Olamning Qurondagi manzarasi: Difference between revisions
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{{Quote|{{Quron|72|8}}|Albatta bizlar osmonga taqilgan edik, uning kuchli qöriqchilar va yulduzlar bilan töla ekanligini kördik.}} | {{Quote|{{Quron|72|8}}|Albatta bizlar osmonga taqilgan edik, uning kuchli qöriqchilar va yulduzlar bilan töla ekanligini kördik.}} | ||
===Yer va unda yashovchilar=== | |||
The authors of the Qur'an felt a lesser need to describe the nature of the earth than the heavens, since much of the earth’s nature was obvious to the people that lived upon it. There was simply much less to explain. But the descriptions that do exist provide us with unassailable conclusions. | |||
First and foremost, the earth is flat. Repeatedly, the authors of the Qur'an use the same word to describe the “spreading out” of the earth that Arabs used to discuss the spreading out of a “carpet,” a usage that translators often make use of. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|15|19}}|And the earth We have spread out (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|20|53}}|"He Who has, made for you the earth like a carpet spread out; has enabled you to go about therein by roads (and channels); and has sent down water from the sky." With it have We produced diverse pairs of plants each separate from the others.}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|43|10}}|(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out, and has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance (on the way);}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|50|7}}|And the earth- We have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs)-}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|51|48}}|And We have spread out the (spacious) earth: How excellently We do spread out!}} | |||
In fact, at one point the Qur'an even emphasizes how much flatter the earth would be were it not for the mountains that disrupt the view. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|18|47}}|One Day We shall remove the mountains, and thou wilt see the earth as a level stretch, and We shall gather them, all together, nor shall We leave out any one of them.}} | |||
And in the same way one would stake down a tent or a carpet to keep it from shifting or blowing away, the mountains are described as serving [[The Qur'an and Mountains|this same purpose]]. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|16|15}}|And He has set up on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and rivers and roads; that ye may guide yourselves;}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|78|7}}|And the mountains as pegs?}} | |||
Perhaps the one unclear facet of Islamic cosmology is the fact that the Qur'an mentions without explanation that there are (like the heavens), [[Earth Made of Seven Layers|seven earths]]: | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|65|12}}|Allah is He Who created seven Firmaments and of the earth a similar number. Through the midst of them (all) descends His Command: that ye may know that Allah has power over all things, and that Allah comprehends, all things in (His) Knowledge.}} | |||
The seven concentric domes of the heavens are fairly straightforward. The seven different earths are a bit more difficult to picture. One hint is given by the Qur'ans mention that in the same way “things” can “come down from” or “mount up to” the heavens, there are also things that can “come forth out of” or “enter within” the earth. | |||
{{Quote|{{Quron|57|4}}|He it is Who created the heavens and the earth in Six Days, and is moreover firmly established on the Throne (of Authority). He knows what enters within the earth and what comes forth out of it, what comes down from heaven and what mounts up to it. And He is with you wheresoever ye may be. And Allah sees well all that ye do.}} | |||
This leads to the conclusion that the seven earths are stacked one atop the other, similar to a stack of coins. This conclusion would certainly help us solve the one great remaining cosmological puzzle. | |||
==Qarang== | ==Qarang== | ||
Revision as of 06:58, 16 October 2013
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Ushbu maqolada Quronda olam qanday tushuntirilgani yoritiladi.
Kirish
Fizik olamning Qurondagi manzarasi qadimgi Yaqin Sharq va unga qöshni mintaqalar - yunon va rumliklarning borliq haqidagi bilim va tushunchalaridan kam bölsa kam-ki, ortiq emas. U paytga kelib ayrim madaniyatlar Yer sayyorasi sharsimon ekanligini tushunib yetgan bölsa, Quronda Yer tekis deyiladi.
Bazi fikrlarga binoan qadimgi diniy manbalarni sözma-söz qabul qilish shart emas, ayrim qismlarini köchma manoda tushunish mumkin. Biroq musulmonlarning aksariyati bunday fikrlamay, Quronni xudoning aynan sözi, deb ishonishadi. Bu maqolada esa Quronni xudodan kelgan, deb emas, balki Muhammadning sözlari, deb qabul qilinadi va Muhammadning olam haqidagi tushunchasi körsatiladi.
