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List of Abrogations in the Qur'an: Difference between revisions

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List of Abrogations in the Qur'an (view source)

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Throughout its history Islamic theology has suffered disagreement about the scope and definition of [[Abrogation|abrogation]] (Arabic: Naskh) of Qur'anic verses. Opinions on the number of abrogated verses have ranged from zero or five verses to hundreds. On this page we present lists according to two of the most important scholarly opinions: those of Al-Suyuti (d.1505 CE) and Ibn Salama (d. 1019 CE).
==Introduction==
Throughout its history Islamic theology has suffered disagreement about the scope and definition of [[Abrogation|abrogation]] (Arabic: Naskh) of Qur'anic verses. Opinions on the number of abrogated verses have ranged from zero or five verses to hundreds. The upper end is largely due to opinions on the "verse of the sword" (see below), and cases that other scholars preferred to describe as specification rather than abrogation. On this page we present lists according to two of the most important scholarly opinions: those of Al-Suyuti (d.1505 CE) and Ibn Salama (d. 1019 CE).


Dr David Powers notes the following regarding the highs and lows of abrogation in the Qur'an.
Dr David Powers notes the following regarding the highs and lows of abrogation in the Qur'an.
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At the other extreme were those scholars who maintained that any narrative, positive command, or prohibition in the Qur’an may be abrogated.}}  
At the other extreme were those scholars who maintained that any narrative, positive command, or prohibition in the Qur’an may be abrogated.}}  


The 20 abrogated verses listed by Al-Suyuti (d.1515 CE) in his Al-Itqān fi 'Ulum Al-Qur'an are as follows:
==Abrogated Verses==
===According to Al-Suyuti (20 verses)===
The 20 abrogated verses listed by Al-Suyuti (d.1515 CE) in his Al-Itqān fi 'Ulum Al-Qur'an are as follows<ref>As-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fii Ulum al-Qur'an (p.19 of the chapter on Nasikh and Mansukh in the abridged English translation of Al-Itqan by Muneer Fareed)</ref>:


