WikiIslam

Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Jak islámští vynálezci nezměnili svět (view source)

Revision as of 15:48, 4 March 2016

32 bytes added ,  4 March 2016
no edit summary
[checked revision][checked revision]
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 79: Line 79:
Piston technology was also used by Hero of Alexandria in the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD with the creation of the worlds first steam-powered engine—the aeolipile, more than a thousand years before al-Jazari. (please refer to [[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 4: Flying]] for further details.) In his works "Pneumatica" and "Automata" he also described over a hundred machines and automata, including mechanical singing birds, puppets, a fire engine, a wind organ (please refer to [[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 11: The windmill]] for further details), and a coin-operated machine, so if anyone deserves the title given to al-Jazari by Paul Vallely as the "father of robotics" it's Hero of Alexandria. It must also be noted that Hero's works "Mechanica" (in three books) survive only in their Arabic translations, so the Muslims had access to all this pre-Islamic genius,<ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263417/Heron-of-Alexandria#ref=ref218225|2=2011-02-07}} Science & Technology: Heron of Alexandria]", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> yet writing a factually accurate article on Islamic achievements seems to have proved too much for some.
Piston technology was also used by Hero of Alexandria in the 1<sup>st</sup> century AD with the creation of the worlds first steam-powered engine—the aeolipile, more than a thousand years before al-Jazari. (please refer to [[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 4: Flying]] for further details.) In his works "Pneumatica" and "Automata" he also described over a hundred machines and automata, including mechanical singing birds, puppets, a fire engine, a wind organ (please refer to [[20 Islamic Inventions#Flying|Invention 11: The windmill]] for further details), and a coin-operated machine, so if anyone deserves the title given to al-Jazari by Paul Vallely as the "father of robotics" it's Hero of Alexandria. It must also be noted that Hero's works "Mechanica" (in three books) survive only in their Arabic translations, so the Muslims had access to all this pre-Islamic genius,<ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263417/Heron-of-Alexandria#ref=ref218225|2=2011-02-07}} Science & Technology: Heron of Alexandria]", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> yet writing a factually accurate article on Islamic achievements seems to have proved too much for some.


As for the water clock, the ancient Egyptians used a time mechanism run by flowing water. One of the oldest was found in the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh buried in 1500 BC, and the Chinese began developing mechanized clocks from around 200 BC. The Greeks also measured time with various types of water clocks. The more impressive mechanized water clocks were developed between 100 BC and 500 AD by Greek and Roman horologists and astronomers.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080531063139/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/early.html A walk through time - Early Clocks], The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory</ref> What we now know as the Antikythera mechanism was discovered among a shipwreck in 1900 off the island of Antikythera. [[File:Chinese combination lock.jpg|thumb|left| An ancient Chinese letter-combination padlock.]]Science historian Derek Price, concluded that it was an ancient computer used to predict the positions of the sun and moon on any given date. Michael Wright, the curator of mechanical engineering at the Science Museum in London, thinks that the original device modelled the entire known solar system. Ancient Greek sources make references to such devices so this is highly plausible. Roman philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BC), writes of a device “recently constructed by our friend Poseidonius, which at each revolution reproduces the same motions of the sun, the moon and the five planets.” Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) is also said to have made such a device.<ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm|2=2011-02-07}} An Ancient Greek Computer?]", World-Mysteries, The Economist Newspaper Limited 2002</ref><ref>Michael Lahanas - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Kythera.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Antikythera computing device, the most complex instrument of antiquity], Hellenica<!--  --></ref> By the 9<sup>th</sup> century AD a mechanical timekeeper had been developed that lacked only an escapement mechanism.
Co se týče vodních hodin, starověcí egypťané používali měřič času, který byl poháněn vodou. Jeden z nejstarších byl nalezen v hrobce Egyptského faraona z let -1500 a číňané začali vyvíjet mechanické hodiny kolem roku 200. Řekové také měřili čas pomocí různých druhů vodních hodin. Dojemnější mechanické vodní hodiny byly vyvinuy mezi lety -100 a +500 řeckými a římskými horology a astronomy.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080531063139/http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/early.html A walk through time - Early Clocks], The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory</ref> Víme, že mechanismus Antikythera byl objeven v troskách lodi roku 1900 u ostrova Antikythera. [[File:Chinese combination lock.jpg|thumb|left| Starověký čínský zámek s kombinací znaků.]]Historik vědy Derek Price, dospěl k závěru, že to byl starověký počítač, používaný k předpovědi pozice slunce a měsíce v jakýkoliv čas. Michael Wright, správce mechaického inženýrství ve vědeckém muzeu v Londýně si myslí, že původní zařízení modelovalo celou sluneční soustavu. Zdroje starověkého Řecka se odkazují na taková zařízaní, takže je to dost možné. Římský filozof Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 př. n. l.), píše o zařízení “nedávno konstruovaném naším kamarádem Poseidonius, které při každé obrátce produkuje stejný pohyb Slunce, měsíce a pěti planet.” Řecký matemati, fyzik, inženýr, vynálezce a astronom Archimedes ze Syracuse (287–212 př. n. l.) prý také udělal takové zařízení. <ref>"[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm|2=2011-02-07}} An Ancient Greek Computer?]", World-Mysteries, The Economist Newspaper Limited 2002</ref><ref>Michael Lahanas - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Kythera.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Antikythera computing device, the most complex instrument of antiquity], Hellenica<!--  --></ref> V 9. století byly vyvinuty mechanické hodiny, kterým chyběl pouze krokový mechanismus.