Quron kosmologiyasi
Osmonlar va Yer
Quron kosmologiyasi haqida yozishni islomiy olamning nihoyatda kichkina va sodda ekanligini eslatishdan boshlash lozim. Quronga binoan olam atigi ikki qism: yer va uning ustidagi osmonlardan iborat.
Islomda zamonaviy odamlar biladigan boshqa astronomik qamrovlar yöq. Quronda yulduz tizimlari, galaktikalar, vakuum degan narsalar haqida yozilmagan. Yerning koinotdagi bazi boshqa jismlar kabi sayyora, Quyoshning esa boshqa yulduzlar kabi bir yulduz ekani haqida hech nima deyilmaydi. Quron kosmologiyasi asosan qurollanmagan köz bilan körinadigan osmon jismlari bilan chegaralangan; qadimgilar köra olmagan jismlarni tasvirlashda esa qattiq yanglishadi.
Yaratilish zamirida "osmonlar va yer" yotishi Quronda takror va takror eslatiladi, bu ikki narsaning "ajratilishi" esa Allohning butun olamni qanday yaratganini körsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
Bu ikki joyning favquloddaligiga takroran urğu beriladi. Bu ikki joydan boshqa joy eslatilmaydi. Quron mualliflari Allohning hamma narsadan boxabarligini bildirish uchun "yeru osmon" iborasini ishlatib, göyoki butun olam shulardangina iborat ekaniga ishora qilishadi.
"Osmonlar va yer" shuningdek ichida butun olamni saqlaydigan "idish" kabi tasvirlanadi. Hamma narsa osmon va yer orasida joylashgan.
Ajablanarli emas-ki, ushbu "osmon va yer orasidagi" fazo yerda turgan odamning (har doim ham töğri emas) nuqtai nazaridan tushuntirilgan. Atrofga qaraganda, Yer tekis körinadi, ufq esa kuzatuvchi tekis disk markazida turganidek taassurot qoldiradi. Tepaga qaralsa, osmon gardishi ufqqa örnatilgan qattiq kök gumbazdek tuyuladi. Quronda ham aynan shu taassurot tasvirlangan.
Quronda Alloh osmonu yerni yaratayotganida, avval yerdan boshlagani ochiq aytiladi.
Va
Shunday qilib islomiy olamning asosini kördik. Yer - tekis disk, osmon esa - ustma-ust yetti qattiq gumbaz. Quyida bularni batafsil körib chiqamiz.
Osmonlar va u yerda yashovchilar
Yerdan qaralganda, eng ichki osmon gumbazi tepaga örlaydi, Quronda bu osmon aslida asosi yer diski bölgan yettita konsentrik gumbazdan iboratligi aytiladi.
Bu yetti osmon qattiq jismlardir; buni bir necha yöl bilan körsatish mumkin. Boshlanishiga shuni aytish mumkin: osmonlar himoyalash (tom kabi) va saqlash uchun tösiq sifatida xizmat qiladi.
Bu tomning himoyalovchi ekani bunga öxshash oyatlarda eslatiladi:
Ularning qattiq ekanligi esa osmonlarning qulashi va yerda yashovchilarni jarohatlashi mumkinligi bilan tushuntiriladi.
Hatto osmonlarga narvon qöyib chiqish mumkin.
Va nihoyat, osmonlar oğir bölib, jismoniy tayanchga ehtiyoj sezadi. Ayrim musulmonlarning iddaolariga qarshi ölaroq, Quron shunday tayanchlar kerakligini tan oladi, biroq ular közga körinmas, deydi.
Mualliflar bu yerda osmonlar qandaydir tayanchga muhtojligi shundoq ham ayon ekanligini qabul qilishmoqda. Lekin ular bu tayanchlarning körinmas ekanligiga urğu berishyapti, ularning yöqligiga emas.