{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center" width = "100%" class=wikitable
! Abrogated
(Mansūkh)
!
! Abrogator
(Nāsikh)
!
|-
|{{Quran|2|115}}
|To Allah belong the east and the West: Whithersoever ye turn, there is the presence of Allah. For Allah is all-Pervading, all-Knowing.
|{{Quran|2|144}}
|We see the turning of thy face (for guidance to the heavens: now Shall We turn thee to a Qibla that shall please thee. Turn then Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque: Wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction. The people of the Book know well that that is the truth from their Lord. Nor is Allah unmindful of what they do.
|-
|{{Quran|2|180}}
|It is prescribed, when death approaches any of you, if he leave any goods that he make a bequest to parents and next of kin, according to reasonable usage; this is due from the Allah-fearing.l).
|{{Quran|4|7}}
|From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share for men and a share for women, whether the property be small or large,-a determinate share.
|-
|{{Quran|2|183}}
|O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) self-restraint,-
|{{Quran|2|187}}
|Permitted to you, on the night of the fasts, is the approach to your wives. They are your garments and ye are their garments. Allah knoweth what ye used to do secretly among yourselves; but He turned to you and forgave you; so now associate with them, and seek what Allah Hath ordained for you, and eat and drink, until the white thread of dawn appear to you distinct from its black thread; then complete your fast Till the night appears; but do not associate with your wives while ye are in retreat in the mosques. Those are Limits (set by) Allah: Approach not nigh thereto. Thus doth Allah make clear His Signs to men: that they may learn self-restraint.
|-
|{{Quran|2|184}}
|(Fasting) for a fixed number of days; but if any of you is ill, or on a journey, the prescribed number (Should be made up) from days later. For those who can do it (With hardship), is a ransom, the feeding of one that is indigent. But he that will give more, of his own free will,- it is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew.
|{{Quran|2|185}}
|Ramadhan is the (month) in which was sent down the Qur'an, as a guide to mankind, also clear (Signs) for guidance and judgment (Between right and wrong). So every one of you who is present (at his home) during that month should spend it in fasting, but if any one is ill, or on a journey, the prescribed period (Should be made up) by days later. Allah intends every facility for you; He does not want to put to difficulties. (He wants you) to complete the prescribed period, and to glorify Him in that He has guided you; and perchance ye shall be grateful.
|-
|{{Quran|2|217}}
|They ask thee concerning fighting in the Prohibited Month. Say: "Fighting therein is a grave (offence); but graver is it in the sight of Allah to prevent access to the path of Allah, to deny Him, to prevent access to the Sacred Mosque, and drive out its members." Tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter. Nor will they cease fighting you until they turn you back from your faith if they can. And if any of you Turn back from their faith and die in unbelief, their works will bear no fruit in this life and in the Hereafter; they will be companions of the Fire and will abide therein.
|{{Quran|9|5}}
|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
|-
|{{Quran|2|240}}|Those of you who die and leave widows should bequeath for their widows a year's maintenance and residence; but if they leave (The residence), there is no blame on you for what they do with themselves, provided it is reasonable. And Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
|-
|{{Quran|2|234}}
|If any of you die and leave widows behind, they shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten days: When they have fulfilled their term, there is no blame on you if they dispose of themselves in a just and reasonable manner. And Allah is well acquainted with what ye do.
|-
|{{Quran|2|284}}
|To Allah belongeth all that is in the heavens and on earth. Whether ye show what is in your minds or conceal it, Allah Calleth you to account for it. He forgiveth whom He pleaseth, and punisheth whom He pleaseth, for Allah hath power over all things.
|{{Quran|2|286}}
|On no soul doth Allah Place a burden greater than it can bear. It gets every good that it earns, and it suffers every ill that it earns. (Pray:) "Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error; our Lord! Lay not on us a burden Like that which Thou didst lay on those before us; Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear. Blot out our sins, and grant us forgiveness. Have mercy on us. Thou art our Protector; Help us against those who stand against faith."
|-
|{{Quran|3|102}}
|O ye who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared, and die not except in a state of Islam.
|{{Quran|64|16}}
|So fear Allah as much as ye can; listen and obey and spend in charity for the benefit of your own soul and those saved from the covetousness of their own souls,- they are the ones that achieve prosperity.
|-
|{{Quran|4|15}}
|If any of your women are guilty of lewdness, Take the evidence of four (Reliable) witnesses from amongst you against them; and if they testify, confine them to houses until death do claim them, or Allah ordain for them some (other) way.
|{{Quran|24|2}}
|The woman and the man guilty of adultery or fornication,- flog each of them with a hundred stripes: Let not compassion move you in their case, in a matter prescribed by Allah, if ye believe in Allah and the Last Day: and let a party of the Believers witness their punishment.
|-
|{{Quran|4|33}}
|To (benefit) every one, We have appointed shares and heirs to property left by parents and relatives. To those, also, to whom your right hand was pledged, give their due portion. For truly Allah is witness to all things.
|{{Quran|8|75}}
|And those who accept Faith subsequently, and adopt exile, and fight for the Faith in your company,- they are of you. But kindred by blood have prior rights against each other in the Book of Allah. Verily Allah is well-acquainted with all things.
|-
|{{Quran|5|2}}