And what of the Combination Lock, did al-Jazari invent it? Again, the answer is an emphatic ''no''. The earliest known combination lock was unearthed in a Roman period tomb in Kerameikos, Athens.<ref>Hoepfner, Wolfram (1970), "Ein Kombinationsschloss aus dem Kerameikos", ''Archäologischer Anzeiger'' 85(2):210–213</ref> The ancient Chinese were also responsible for the creation of some of the earliest key-operated padlocks and beautiful letter-combination padlocks.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://140.116.71.92/lock/english/first.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Beauty of Ancient Chinese Locks], The Ancient Chinese Machinery Cultural Foundation</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.locks.ru/germ/informat/schlagehistory.htm|2=2011-02-07}} Schlage's History of Locks/ Inventive Ingenuity], Schlage Lock</ref>
A co ten heslový zámek, vynalezl jej al-Jazari? Opět, odpovědí je jasné ''ne''. Nejstarší známý heslový zámek byl vykopán v římské hrobce v Kerameikos, Athény.<ref>Hoepfner, Wolfram (1970), "Ein Kombinationsschloss aus dem Kerameikos", ''Archäologischer Anzeiger'' 85(2):210–213</ref> Starověcí číňané byli také zpodpovědní za vytvoření prvních heslových visacích zámků.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://140.116.71.92/lock/english/first.htm|2=2011-02-07}} The Beauty of Ancient Chinese Locks], The Ancient Chinese Machinery Cultural Foundation</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.locks.ru/germ/informat/schlagehistory.htm|2=2011-02-07}} Schlage's History of Locks/ Inventive Ingenuity], Schlage Lock</ref>


===Prošívání===
===Prošívání===
Line 104: Line 104:


===Nástroje===
===Nástroje===
{{Quote||Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
{{Quote||Mnoho moderních chirurgických nástrojů má úplně stejný design jako ty, které vymyslel v 10. století muslim jménem al-Zahrawi. Jeho skalpely, kostní pily, kleště, jemné nůžky pro chirurgii oka a mnoho z 200 nástrojů, které vymyslel, jsou známé modernímu chirurgovi. Byl to on, kdo objevil, že nit z vnitřností použitá pro interní stehy se přirozeně rozpustí (objev, který udělal, když jeho opice snědla struny jeho loutny) a že to může být také použito pro vytvoření kapsulí pro léky. Ve 13. století, další muslimský lékař jménem Ibn Nafis popsal krevní oběh, 300 let před William Harvey. Muslimští doktoři také vyvinuli anestetika, ze směsi opia a alkoholu a vyvinuli duté jehly pro vycucnutí zákalu v technice, která se používá dodnes.<ref name="Paul Vallely"></ref>}}
[[File:Ancient scalpels.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient pre-Islamic scalpels had almost the same form and function as their modern-day counterparts. These are dated to 79 AD, found in Pompeii, Italy.]]
[[File:Ancient scalpels.jpg|thumb|right|Starověké před-islámské skalpely měly téměř stejnou formu a funkci jako jejich moderní protějšky. Jsou z roku 79 nalezené v Pompeii, Itálie.]]
More than a thousand years before al-Zahrawi, the Greek and Roman physicians in the Classical World had access to a variety of surgical instruments. This is known through several ancient texts which give brief descriptions and also from a 1887 find in the ruins of Pompeii. A house that belonged to a Greek surgeon in 79 AD was identified by its large stores of surgical equipment numbering over a hundred. These medical instruments, which are now on display in museums around the world, were all available to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC) who lived more than a thousand years before Islam, and many of them in a similar form are still being used today. These instruments include a variety of scalpels, hooks, uvula-crushing forceps, bone drills, bone forceps, catheters and bladder sounds, vaginal speculum, and even a portable medicine chest to carry them in.<ref>Prof. Nancy Demand, Indiana University, Bloomington, [{{Reference archive|1=http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/demandinstruments.html|2=2011-02-08}} The Asclepion], AbleOne Education Network, Classics Technology Center</ref> It was also the Greek physician and medical researcher Claudius Galenus (129–217 AD), someone who greatly influenced Western medical science, who first used catgut to close wounds and not al-Zahrawi. In fact "[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Atheists#Ibn Sina was an atheist|Muslim]]" physician Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) 700 years later (920 AD) used a pig product.<ref>Professor David J. Leaper, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20071111074025/http://www.ewma.org/pdf/fall01/04-WoundClosure.pdf|2=2011-02-08}} Wound Closure Basic Techniques]", presented at EWMA Stockholm 2000, The European Wound Management Association</ref> The actions of a pious Muslim, we're sure.
Více, než tisíc let před al-Zahrawi, řečtí a římští lékaři v klasickém světě měli přístup k širokému spektru chirurgických nástrojů. Tohle je známo skrze mnoho starověkých textů, které dávají stručné popisy a také z nález z roku 1887 nalezeném v ruinách v Pompeii. Dům, který patřil řeckému chirurgovi roku 79 byl identifikován díky jeho velkým zásobám chirurgického nářadí, kterého bylo více, než sto. Tyto lékařské nástroje, které jsout teď k prohlédnutí v muzeích po celém světě, byly všechny přístupné starověkému řeckému lékaři Hippocrates (460–370 př. n. l.), který žil více než tisíc let, před islámem a mnoho z nich v podobné formě se používá dodnes. Tyto nástroje zahrnují široké spektrum skalpelů, háků, uvulu držící kleště, kostní vrtáky, kostní kleště, katetry <!-- co to je ty vole // a bladder sounds, vaginal speculum, --> a dokonce i přenostnou tašku pro jejich přenášení.<ref>Prof. Nancy Demand, Indiana University, Bloomington, [{{Reference archive|1=http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/demandinstruments.html|2=2011-02-08}} The Asclepion], AbleOne Education Network, Classics Technology Center</ref> Zároveň to byl řecký lékař a zkoumatel Claudius Galenus (129–217), kdo obrovsky ovlivnil západní zdravotnictví, kdo poprvé použil nit z vnitřností pro zašití ran a ne al-Zahrawi. Ve skutečnosti "[[Korán, hadísy a učenci: Ateisté#Ibn Sina byl ateista|Muslimský]]" lékař Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) o 700 let později (920 AD) používal produkt z prasete.<ref>Professor David J. Leaper, "[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20071111074025/http://www.ewma.org/pdf/fall01/04-WoundClosure.pdf|2=2011-02-08}} Wound Closure Basic Techniques]", presented at EWMA Stockholm 2000, The European Wound Management Association</ref> Čin zbožného muslima, rozhodně.