Quronda shuningdek eng tashqi osmon chuqurligi bir-biriga qöshni osmonlar orasidagi masofaga teng dengiz ostida yotishi yoziladi. Allohning "taxti" (arshi) bu suv ustida bölgan.
Lekin Quronda galaktika, kvazar, klaster yoki vakuum haqida biror gap yöq. Shunchaki suv, taxt va Allohning özi.
Har bir osmon haqidagi malumotlarni Muhammadning "tungi sayohati" haqidagi hadislardan (ingl.) topish mumkin. Bu hadislardan qisqacha quyidagilarni keltirish mumkin:
Yetti osmondan har birida köp farishtalar va bir necha boshqa jonzotlar yashaydi. Bu osmonlarga qattiq gumbazlarga örnatilgan eshiklardan kiriladi, har eshik oldida farishta soqchi turadi, har gumbaz-osmonda payğambarlardan biri yashaydi. Masalan, birinchi osmon-gumbazda Muhammad Odam Atoni uchratadi, va (geografiyadan xabari bölmagani uchun) Tigris va Yevfrat daryolari manbalarini topadi. Ikkinchi osmon-gumbazda esa Idrisni uchratadi. Xorun törtinchi, Ibrohim oltinchi, Muso esa yettinchi osmon-gumbazda topiladi.
Osmon jismlari
Eng yaqin osmon ichida yulduzlar va (aftidan) quyosh va oy joylashgan. Yulduzlarning shu eng yaqin osmon ichidaligi Quronda ochiq-oydin yoziladi.
Yulduzlar aslida kattaligi Quyoshdek yoki undan ham katta, hamda uzoqroq jismlar bölishi mumkinligi Quron mualliflari nazaridan chetda qolgan.
Quyosh va Oy
Quyosh va oy haqida nisbatan kam malumot beriladi. Joylashuvi haqida faqat ularning yetti osmonda ekanligi aytiladi.
Bu ikki jism (boshqa yulduz va sayyoralar) bilan birgalikda qattiq osmon gumbazlarida chizib qöyilgan yöllarida suzib yuradi.
Va kun oxiriga kelib, quyosh (ehtimol oy va yulduzlar ham) yassi yer diskining ğarbiy chekkasidagi suv töla teshiklardan ötadi.
Yer diski ustida yashovchi odamlar közidan yiroqlashgach, ular töxtab, tunni qarorgohda ötkazadi.
Tunda quyosh tongda yana odamlar köziga tushish uchun Allohdan ruxsat sörashi kerak (Sahih Bukhari 4:54:421 (ingl.)).
Ruxsat olgach, quyosh yer diskining sharqiy chekkasidan chiqadi. Quyosh chiqishi haqida "loyqa buloq" eslatilmaydi, biroq u yerda ham quyosh botadigan joydagi kabi odamlar yashashi eslatiladi. Qarang: Zul-Qarnayn va Quyosh (ingl.).
Quyosh yoki Oy tutilishi
Quron tutilish haqida tushunchasi yöqligini namoyon qiladi. Hadislarda Muhammad butun umri davomida faqat bitta Quyosh tutilishini körganini, bu manzara uni qörqitib, taqvosini oshirgani haqida yoziladi. Lekin Quron faqat Oy tutilishi haqida yozadi, u ham qiyomat kuni röy berar emish.
Aslida Quron tutilishlarning iloji yöqligi haqidagi xulosaga olib keladi.
Quyosh tutilishi uchun Quyosh va Oy (Yerdan qaralganda) bir-biriga "yetib olishi" kerak. Biroq tutilish vaqtida oy körinmaganligi sabab, Quron mualliflari bunga etibor qaratishmagan.
But then, when discussing the end of time the Qur'an assumes that a lunar eclipse (which can only occur when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth) can occur at the same time the sun and moon finally do “catch up” to each other.
"Qiyomat kuni qachon özi?" deb sörar?!
Bas, köz qamashib,
oy ham tutilgan holda
quyosh va oy birlashtirilgan vaqtda
– ana ösha Kunda u inson "qayerga qochib-qutulish mumkin?" deb qolur!
