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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi (view source)

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In the Quran, the last word of nearly every verse rhymes with the last words of the surrounding verses. Sometimes within the same verse, words in pausal positions rhyme with each other. But there are many cases where a word that’s in context (i.e., not in a pausal position) does rhyme with another word that’s either in a pausal position or in context. This type of rhyming was never noted by Muslim scholars despite the presence of obvious examples such as:
In the Quran, the last word of nearly every verse rhymes with the last words of the surrounding verses. Sometimes within the same verse, words in pausal positions rhyme with each other. But there are many cases where a word that’s in context (i.e., not in a pausal position) does rhyme with another word that’s either in a pausal position or in context. This type of rhyming was never noted by Muslim scholars despite the presence of obvious examples such as:


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿وَأَنَّهُ هُوَ <u>أَغْنَى وَأَقْنَى</u>﴾</span> {{Quran|53|48|}}
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَأَنَّهُ هُوَ <u>أَغْنَى وَأَقْنَى</u>﴾</span> {{Quran|53|48|}}


ʾaghnā wa ʾaqnā.  
ʾaghnā wa ʾaqnā.  
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}} </ref>
}} </ref>


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿لَوْ أَنْزَلْنَا هَذَا الْقُرْآنَ عَلَى جَبَلٍ لَرَأَيْتَهُ <u>خَاشِعًا مُتَصَدِّعًا</u> مِنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ﴾</span> {{Quran|59|21|}}
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَوْ أَنْزَلْنَا هَذَا الْقُرْآنَ عَلَى جَبَلٍ لَرَأَيْتَهُ <u>خَاشِعًا مُتَصَدِّعًا</u> مِنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ﴾</span> {{Quran|59|21|}}


khāshiʕan mutaṣaddiʕan. (The two words are in context)
khāshiʕan mutaṣaddiʕan. (The two words are in context)
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Old Hijazi: khāshiʕā mutaṣaddiʕā.
Old Hijazi: khāshiʕā mutaṣaddiʕā.


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي ‌<u>الْبَأْسَاءِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ</u> وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ﴾</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي ‌<u>الْبَأْسَاءِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ</u> وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ﴾</span>  


“al-baʾsāʾi wal-ḍarrāʾi”. This example occurs three times: {{Quran|2|177|}},{{Quran|6|42|}}, {{Quran|7|94|}}. It also occurs once in the nominative {{Quran|2|214|}} “al-baʾsāʾu wal-ḍarrāʾu”. In all these 4 occurrences, the two words were in context, not in pausal form. In Old Hijazi, the two words in the four instances are pronounced as: al-baʾsāʾ wal-ḍarrāʾ. Note that although Old Hijazi had lost the use of Hamzah/glottal stop, the Hamzah is still retained in a word-final position that is preceded by a long 'a' vowel.  
“al-baʾsāʾi wal-ḍarrāʾi”. This example occurs three times: {{Quran|2|177|}},{{Quran|6|42|}}, {{Quran|7|94|}}. It also occurs once in the nominative {{Quran|2|214|}} “al-baʾsāʾu wal-ḍarrāʾu”. In all these 4 occurrences, the two words were in context, not in pausal form. In Old Hijazi, the two words in the four instances are pronounced as: al-baʾsāʾ wal-ḍarrāʾ. Note that although Old Hijazi had lost the use of Hamzah/glottal stop, the Hamzah is still retained in a word-final position that is preceded by a long 'a' vowel.  
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In 2014, Pierre Larcher was the first to note this sort of internal rhymes in the Quran. He provided two examples. One of them is verse {{Quran|96|16|}} <ref>Marijn Van Putten & Phillip Stokes. [https://www.academia.edu/37481811/Case_in_the_Qurˀānic_Consonantal_Text_Wiener_Zeitschrift_für_die_Kunde_des_Morgenlandes_108_2018_pp_143_179 Case in the Quranic Consonantal Text]. 2018. p.12. </ref>
In 2014, Pierre Larcher was the first to note this sort of internal rhymes in the Quran. He provided two examples. One of them is verse {{Quran|96|16|}} <ref>Marijn Van Putten & Phillip Stokes. [https://www.academia.edu/37481811/Case_in_the_Qurˀānic_Consonantal_Text_Wiener_Zeitschrift_für_die_Kunde_des_Morgenlandes_108_2018_pp_143_179 Case in the Quranic Consonantal Text]. 2018. p.12. </ref>


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿‌نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ خَاطِئَةٍ ۝﴾</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿‌نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ خَاطِئَةٍ ۝﴾</span>  
)(A lying, sinning forelock.)
)(A lying, sinning forelock.)


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Among the internal rhymes in the Quran, there are cases that show an unusual word choice by the Quran which clearly shows that these unusual words were chosen so that they form an internal rhyme.
Among the internal rhymes in the Quran, there are cases that show an unusual word choice by the Quran which clearly shows that these unusual words were chosen so that they form an internal rhyme.


