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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi (view source)

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Final short vowels also cause the same effect:  
Final short vowels also cause the same effect:  


al-madrasatu jadīdah.  
المدرسة جديدة al-madrasatu jadīdah.  
(The school is new).
(The school is new).
   
   
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In the following example, the word jadīdah is not at the end of a sentence so it received a final short vowel which turned the feminine ‘ah’ into ‘at’:  
In the following example, the word jadīdah is not at the end of a sentence so it received a final short vowel which turned the feminine ‘ah’ into ‘at’:  


al-madrasatu l-jadīdatu kabīrah.  
المدرسة الجديدة كبيرة al-madrasatu l-jadīdatu kabīrah.  
(The new school is big)  
(The new school is big)  


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This final pronoun has four possible forms: hū, hu, hī or hi. But in pausal positions, this pronoun becomes a mere h.
This final pronoun has four possible forms: hū, hu, hī or hi. But in pausal positions, this pronoun becomes a mere h.
For example:
For example:  
 
كتابه جديد
Kitābuhū jadīd.
Kitābuhū jadīd.
His book is new.
(His book is new).  
 
Kitābuhū (his book) has the final pronoun (his) as hū.  
Kitābuhū (his book) has the final pronoun (his) as hū.  
But in a pausal position, this pronoun loses its vowel and becomes a mere ‘h’:
But in a pausal position, this pronoun loses its vowel and becomes a mere ‘h’:  
 
هذا كتابه
هذا كتابه
Hādhā kitābuh.
Hādhā kitābuh.
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==Pausal positions in the Quran==
==Pausal positions in the Quran==
Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīdتجويد ), as set out by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pausal position except when the reciters runs out of air and needs to take a breath. To aid the reciter with this, modern prints of the Quran include signs that show where it’s possible to pause in the middle of a verse. The position of such a sign in a verse is determined based on the meaning and the grammar of the verse.  
Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīd تجويد ), as set out by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pausal position except when the reciters runs out of air and needs to take a breath. To aid the reciter with this, modern prints of the Quran include signs that show where it’s possible to pause in the middle of a verse. The position of such a sign in a verse is determined based on the meaning and the grammar of the verse.  
For example, the following verse has four mid-verse pausal signs. You can notice that the pausal positions fit the meaning and context:
For example, the following verse has four mid-verse pausal signs. You can notice that the pausal positions fit the meaning and context:
Q3:20  
Q3:20  
So if they argue with you, say, "I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me." (Pausal position) And say to those who were given the Scripture and [to] the unlearned, "Have you submitted yourselves?" (Pausal position) And if they submit [in Islam], they are rightly guided;(Pausal position) but if they turn away - then upon you is only the [duty of] notification. (Pausal position) And Allah is Seeing of [His] servants.
So if they argue with you, say, "I have submitted myself to Allah [in Islam], and [so have] those who follow me." (Pausal position) And say to those who were given the Scripture and [to] the unlearned, "Have you submitted yourselves?" (Pausal position) And if they submit [in Islam], they are rightly guided;(Pausal position) but if they turn away - then upon you is only the [duty of] notification. (Pausal position) And Allah is Seeing of [His] servants.


==The pausal form as a spelling rule==
==The pausal form as a spelling rule==
There’s a mismatch between Arabic spelling and classical Arabic pronunciation. For example:  
There’s a mismatch between Arabic spelling and classical Arabic pronunciation. For example:
 
المدرسة جديدة
al-madrasatu jadīdah (The school is new)
al-madrasatu jadīdah (The school is new)
المدرسةُ جديدةُ
 
In Arabic, this sentence is spelled as if it were pronounced as al-Madrasah jadīdah. Meaning that the feminine ending of the word “madrasah” is written as an ‘h’ and not a ‘t’. If it was spelled with a ‘t’ then the sentence would be spelled like this:
In Arabic, this sentence is spelled as if it were pronounced as al-Madrasah jadīdah. Meaning that the feminine ending of the word “madrasah” is written as an ‘h’ and not a ‘t’. If it was spelled with a ‘t’ then the sentence would be spelled like this:
المدرست جديدة
المدرست جديدة


Another example:
Other examples:  
kitābuhū jadīd. (His book is new)
 
كتابه جديد
كتابه جديد
It’s spelled as it if were pronounced as Kitābuh jadīd. The final long ‘u’ vowel after the ‘h’ isn’t spelled. If it was, then the sentence would look like this:
kitābuhū jadīd. (His book is new)  
 
The two words are spelled as if they were pronounced as Kitābuh jadīd. The final long ‘u’ vowel after the ‘h’ isn’t spelled. If it was, then the sentence would look like this:
كتابهو جديد  
كتابهو جديد  
   
   
hādhā kitābun jadīd (this is a new book)
هذا كتاب جديد hādhā kitābun jadīd (this is a new book)
هذا كتاب جديد
 
The word Kitābun is spelled as if it were pronounced as kitāb. The final short ‘u’ vowel cannot be spelled as Arabic doesn’t write short vowels. But the final ‘n’ can be written, yet nunation is never written in Arabic. If it was, then the sentence would look like this:
The word Kitābun is spelled as if it were pronounced as kitāb. The final short ‘u’ vowel cannot be spelled as Arabic doesn’t write short vowels. But the final ‘n’ can be written, yet nunation is never written in Arabic. If it was, then the sentence would look like this:
هذا كتابن جديد
هذا كتابن جديد


The final example for the mismatch between Arabic spelling and classical Arabic pronunciation is:
The final example for the mismatch between Arabic spelling and classical Arabic pronunciation is:  
qaraʾtu kitāban jadīdā. (I have read a new book)
 
قرأت كتابا جديدا
قرأت كتابا جديدا
qaraʾtu kitāban jadīdā. (I have read a new book)  
 
The word kitāban is spelled as if it were pronounced as kitābā. The “an” marker for the indefinite accusative is spelled as a long ‘a’ vowel (ā).  
The word kitāban is spelled as if it were pronounced as kitābā. The “an” marker for the indefinite accusative is spelled as a long ‘a’ vowel (ā).  


Arab grammarians tried to explain the mismatch between spelling and classical pronunciation by saying that every Arabic word is spelled as if the word was the first to be uttered and the last to be uttered. (rasm al-miṣḥaf by Ghanim Qadduri, p.67). This rule explains why the alef of the definite article is always spelled although it’s only pronounced when it’s in the beginning of utterance. It also explains all the previous mismatch examples:
Arab grammarians tried to explain the mismatch between spelling and classical Arabic pronunciation by saying that every Arabic word is spelled as if the word was the first to be uttered and the last to be uttered.<ref>rasm al-miṣḥaf by Ghanim Qadduri, p.67</ref> This rule explains why the alef of the definite article is always spelled although it’s only pronounced when it’s in the beginning of utterance. It also explains all the previous mismatch examples:
al-madrasatu jadīdah (The school is new)
al-madrasatu jadīdah (The school is new)
المدرسة جديدة
المدرسة جديدة
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