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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions
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Internal Rhymes as Evidence for Old Hijazi (view source)
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In the Quran, the last word of nearly every verse rhymes with the last words of the surrounding verses. Sometimes within the same verse, words in pausal positions rhyme with each other. But there are many cases where a word that’s in context (i.e., not in a pausal position) does rhyme with another word that’s either in a pausal position or in context. This type of rhyming was never noted by Muslim scholars despite the presence of obvious examples such as: | In the Quran, the last word of nearly every verse rhymes with the last words of the surrounding verses. Sometimes within the same verse, words in pausal positions rhyme with each other. But there are many cases where a word that’s in context (i.e., not in a pausal position) does rhyme with another word that’s either in a pausal position or in context. This type of rhyming was never noted by Muslim scholars despite the presence of obvious examples such as: | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَأَنَّهُ هُوَ <u>أَغْنَى وَأَقْنَى</u>﴾</span> {{Quran|53|48|}} | ||
ʾaghnā wa ʾaqnā. | ʾaghnā wa ʾaqnā. | ||
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}} </ref> | }} </ref> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿لَوْ أَنْزَلْنَا هَذَا الْقُرْآنَ عَلَى جَبَلٍ لَرَأَيْتَهُ <u>خَاشِعًا مُتَصَدِّعًا</u> مِنْ خَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ﴾</span> {{Quran|59|21|}} | ||
khāshiʕan mutaṣaddiʕan. (The two words are in context) | khāshiʕan mutaṣaddiʕan. (The two words are in context) | ||
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Old Hijazi: khāshiʕā mutaṣaddiʕā. | Old Hijazi: khāshiʕā mutaṣaddiʕā. | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَالصَّابِرِينَ فِي <u>الْبَأْسَاءِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ</u> وَحِينَ الْبَأْسِ﴾</span> | ||
“al-baʾsāʾi wal-ḍarrāʾi”. This example occurs three times: {{Quran|2|177|}},{{Quran|6|42|}}, {{Quran|7|94|}}. It also occurs once in the nominative {{Quran|2|214|}} “al-baʾsāʾu wal-ḍarrāʾu”. In all these 4 occurrences, the two words were in context, not in pausal form. In Old Hijazi, the two words in the four instances are pronounced as: al-baʾsāʾ wal-ḍarrāʾ. Note that although Old Hijazi had lost the use of Hamzah/glottal stop, the Hamzah is still retained in a word-final position that is preceded by a long 'a' vowel. | “al-baʾsāʾi wal-ḍarrāʾi”. This example occurs three times: {{Quran|2|177|}},{{Quran|6|42|}}, {{Quran|7|94|}}. It also occurs once in the nominative {{Quran|2|214|}} “al-baʾsāʾu wal-ḍarrāʾu”. In all these 4 occurrences, the two words were in context, not in pausal form. In Old Hijazi, the two words in the four instances are pronounced as: al-baʾsāʾ wal-ḍarrāʾ. Note that although Old Hijazi had lost the use of Hamzah/glottal stop, the Hamzah is still retained in a word-final position that is preceded by a long 'a' vowel. | ||
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In 2014, Pierre Larcher was the first to note this sort of internal rhymes in the Quran. He provided two examples. One of them is verse {{Quran|96|16|}} <ref>Marijn Van Putten & Phillip Stokes. [https://www.academia.edu/37481811/Case_in_the_Qurˀānic_Consonantal_Text_Wiener_Zeitschrift_für_die_Kunde_des_Morgenlandes_108_2018_pp_143_179 Case in the Quranic Consonantal Text]. 2018. p.12. </ref> | In 2014, Pierre Larcher was the first to note this sort of internal rhymes in the Quran. He provided two examples. One of them is verse {{Quran|96|16|}} <ref>Marijn Van Putten & Phillip Stokes. [https://www.academia.edu/37481811/Case_in_the_Qurˀānic_Consonantal_Text_Wiener_Zeitschrift_für_die_Kunde_des_Morgenlandes_108_2018_pp_143_179 Case in the Quranic Consonantal Text]. 2018. p.12. </ref> | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿نَاصِيَةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ خَاطِئَةٍ ﴾</span> | ||
)(A lying, sinning forelock.) | )(A lying, sinning forelock.) | ||
