilar uchundir. Söngra tutun holidagi osmonga yuzlanib, unga va yerga "ixtiyoran yoki majburan kelinglar!" degan edi, ular "Öz ixtiyorimiz bilan keldi," dedilar.
Quron 41:9-41:11

Va

U shunday zotki, siz uchun Yerdagi barcha narsani yaratdi. Söngra samoga yuzlandi-da, ularni yetti osmon qilib tikladi. U hamma narsani bilguvchidir.
Quron 2:29

Shunday qilib islomiy olamning asosini kördik. Yer - tekis disk, osmon esa - ustma-ust yetti qattiq gumbaz. Quyida bularni batafsil körib chiqamiz.

Osmonlar va u yerda yashovchilar

Yerdan qaralganda, eng ichki osmon gumbazi tepaga örlaydi, Quronda bu osmon aslida asosi yer diski bölgan yettita konsentrik gumbazdan iboratligi aytiladi.

U shunday zotki, siz uchun Yerdagi barcha narsani yaratdi. Söngra samoga yuzlandi-da, ularni yetti osmon qilib tikladi. U hamma narsani bilguvchidir.
Quron 2:29
Bas ikki kunda yetti osmonni barpo qildi va har bir osmonga ishi-vazifasini vahiy qildi. Biz quyi osmonni chiroqlar-yulduzlar bilan bezadik va saqladik. Bu qudratli va bilguvchi zotning taqdiri - ölchovidir.
Quron 41:12

Bu yetti osmon qattiq jismlardir; buni bir necha yöl bilan körsatish mumkin. Boshlanishiga shuni aytish mumkin: osmonlar himoyalash (tom kabi) va saqlash uchun tösiq sifatida xizmat qiladi.

Bu tomning himoyalovchi ekani bunga öxshash oyatlarda eslatiladi:

Biz osmonni qulab tushmaydigan tom qilib qöydik. Ular esa alomatlardan yuz ögiruvchidirlar.
Quron 21:32

Ularning qattiq ekanligi esa osmonlarning qulashi va yerda yashovchilarni jarohatlashi mumkinligi bilan tushuntiriladi.

Axir ular oldilaridagi va ortlaridagi narsalarga - osmonu zaminga boqmaydilarmi?! Agar Biz xohlasak, ularni yerga yuttirib yuborurmiz yoki osmonni ustlariga parcha-parcha qilib tushirurmiz. Albatta bunda har bir qaytguvchi banda uchun oyat-ibrat bordir.
Quron 34:9

Hatto osmonlarga narvon qöyib chiqish mumkin.

Agar sizga ularning yuz ögirishlari oğir botib, u holda yerga biron teshik yoki osmonga biron narvon istab, ularga oyat-möjiza keltirishga qodir bölsangiz. Agar Alloh xohlaganda albatta ularni hidoyat ustida birlashtirgan bölur edi-ku! Bas, hargiz johillardan bölmang!
Quron 6:35

Va nihoyat, osmonlar oğir bölib, jismoniy tayanchga ehtiyoj sezadi. Ayrim musulmonlarning iddaolariga qarshi ölaroq, Quron shunday tayanchlar kerakligini tan oladi, biroq ular közga körinmas, deydi.

Alloh osmonlarni sizlar körgudek ustunlarsiz kötarib qöygan, söngra öz arshini egallab, quyosh va oyni Öz amriga böysundirgan zotdir. Ularning har biri muayyan muddatgacha sayr qilaverar. Barcha ishning tadbirini qilur va sizlar Parvardigoringizga röbarö bölishga iymon keltirishingiz uchun Öz oyatlarini mufassal bayon qilur.
Quron 13:2

Mualliflar bu yerda osmonlar qandaydir tayanchga muhtojligi shundoq ham ayon ekanligini qabul qilishmoqda. Lekin ular bu tayanchlarning körinmas ekanligiga urğu berishyapti, ularning yöqligiga emas.

Quronda shuningdek eng tashqi osmon chuqurligi bir-biriga qöshni osmonlar orasidagi masofaga teng dengiz ostida yotishi yoziladi. Allohning "taxti" (arshi) bu suv ustida bölgan.

