Khadijah bint Khuwaylid: Difference between revisions

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 ==Islam==
-[[File:Mount Hira Cave.jpg|right|thumb|This cave in Mount Hira is widely believed to be the same cave where Muhammad first encountered Jibreel. It is now a popular tourist destination for Muslim pilgrims.|200px]]
+[[File:Mount Hira Cave.jpg|right|thumb|Questa caverna sul monte Hira è largamente creduta la stessa caverna dove Maometto incontrò per la prima volta l'angelo Gabriele. Oggi è una meta turistica per i pellegrini musulmani.|200px]]
-Muhammad took to meditating in caves, often leaving his family for days at a time to focus on his devotions.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 105.</ref> In August 610, when he was 39 years old, these meditations were interrupted by an experience that terrified him.<ref>It could have been an epileptic fit, a psychotic episode or an ordinary nightmare. Since he was alone, there is no way to know.</ref> He staggered home to Khadijah under the conviction that he had seen the angel Jibreel (Gabriel) and that he was demon-possessed.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106.</ref> Khadijah wrapped him in a blanket and consoled him. She did not believe that Muhammad could be possessed. “Allah would not treat you thus since he knows your good character. So rejoice and be glad! I have hope that you will be the prophet of this community.” Then she put on her cloak and took Muhammad to consult her cousin Waraqa.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106-107. {{Tabari|6|p. 72}}.</ref>
+Maometto iniziò a meditare nelle caverne, lasciando spesso la sua famiglia per giorni di fila per concentrarsi sulle sue devozioni.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 105.</ref> Nell'agosto del 610, all'età di 39 anni, queste meditazioni furono interrotte da un'esperienza che lo terrificò.<ref>It could have been an epileptic fit, a psychotic episode or an ordinary nightmare. Since he was alone, there is no way to know.</ref> Barcollò a casa da Khadijah nella convinzione di aver visto l'angelo Gabriele e di essere posseduto da un demone.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106.</ref> Khadijah lo coprì con una coperta e lo consolò. Non credeva che Maometto potesse essere posseduto. "Allah non ti tratterebbe così perché conosce il tuo buon carattere. Quindi sii felice e contento! Ho speranza che tu sarai il profeta di questa comunità." Dopo lei indossò il mantello e portò Maometto dal di lei cugino Waraqa per consultarsi.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106-107. {{Tabari|6|p. 72}}.</ref>
-Waraqa was a blind old man who had converted to Christianity and had studied an Arabic translation of the Gospels.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 99; {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> According to Muhammad, Waraqa declared: “Holy, holy! This was the great ''Namus'' [law] that came to Moses. You are the prophet of these people. Should I live till you receive the Divine Message, I will support you strongly.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|4|55|605}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=55&number=597]. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=87&translator=1&start=0&number=0]. {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> If Waraqa really said this, he did not keep his promise. Although he lived for at least another three years,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144,</ref> people afterwards had to ask whether he had even been a Muslim,<ref name="Tir4623">"''Aisha narrated. Someone asked Allah’s Messenger about Waraqa. So Khadijah told him, “He believed in you, but died before you appeared as a prophet.” Allah’s Messenger then said, “I was shown him in a dream, wearing white clothes, and if he had been one of the inhabitants of Hell he would have been wearing different clothing.''” - [http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page7.html/ Tirmidhi 4623.]</ref> meaning that Waraqa never made a public profession of Islam. Nobody except Muhammad and Khadijah ever heard him endorse Muhammad as a prophet. Muhammad even admitted to Aisha that he had required prompting from Khadijah before he could answer this straightforward question.<ref name="Tir4623"></ref>
+Waraqa era un vecchio cieco che si era convertito al cristianesimo e aveva studiato la traduzione araba dei vangeli.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 99; {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> Secondo Maometto, Waraqa disse: "Sacro, sacro! Queeta è stata la grande ''Namus'' [legge] che venne a Mosè. Sei il profeta di questa gente. Dovrei vivere finché ricevi il messaggio divino, ti supporterò fortemente."<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|4|55|605}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=55&number=597]. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=87&translator=1&start=0&number=0]. {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> Se Waraqa disse così, allora non mantenne la sua promessa. Sebbene visse per altri 3 anni,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144,</ref> la gente dopo la sua morte si chiedeva se fosse mai stato un musulmano,<ref name="Tir4623">"''Aisha narrated. Someone asked Allah’s Messenger about Waraqa. So Khadijah told him, “He believed in you, but died before you appeared as a prophet.” Allah’s Messenger then said, “I was shown him in a dream, wearing white clothes, and if he had been one of the inhabitants of Hell he would have been wearing different clothing.''” - [http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page7.html/ Tirmidhi 4623.]</ref>
+il che indica che Waraqa non si disse mai musulmano né affermò mai l'islam in pubblico. Nessuno a parte Maometto e Khadijah sentirono mai Waraqa dire che Maometto era un profeta. Maometto ammise addirittura ad Aisha che Waraqa fu suggerito da Khadijah nel dare questa risposta.<ref name="Tir4623"></ref>