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Among the internal rhymes in the Quran, there are cases that show an unusual word choice by the Quran which clearly shows that these unusual words were chosen so that they form an internal rhyme. | Among the internal rhymes in the Quran, there are cases that show an unusual word choice by the Quran which clearly shows that these unusual words were chosen so that they form an internal rhyme. | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿ أُولَئِكَ هُمُ <u>الْكَفَرَةُ الْفَجَرَةُ</u>﴾ {{Quran|80|42|}}</span> | ||
“Those are the disbelievers, the wicked ones” | “Those are the disbelievers, the wicked ones” | ||
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{{Quran|21|90|}} | {{Quran|21|90|}} | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْخَيْرَاتِ وَيَدْعُونَنَا <u>رَغَبًا وَرَهَبًا</u> ۖ وَكَانُوا لَنَا خَاشِعِينَ﴾</span> | ||
Old Hijazi: raghabā wa rahabā | Old Hijazi: raghabā wa rahabā | ||
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The two words are spelled in the Quran as: raghabā wa rahabā. The classical Arabic nunation of the word “raghab” isn’t written "raghaban رغبن" in accordance with the claimed pausal spelling rule. Note how if the two words are read the same way they are spelled then they rhyme with each other. | The two words are spelled in the Quran as: raghabā wa rahabā. The classical Arabic nunation of the word “raghab” isn’t written "raghaban رغبن" in accordance with the claimed pausal spelling rule. Note how if the two words are read the same way they are spelled then they rhyme with each other. | ||
{{Quran|56|37|}}<span | {{Quran|56|37|}}<span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿عُرُبًا أَتْرَابًا﴾</span> | ||
OH: ʕurubā atrābā | OH: ʕurubā atrābā | ||
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{{Quran|71|27|}} | {{Quran|71|27|}} | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَلَا يَلِدُوا إِلَّا <u>فَاجِرًا كَفَّارًا</u> ﴾</span> | ||
OH: fājirā kaffārā | OH: fājirā kaffārā | ||
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{{Quran|77|32|}} | {{Quran|77|32|}} | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿إِنَّهَا تَرْمِي بِ<u>شَرَرٍ كَالْقَصْرِ</u>﴾</span> | ||
OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar | OH: bisharar kal-qaṣar | ||
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{{Quran|104|1|}} | {{Quran|104|1|}} | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ <u>هُمَزَةٍ لُمَزَةٍ</u> ﴾</span> | ||
OH: humazah lumazah | OH: humazah lumazah | ||
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The word “humazah” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran. | The word “humazah” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran. | ||
<span | <span dir="rtl" lang="en">﴿مِنْ شَرِّ <u>الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ</u>﴾{{Quran|114|4|}}</span> | ||
OH: min sharri l-waswās ǝl-khannās | OH: min sharri l-waswās ǝl-khannās | ||
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The word “waswās” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran. | The word “waswās” wasn’t used anywhere else in the Quran. | ||
== | ==Classes of Old Hijazi internal rhymes== | ||
'''1- Individual instances.''' This includes 78 unique examples (96 with repetition) where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, they were so many that only the strongest 17 unique instances were counted, however there are many more than this. | |||
''' | |||
'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are 7 (50 with repetition) examples where the rhyming words share identical final consonants. As for examples where the rhyming words don't share identical final consonants, there are 25 unique ones, 234 counting repeated occurrences. | |||
'''2- Verse-final attributes of Allah.''' The majority of internal rhymes in the Quran fall under this type. Of this type, there are | |||
==Verse-final attributes of Allah== | ==Verse-final attributes of Allah== | ||
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ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as {{Quran|2|173|}},{{Quran|2|182|}}) | ghafūr raḥīm غفور رحيم “Forgiving, Merciful” (49 attestations, such as {{Quran|2|173|}},{{Quran|2|182|}}) | ||
Note that in the rhyming of verse-final words (external rhymes), the Quran usually alternates between ūn and īn, which means that in the language of the Quran, ū rhymes with ī. Thus it’s natural to see internal rhymes such as | |||
غفور رحيم ghafūr raḥīm. | |||