U sizlarning qaysilaringiz yaxshiroq ish-amal qilib yashashingizni sinash uchun olti kunda osmonlar va yerni yaratgan zotdir. Ilgari U zotning arshi suv ustida. Qasamki, agar siz: "Shak-shubhasiz, ölganingizdan keyin qayta tirilursizlar," desangiz, albatta kofir bölgan kimsalar: "Bu ochiq sehr-jodudan özga narsa emas," deydilar.
Quron 11:7

Lekin Quronda galaktika, kvazar, klaster yoki vakuum haqida biror gap yöq. Shunchaki suv, taxt va Allohning özi.

Har bir osmon haqidagi malumotlarni Muhammadning "tungi sayohati" haqidagi hadislardan (ingl.) topish mumkin. Bu hadislardan qisqacha quyidagilarni keltirish mumkin:

Yetti osmondan har birida köp farishtalar va bir necha boshqa jonzotlar yashaydi. Bu osmonlarga qattiq gumbazlarga örnatilgan eshiklardan kiriladi, har eshik oldida farishta soqchi turadi, har gumbaz-osmonda payğambarlardan biri yashaydi. Masalan, birinchi osmon-gumbazda Muhammad Odam Atoni uchratadi, va (geografiyadan xabari bölmagani uchun) Tigris va Yevfrat daryolari manbalarini topadi. Ikkinchi osmon-gumbazda esa Idrisni uchratadi. Xorun törtinchi, Ibrohim oltinchi, Muso esa yettinchi osmon-gumbazda topiladi.

Osmon jismlari

Eng yaqin osmon ichida yulduzlar va (aftidan) quyosh va oy joylashgan. Yulduzlarning shu eng yaqin osmon ichidaligi Quronda ochiq-oydin yoziladi.

Darhaqiqat Biz eng yaqin osmonni yulduzlar bilan ziynatladik.
Quron 37:6
Bas ikki kunda yetti osmonni barpo qildi va har bir osmonga ishi-vazifasini vahiy qildi. Biz quyi osmonni chiroqlar-yulduzlar bilan bezadik va saqladik. Bu qudratli va bilguvchi zotning taqdiri - ölchovidir.
Quron 41:12

Yulduzlar aslida kattaligi Quyoshdek yoki undan ham katta, hamda uzoqroq jismlar bölishi mumkinligi Quron mualliflari nazaridan chetda qolgan.

Quyosh va Oy

Quyosh va oy haqida nisbatan kam malumot beriladi. Joylashuvi haqida faqat ularning yetti osmonda ekanligi aytiladi.

Alloh yetti osmonni qanday ustma-ust qilib yaratganini va oyni ulardagi nur-yoruğlik qilib, quyoshni esa chiroq qilib qöyganini körmadinglarmi?!
Quron 71:15-71:16

Bu ikki jism (boshqa yulduz va sayyoralar) bilan birgalikda qattiq osmon gumbazlarida chizib qöyilgan yöllarida suzib yuradi.

Kecha va kunduzni, quyosh va oyni yaratgan zotdir. Barchasi öz falak-fazosida suzurlar!
Quron 21:33
Na quyosh uchun oyga yetish mumkin bölur va na kecha kunduzdan özguvchidir. Barchalari falakda suzib yurur.
Quron 36:40

Va kun oxiriga kelib, quyosh (ehtimol oy va yulduzlar ham) yassi yer diskining ğarbiy chekkasidagi suv töla teshiklardan ötadi.

To kun botadigan joyga yetgach u bir loyqa buloqqa botayotganini kördi va u oldida bir qavmni uchratdi. Biz: "Ey Zul-qarnayn, yo azobga duchor qilursan, yoki ularga yaxshi muomalada bölursan," dedik.
Quron 18:86

Yer diski ustida yashovchi odamlar közidan yiroqlashgach, ular töxtab, tunni qarorgohda ötkazadi.

Quyosh öz qarorgohi sari joriy bölur. Bu qudratli va bilguvchi zotning taqdiri - ölchovidir.
Quron 36:38

Tunda quyosh tongda yana odamlar köziga tushish uchun Allohdan ruxsat sörashi kerak (Sahih Bukhari 4:54:421 (ingl.)).

Ruxsat olgach, quyosh yer diskining sharqiy chekkasidan chiqadi. Quyosh chiqishi haqida "loyqa buloq" eslatilmaydi, biroq u yerda ham quyosh botadigan joydagi kabi odamlar yashashi eslatiladi. Qarang: Zul-Qarnayn va Quyosh (ingl.).