|O ye who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allah, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that mark out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when ye are clear of the sacred precincts and of pilgrim garb, ye may hunt and let not the hatred of some people in (once) shutting you out of the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgression (and hostility on your part). Help ye one another in righteousness and piety, but help ye not one another in sin and rancour: fear Allah: for Allah is strict in punishment.
|{{Quran|9|5}}
|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
|-
|{{Quran|5|42}}
|(They are fond of) listening to falsehood, of devouring anything forbidden. If they do come to thee, either judge between them, or decline to interfere. If thou decline, they cannot hurt thee in the least. If thou judge, judge in equity between them. For Allah loveth those who judge in equity.
|{{Quran|5|49}}
|And this (He commands): Judge thou between them by what Allah hath revealed, and follow not their vain desires, but beware of them lest they beguile thee from any of that (teaching) which Allah hath sent down to thee. And if they turn away, be assured that for some of their crime it is Allah's purpose to punish them. And truly most men are rebellious.
|-
|{{Quran|5|106}}
|O ye who believe! When death approaches any of you, (take) witnesses among yourselves when making bequests,- two just men of your own (brotherhood) or others from outside if ye are journeying through the earth, and the chance of death befalls you (thus). If ye doubt (their truth), detain them both after prayer, and let them both swear by Allah: "We wish not in this for any worldly gain, even though the (beneficiary) be our near relation: we shall hide not the evidence before Allah: if we do, then behold! the sin be upon us!"
|{{Quran|65|2}}
|Thus when they fulfil their term appointed, either take them back on equitable terms or part with them on equitable terms; and take for witness two persons from among you, endued with justice, and establish the evidence (as) before Allah. Such is the admonition given to him who believes in Allah and the Last Day. And for those who fear Allah, He (ever) prepares a way out,
|-
|{{Quran|8|65}}
|O Prophet! rouse the Believers to the fight. If there are twenty amongst you, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred: if a hundred, they will vanquish a thousand of the Unbelievers: for these are a people without understanding.
|{{Quran|8|66}}
|For the present, Allah hath lightened your (task), for He knoweth that there is a weak spot in you: But (even so), if there are a hundred of you, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred, and if a thousand, they will vanquish two thousand, with the leave of Allah: for Allah is with those who patiently persevere.
|-
|{{Quran|9|41}}
|Go ye forth, (whether equipped) lightly or heavily, and strive and struggle, with your goods and your persons, in the cause of Allah. That is best for you, if ye (but) knew.
|{{Quran|9|122}}
|Nor should the Believers all go forth together: if a contingent from every expedition remained behind, they could devote themselves to studies in religion, and admonish the people when they return to them,- that thus they (may learn) to guard themselves (against evil).
|-
|{{Quran|24|3}}
|Let no man guilty of adultery or fornication marry and but a woman similarly guilty, or an Unbeliever: nor let any but such a man or an Unbeliever marry such a woman: to the Believers such a thing is forbidden.
|{{Quran|24|32}}
|Marry those among you who are single, or the virtuous ones among yourselves, male or female: if they are in poverty, Allah will give them means out of His grace: for Allah encompasseth all, and he knoweth all things.
|-
|{{Quran|33|52}}
|It is not lawful for thee (to marry more) women after this, nor to change them for (other) wives, even though their beauty attract thee, except any thy right hand should possess (as handmaidens): and Allah doth watch over all things.
|{{Quran|33|50}}
|O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess;- in order that there should be no difficulty for thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
|-
|{{Quran|58|12}}
|O ye who believe! When ye consult the Messenger in private, spend something in charity before your private consultation. That will be best for you, and most conducive to purity (of conduct). But if ye find not (the wherewithal), Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
|{{Quran|58|13}}
|Is it that ye are afraid of spending sums in charity before your private consultation (with him)? If, then, ye do not so, and Allah forgives you, then (at least) establish regular prayer; practise regular charity; and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do.
|-
|{{Quran|60|10}}
|O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: Allah knows best as to their Faith: if ye ascertain that they are Believers, then send them not back to the Unbelievers. They are not lawful (wives) for the Unbelievers, nor are the (Unbelievers) lawful (husbands) for them. But pay the Unbelievers what they have spent (on their dower), and there will be no blame on you if ye marry them on payment of their dower to them. But hold not to the guardianship of unbelieving women: ask for what ye have spent on their dowers, and let the (Unbelievers) ask for what they have spent (on the dowers of women who come over to you). Such is the command of Allah: He judges (with justice) between you. And Allah is Full of Knowledge and Wisdom.
|{{Quran|9|5}}
|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
|-
|{{Quran|73|2}}
|Stand (to prayer) by night, but not all night,-
|{{Quran|73|20}}
|Thy Lord doth know that thou standest forth (to prayer) nigh two-thirds of the night, or half the night, or a third of the night, and so doth a party of those with thee. But Allah doth appoint night and day in due measure He knoweth that ye are unable to keep count thereof. So He hath turned to you (in mercy): read ye, therefore, of the Qur'an as much as may be easy for you. He knoweth that there may be (some) among you in ill-health; others travelling through the land, seeking of Allah's bounty; yet others fighting in Allah's Cause, read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur'an as may be easy (for you); and establish regular Prayer and give regular Charity; and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan. And whatever good ye send forth for your souls ye shall find it in Allah's Presence,- yea, better and greater, in Reward and seek ye the Grace of Allah: for Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
|}