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ <u>الْكَفَرَةُ الْفَجَرَةُ</u>۝﴾ {{Quran|80|42|}}</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ <u>الْكَفَرَةُ الْفَجَرَةُ</u>۝﴾ {{Quran|80|42|}}</span>  
“Those are the disbelievers, the wicked ones”  
“Those are the disbelievers, the wicked ones”  


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{{Quran|21|90|}}
{{Quran|21|90|}}
<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا <u>‌رَغَبًا وَرَهَبًا</u> ۖ وَكَانُوا لَنَا خَاشِعِينَ۝﴾</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا <u>‌رَغَبًا وَرَهَبًا</u> ۖ وَكَانُوا لَنَا خَاشِعِينَ۝﴾</span>  


Old Hijazi:            raghabā wa rahabā  
Old Hijazi:            raghabā wa rahabā  
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The two words are spelled in the Quran as: raghabā wa rahabā. The classical Arabic nunation of the word “raghab” isn’t written "raghaban رغبن" in accordance with the claimed pausal spelling rule. Note how if the two words are read the same way they are spelled then they rhyme with each other.     
The two words are spelled in the Quran as: raghabā wa rahabā. The classical Arabic nunation of the word “raghab” isn’t written "raghaban رغبن" in accordance with the claimed pausal spelling rule. Note how if the two words are read the same way they are spelled then they rhyme with each other.     


{{Quran|56|37|}}<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿‌عُرُبًا أَتْرَابًا۝﴾</span>   
{{Quran|56|37|}}<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿‌عُرُبًا أَتْرَابًا۝﴾</span>   
   
   
OH: ʕurubā atrābā
OH: ʕurubā atrābā
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{{Quran|71|27|}}
{{Quran|71|27|}}
<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿وَلَا يَلِدُوا إِلَّا <u>فَاجِرًا ‌كَفَّارًا</u> ۝﴾</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَلَا يَلِدُوا إِلَّا <u>فَاجِرًا ‌كَفَّارًا</u> ۝﴾</span>  


OH: fājirā kaffārā  
OH: fājirā kaffārā  
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{{Quran|77|32|}}
{{Quran|77|32|}}
<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿إِنَّهَا تَرْمِي ‌بِ<u>شَرَرٍ كَالْقَصْرِ</u>۝﴾</span>  
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهَا تَرْمِي ‌بِ<u>شَرَرٍ كَالْقَصْرِ</u>۝﴾</span>  


OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar
OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar
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{{Quran|104|1|}}
{{Quran|104|1|}}
<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ ‌<u>هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ</u> ۝﴾</span>   
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ ‌<u>هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ</u> ۝﴾</span>   


OH: humazah lumazah  
OH: humazah lumazah  
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The word “humazah” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran.         
The word “humazah” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran.         


<span lang="en" dir="rtl">﴿مِنْ شَرِّ <u>الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ</u>۝﴾{{Quran|114|4|}}</span>   
<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مِنْ شَرِّ <u>الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ</u>۝﴾{{Quran|114|4|}}</span>   


OH: min sharri l-waswās ǝl-khannās
OH: min sharri l-waswās ǝl-khannās
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The word “waswās” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran.
The word “waswās” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran.


==The Rhyming Quality of Old Hijazi internal rhymes==
==Classes of Old Hijazi internal rhymes==
Two different types of rhyme can be discerned emerging from the application of Old Hijazi to the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT):
'''1- Individual instances.''' This includes 78 unique examples (96 with repetition) where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, they were so many that only the strongest 17 unique instances were counted, however there are many more than this.
 
'''High quality:''' This is when the two rhyming words share the same final vowel and final consonant. Such as:
 
عليم حكيم  ʕalīm ḥakīm (15 attestations)
 
The two words share the same final vowel (ī) and the same final consonant (m).
 
 
'''Normal quality:''' This is when the two rhyming words don’t share the same final consonant, but they share the same vowels and the same arrangement of consonants. Such as:
 
عزيز حكيم ʕazīz ḥakīm (13 attestations)
 
The two words follow the same scheme: 
 
Consonant + a + Consonant + ī + Consonant 


Note that in the rhyming of verse-final words (external rhymes), the Quran usually alternates between ūn and īn, which means that in the language of the Quran, ū rhymes with ī. Thus it’s natural to see internal rhymes such as:
'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 7 (50 with repetition) examples  where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, there are 25 unique ones, 234 counting repeated occurrences.
غفور رحيم ghafūr raḥīm (49 attestations)
In the language of the Quran, “ūr” rhymes with “īm”. 
 
==Classes of Old Hijazi internal rhymes==
'''1- individual instances.''' They include 76 unique high quality Old Hijazi internal rhymes. Counting instances of repition the count rises to 94. As for individual instances of normal quality internal rhymes, they were so many that only the strongest 22 unique ones were listed.
To see all the high quality internal rhymes and the 22 normal quality ones, see [[All Examples of Old Hijazi Internal Rhymes in the Quran and Hadith|this article]].
'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 12 unique high quality internal rhymes, 49 with repetition. As for normal quality internal rhymes of this type (verse-final attributes of Allah), there are 38 unique ones, 225 with repetition.  


==Verse-final attributes of Allah==
==Verse-final attributes of Allah==
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ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as {{Quran|2|173|}},{{Quran|2|182|}})
ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as {{Quran|2|173|}},{{Quran|2|182|}})
Note that in the rhyming of verse-final words (external rhymes), the Quran usually alternates between ūn and īn, which means that in the language of the Quran, ū rhymes with ī. Thus it’s natural to see internal rhymes such as
غفور رحيم ghafūr raḥīm. 




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