-It was not Waraqa whose confidence moved Muhammad to discard his terrors and believe in his own mission, but Khadijah herself.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112.</ref> Within hours of deducing that her husband was a prophet, she secured the conversion of her next-door neighbour.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}.</ref> When he next announced that Jibreel was in the room, Khadijah tested the visitor (whom she could not see) by standing in his supposed line of vision, stripping off her gown and enticing Muhammad to have sex with her. Muhammad then reported that Jibreel had departed, and Khadijah declared that Jibreel’s modesty was a certain sign that he was an angel and not a demon.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}. The sanitised version of this story, in which Khadijah merely removes her veil, is unlikely to be the correct one, as Khadijah died long before the veil was mandated. The mere removal of a veil would not have shocked anyone at that early date – assuming that a lady sitting indoors was even wearing one.</ref>
+Non fu Waraqa a far credere a Maometto di essere un profeta, ma Khadijah.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112.</ref> Già poche ore dopo aver dedotto che suo marito era un profeta, si assicurò che il suo vicino di casa si convertisse.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}.</ref> Quando dopo annunciò che l'angelo Gabriele era nella stanza, Khadijah volle mettere alla prova l'angelo Gabriele (che lei non poteva vedere) stando in piedi davanti al raggio visivo immaginario dell'angelo Gabriele, si tolse la vestaglia e chiese a Maometto di fare sesso con lei. Maometto dopo riporterà che Gabriele se ne era andato, e Khadijah dichiarò che la modestà di Gabriele era un segno certo che era un angelo e non un demone.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}. The sanitised version of this story, in which Khadijah merely removes her veil, is unlikely to be the correct one, as Khadijah died long before the veil was mandated. The mere removal of a veil would not have shocked anyone at that early date – assuming that a lady sitting indoors was even wearing one.</ref>
-Soon after this, Muhammad reported that Jibreel had stopped visiting him. Despite his initial terror of his strange experiences, he was now distraught by their absence.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111.</ref> Several times he became so depressed that he considered committing suicide by throwing himself off a cliff. Although he returned home from each attempt saying that Jibreel had reappeared in time to prevent him,<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 76}}. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}}.</ref> the angel did not remain long enough to give him any new prophecies. Eventually Khadijah taunted him: “I think that your Lord must have come to hate you!”<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 70}}.</ref> This goading, the only recorded incident in which her sympathy for her husband failed, suggests a profound disappointment with the possibility that Muhammad might not be a prophet after all. It was very soon afterwards that Muhammad reported a new prophecy: “Thy Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor doth He hate thee...”<ref>{{Quran|93|3}}.</ref>
+Poco dopo, Maometto disse che Gabriele aveva smesso di fargli visita. Dopo l'iniziale terrore per le sue strane esperienze, adesso era distrutto dalla loro assenza.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111.</ref> Per molti anni divenne così depresso che considerò di suicidarsi gettandosi da un precipizio. Anche se tornava da ogni tentativo dicendo che Gabriele gli era riapparso in tempo per fermarlo,<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 76}}. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}}.</ref> l'angelo però non era rimasto abbastanza per dargli altre nuove profezie. Alla fine Khadijah lo derise: "Credo che il tuo Signore deve odiarti!"<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 70}}.</ref> Questo pungolare, l'unica volta in cui Khadijah non appoggiò suo marito, suggerisce una profonda delusione dalla possibilità che Maometto forse non era un profeta dopotutto. Poco dopo difatti Maometto riportò una nuova profezia: "Il tuo dio non ti ha abbandonato, né ti odia..."<ref>{{Quran|93|3}}.</ref>
-Muhammad never again mentioned being afraid of the angel. Thenceforth he reported regular visits from Jibreel, who brought new revelations from Allah.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|6|60|478}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 111-112.</ref> One of the earliest messages concerned the correct ritual for the five daily prayers. After this Muhammad was often to be seen in full public view, first abluting then standing face to the Ka’aba to pray, with Ali at his side and Khadijah a pace behind them.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112-114. Bewley/Saad 8:11.</ref> Khadijah accepted from the beginning that a woman’s place in Islam was behind the men. Their four daughters and Zayd were also among the earliest converts.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-115, 313-314.</ref> After the conversion of Abu Bakr, of course, there was no turning back.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-117.</ref>
+Maometto non disse mai più d'essere spaventato dall'angelo. Da allora in poi riportò visite regolari di Gabriele, che portò nuove rivelazioni da Allah.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|6|60|478}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 111-112.</ref> Uno dei primi messaggi riguardava il rituale corretto per le cinque preghiere giornaliere. Dopo di ciò Maometto era spesso visto in pubblico, lavandosi la faccia guardando la Kaba per pregare, con Ali al suo fianco e Khadijah un passo dietro di loro.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112-114. Bewley/Saad 8:11.</ref> Khadijah accettò fin dall'inizio che il posto di una donna nell'islam era dietro all'uomo. Anche le loro 4 figlie e Zayd furono tra i primi convertiti.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-115, 313-314.</ref> After the conversion of Abu Bakr, of course, there was no turning back.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-117.</ref>
 ==The Persecution==