To kun chiqishga yetib borgach, uning bir qavmi ustiga chiqayotganini kördiki, Biz u uchun quyoshdan biron parda qilmagan edik.
Quron 18:90


Quyosh yoki Oy tutilishi

Quron tutilish haqida tushunchasi yöqligini namoyon qiladi. Hadislarda Muhammad butun umri davomida faqat bitta Quyosh tutilishini körganini, bu manzara uni qörqitib, taqvosini oshirgani haqida yoziladi. Lekin Quron faqat Oy tutilishi haqida yozadi, u ham qiyomat kuni röy berar emish.

Aslida Quron tutilishlarning iloji yöqligi haqidagi xulosaga olib keladi.

Na quyosh uchun oyga yetish mumkin bölur va na kecha kunduzdan özguvchidir. Barchalari falakda suzib yurur.
Quron 36:40

Quyosh tutilishi uchun Quyosh va Oy (Yerdan qaralganda) bir-biriga "yetib olishi" kerak. Biroq tutilish vaqtida oy körinmaganligi sabab, Quron mualliflari bunga etibor qaratishmagan.

But then, when discussing the end of time the Qur'an assumes that a lunar eclipse (which can only occur when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth) can occur at the same time the sun and moon finally do “catch up” to each other.

Balki inson oldinda fisq-fujur qilmoqni istab:
"Qiyomat kuni qachon özi?" deb sörar?!
Bas, köz qamashib,
oy ham tutilgan holda
quyosh va oy birlashtirilgan vaqtda
– ana ösha Kunda u inson "qayerga qochib-qutulish mumkin?" deb qolur!
Quron 75:5-75:10

Quyosh va Oyning "birlashtirilgani" haqidagi oyatlardan nafaqat bu jismlarning bir-biriga "yetib olishi" faqat qiyomat kunida bölishi, balki Quron mualliflarining Quyosh va Oy kattaligi bir xil, deb öylashganidan ham xabar beradi. Aslida ularning hajmi teng emas, bu ularning Yergacha masofalari har xil ekanligidan kelib chiqqan illuziyadir.

Kecha va kunduz

Quron mualliflari Quyosh va Oy tutilishlarni faqatgina boshdan kechirmay, aslida ularga sababchiligini bilishmaganidek, kecha va kunduz almashinishiga ham Quyosh va Yerning öz öqi atrofida aylanishi sababchiligini bilishmagan. Quronda kecha shunchaki kunduzning yöqligi emas. Kecha va kunduz Alloh yaratgan maxsus mohiyat, vujud bölib, ular osmon jismlaridan mustaqil ravishda bir-biri bilan özaro hayot kechiradi.

Kechani kunduzga kiritursan va kunduzni kechaga kiritursan, ölikdan tirikni chiqarursan va tirikdan ölikni chiqarursan hamda istagan kishingga behisob rizq berursan.
Quron 3:27
Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day,- there are indeed Signs for men of understanding.
Quron 3:190
He draweth the night as a veil o'er the Day. Behold, verily in these things there are signs for those who consider!
Quron 13:3
That is because Allah merges night into day, and He merges day into night, and verily it is Allah Who hears and sees (all things).
Quron 22:61

Day and night are clearly entities independent from the sun, moon or any other celestial objects. Even when considered in the same verse, night and day are independent of the sun, with no recognition that the sun causes either of them.

Your Guardian-Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth in six days, and is firmly established on the throne (of authority): He draweth the night as a veil o'er the day, each seeking the other in rapid succession: He created the sun, the moon, and the stars, (all) governed by laws under His command. Is it not His to create and to govern? Blessed be Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds!
Quron 7:54
And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.
Quron 14:33
It is He Who created the Night and the Day, and the sun and the moon: all (the celestial bodies) swim along, each in its rounded course.
Quron 21:33
’Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night; that He has subjected the sun, and the moon (to his Law), each running its course for a term appointed; and that Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do?
Quron 31:29
He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again?
Quron 39:5

So, if the sun does not cause day and night, what is its purpose other than merely being the brighter of the two major celestial lamps?

Well, it turns out that the purpose of these objects is primarily time and calendar keeping.

He it is that cleaveth the day-break (from the dark): He makes the night for rest and tranquillity, and the sun and moon for the reckoning (of time): Such is the judgment and ordering of (Him), the Exalted in Power, the Omniscient.
Quron 6:96
It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who understand.
Quron 10:5

Qarang

Tarjimalar

  • Bu sahifa shuningdek bu tillarda ham mavjud: inglizcha. Boshqa tillar uchun chapdagi panelga qarang.
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