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| name = The History of al-Tabari<BR>Volumes 1-40 | image = [[File:The History of al-Tabari.jpg|150px]]

...loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]] ...ts were translated into Arabic for the first time under the sponsorship of the Abbasid [[Khilafah (Caliphate)|caliphate]].

...ethnicity, and what may be called "race-relations" is a complicated one in the Islamic tradition. ...e of the verses and hadiths that discourage racism (though as mentioned in the introduction, Islamic anti-Semitism is covered in a separate article).

...y campaigns and played the role of supreme commander. He also took part in the battles himself, fighting and even being wounded. Jihad was thus a fundamen ...considered to be relatively credible are the letters of 'Urwa b. Zubayr to the late Umayyad court. For further discussion see [[List of expeditions of Muh

...y campaigns and played the role of supreme commander. He also took part in the battles himself, fighting and even being wounded. Jihad was thus a fundamen ...sword). Allah then defeated them. They were then brought and began to take the oath of allegiance to him for Islam...}}

...at least one recorded case of mass execution of a troubling tribe of Jews. The sira tradition also portrays Muhammad as having been sensitive to criticism ...ah al-Shamilah|volume=vol. 2|page=501}}|The Affair of Ka'b B. Zuhayr After the Departure from al-Ta'if:<br>

...en able to avoid statements in the Quran that reinforced misconceptions of the time, caused future generations to have doubts about its perfection, and on {{Main|Geocentrism and the Quran|l1=Geocentrism and the Qur'an}}

Jihad has been a perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how ...98) was a student of legist Abu Hanifah and helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later ch

Jihad has been a perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how ...98) was a student of legist Abu Hanifah and helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school. He was appointed Qadi (judge) in Baghdad, Iraq, and later ch