Quyosh va Oyning "birlashtirilgani" haqidagi oyatlardan nafaqat bu jismlarning bir-biriga "yetib olishi" faqat qiyomat kunida bölishi, balki Quron mualliflarining Quyosh va Oy kattaligi bir xil, deb öylashganidan ham xabar beradi. Aslida ularning hajmi teng emas, bu ularning Yergacha masofalari har xil ekanligidan kelib chiqqan illuziyadir.
Kecha va kunduz
Quron mualliflari Quyosh va Oy tutilishlarni faqatgina boshdan kechirmay, aslida ularga sababchiligini bilishmaganidek, kecha va kunduz almashinishiga ham Quyosh va Yerning öz öqi atrofida aylanishi sababchiligini bilishmagan. Quronda kecha shunchaki kunduzning yöqligi emas. Kecha va kunduz Alloh yaratgan maxsus mohiyat, vujud bölib, ular osmon jismlaridan mustaqil ravishda özaro hayot kechiradi.
Kunduz va kecha Quyosh, Oy yoki boshqa biror osmon jismidan mustaqil xilqatligi ayon qilinadi. Bir oyatda birga eslatilishiga qaramay, kecha va kunduz Quyoshdan mustaqil körsatilib, bularga aslida Quyosh sababchiligi etiborga olinmaydi.
Shunday qilib Quyosh kunduz va kechaga sababchi emas ekan, uning ikki asosiy osmon chiroğidan biri bölishidan boshqa yana qanday vazifasi bor?
Malum bölishicha, bu jismlarning vazifasi vaqt va taqvimni belgilash ekan.
Yulduzlar, sayyoralar va meteorlar
Quron tarjimalaridan uning mualliflari yulduz va sayyoralarni bir-biridan farqlay olgani yoki olmagani aniq emas, chunki bir söz ham unday, ham bunday tarjima qilingan. Lekin qadimda odamlar sayyoralarni yulduzlardan farqlashganini (sayyoralar harakati sezilarli) nazarda tutib, ilk musulmonlar ham ularning farqiga borishgan, deb taxmin qilamiz.
Biroq yulduzlarning yaqin joylashgan kichkina jismlar ekani haqidagi xato ishonch nafaqat ularning eng ichki gumbazda joylashgani haqidagi tasavvurda namoyon böladi. Boshqa qadimgi odamlar kabi, Quron mualliflari ham meteorlarni "qulayotgan yulduzlar" deb öylashgan. Ustiga ustak, arablarning harbiy fikrlashiga binoan, ular maqsadsiz qulamaydi. Ularning shayton va jinlarga qarshi qurol ekanligi aytiladi.
Bu osmonlarni himoyalash vositasi ekan.
Yer va unda yashovchilar
The authors of the Qur'an felt a lesser need to describe the nature of the earth than the heavens, since much of the earth’s nature was obvious to the people that lived upon it. There was simply much less to explain. But the descriptions that do exist provide us with unassailable conclusions.
First and foremost, the earth is flat. Repeatedly, the authors of the Qur'an use the same word to describe the “spreading out” of the earth that Arabs used to discuss the spreading out of a “carpet,” a usage that translators often make use of.
In fact, at one point the Qur'an even emphasizes how much flatter the earth would be were it not for the mountains that disrupt the view.
And in the same way one would stake down a tent or a carpet to keep it from shifting or blowing away, the mountains are described as serving this same purpose.
Perhaps the one unclear facet of Islamic cosmology is the fact that the Qur'an mentions without explanation that there are (like the heavens), seven earths:
The seven concentric domes of the heavens are fairly straightforward. The seven different earths are a bit more difficult to picture. One hint is given by the Qur'ans mention that in the same way “things” can “come down from” or “mount up to” the heavens, there are also things that can “come forth out of” or “enter within” the earth.
This leads to the conclusion that the seven earths are stacked one atop the other, similar to a stack of coins. This conclusion would certainly help us solve the one great remaining cosmological puzzle.
Qarang
Tarjimalar
- Bu sahifa shuningdek bu tillarda ham mavjud: inglizcha. Boshqa tillar uchun chapdagi panelga qarang.