As for the circulation of the blood, it may have been described by Muslim medic Ibn Nafis 300 years before William Harvey, but the Chinese Book of Medicine describes this 1,600 years before Ibn Nafis.<ref>Janet Koenig, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.repohistory.org/circulation/ci_factoids.php3|2=2011-02-08}} A Brief and Selective History of Blood], REPOhistory</ref>  
Co se týče krevního oběhu, mohl být popsán muslimským medikem Ibn Nafis 300 led před William Harvey, ale čínská kniha medicíny toto popisuje 1600 let před Ibn Nafis.<ref>Janet Koenig, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.repohistory.org/circulation/ci_factoids.php3|2=2011-02-08}} A Brief and Selective History of Blood], REPOhistory</ref>  


The article also alleges that Muslim doctors first developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from the eye, and anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes. This is not so. Cataract surgery has been performed for many centuries. The earliest reference to cataract surgery was written by the Hindu surgeon Susruta in manuscripts dating from the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC. In Rome, archaeologists found surgical instruments used to treat cataract dating back to the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD. Hollow needles were used to break up the cataract and remove it with suction.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.lasersurgeryforeyes.com/cataracthistory.html|2=2011-02-08}} The History of Cataract Surgery], LaserSurgeryForEyes</ref> Anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes were used both by the ancient Chinese and Romans. Greek physician, pharmacologist, and botanist Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90 AD) in his work ''Materia Medica'' (one of the most influential herbal books in history) referred to the taking of an alcoholic extract before an operation. This would suggest that it was typical for the surgeons of ancient Rome to decrease pain of an operation by giving their patients sedative drugs.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-anesthesiaPt1.html|2=2011-02-08}} Facts about Anesthesia’s Past and Present], Word Sources</ref>
The article also alleges that Muslim doctors first developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from the eye, and anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes. This is not so. Cataract surgery has been performed for many centuries. The earliest reference to cataract surgery was written by the Hindu surgeon Susruta in manuscripts dating from the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC. In Rome, archaeologists found surgical instruments used to treat cataract dating back to the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> century AD. Hollow needles were used to break up the cataract and remove it with suction.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.lasersurgeryforeyes.com/cataracthistory.html|2=2011-02-08}} The History of Cataract Surgery], LaserSurgeryForEyes</ref> Anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes were used both by the ancient Chinese and Romans. Greek physician, pharmacologist, and botanist Pedanius Dioscorides (40–90 AD) in his work ''Materia Medica'' (one of the most influential herbal books in history) referred to the taking of an alcoholic extract before an operation. This would suggest that it was typical for the surgeons of ancient Rome to decrease pain of an operation by giving their patients sedative drugs.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-anesthesiaPt1.html|2=2011-02-08}} Facts about Anesthesia’s Past and Present], Word Sources</ref>
Prekladator
Editors, em-bypass-2
4,744

edits

Retrieved from "http://wikiislamica.net/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/114979"