{{Template:StartAbrogationTable|1}}
===According to Ibn Salama (238 verses)===
The 238 verses listed by Abu al-Qasim Hibat Allah ibn Salamah (d. 1019 CE) are given in the table below<ref>Annasikh-wal-Mansukh by ibn Salamah, published by Hindia Press, Cairo, cited by Anwarul Haqq (1926), "The Abrogating and the Abrogated", Methodist Publishing House: Lucknow, U.P., India (http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/abrogation_koran.pdf)</ref>:


{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|115}}|Unto Allah belong the East and the West, and whithersoever ye turn, there is Allah's Countenance. Lo! Allah is All-Embracing, All-Knowing.|{{Quran|2|144}}|We have seen the turning of thy face to heaven (for guidance, O Muhammad). And now verily We shall make thee turn (in prayer) toward a qiblah which is dear to thee. So turn thy face toward the Inviolable Place of Worship, and ye (O Muslims), wheresoever ye may be, turn your faces (when ye pray) toward it. Lo! Those who have received the Scripture know that (this revelation) is the Truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do.}}
<center>''The verses on the left are the [[Abrogation|abrogated]] verses (Mansūkh) of the [[Qur'an]], while the verses on the right are the abrogating verses (Nāsikh).<BR><BR>The "Verse of the Sword" refers to Qu'ran 9:5, which according to some scholars abrogated a large number of more peaceful verses (Qur'an 9:29 is also sometimes given this label by scholars). Due to how many verses it abrogates<ref>Ibn Salamah said 124 verses according to Powers, D.S. Ibid. p.130, though the list has 112 abrogated by 9:5 specifically</ref><ref>An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh, by Ibn Khuzyamh states 113 verses are abrogated by the Sword verse (9: 5), and 9 verses are abrogated by the Fighting verse (9: 29): "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day."</ref><ref>"''"Ibn `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said, "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah." This honorable Ayah (9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin Muzahim said, "It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet and any idolator, every treaty, and every term." Al-`Awfi said that Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed.''" - [http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=9&tAyahNo=5&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 This is the Ayah of the Sword], Tafsir al-Jalalayn</ref> we will write "Verse of the Sword" in place of this verse:''</center>  
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|180}}|It is prescribed for you, when death approacheth one of you, if he leave wealth, that he bequeath unto parents and near relatives in kindness. (This is) a duty for all those who ward off (evil).|{{Quran|4|7}}|Unto the men (of a family) belongeth a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto the women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be little or much - a legal share.}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|183}}||{{Quran|2|187}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|184}}||{{Quran|2|185}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|217}}||{{Quran|9|5}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|240}}||{{Quran|2|234}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|2|284}}||{{Quran|2|286}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|3|102}}||{{Quran|64|16}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|4|15}}||{{Quran|24|2}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|4|33}}||{{Quran|8|75}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|5|2}}||{{Quran|9|5}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|5|42}}||{{Quran|5|49}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|5|106}}||{{Quran|65|2}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|8|65}}||{{Quran|8|66}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|9|41}}||{{Quran|9|122}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|24|3}}||{{Quran|24|32}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|33|52}}||{{Quran|33|50}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|58|12}}||{{Quran|58|13}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|60|10}}||{{Quran|9|5}}|}}
{{AbrogationVerse|{{Quran|73|2}}||{{Quran|73|20}}|}}
 
{{Template:EndAbrogationTable}}
{{pagetop}}
 
The 238 verses listed by Abu al-Qasim Hibat Allah ibn Salamah (d. 1019 CE) are given in the table below:
 
<center>''The verses on the left are the [[Abrogation|abrogated]] verses (Mansūkh) of the [[Qur'an]], while the verses on the right are the abrogating verses (Nāsikh).<BR><BR>The "Verse of the Sword" refers to Quran 9:5, which according to some scholars abrogated a large number of more peaceful verses. Due to how many verses it abrogates (124 according to Ibn Salama),<ref>Powers, D.S. Ibid. p.130</ref><ref>An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh, by Ibn Khuzyamh states 113 verses are abrogated by the Sword verse (9: 5), and 9 verses are abrogated by the Fighting verse (9: 29): "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day."</ref><ref>"''"Ibn `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said, "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah." This honorable Ayah (9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin Muzahim said, "It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet and any idolator, every treaty, and every term." Al-`Awfi said that Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed.''" - [http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=9&tAyahNo=5&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 This is the Ayah of the Sword], Tafsir al-Jalalayn</ref> we will write "Verse of the Sword" in place of this verse:''</center>  


{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|9|5}}|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}
{{Quote|{{Quran-wi|9|5}}|But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.}}
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