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LISTA DI UCCISIONI ORDINATI DA MAOMETTO

L'uso degli assassinii per conseguire obbiettivi politico/religiosi ha avuto un ruolo importante durante tutta la storia dell'Arabia e dell'espansione Islamica, e la parola "assassino"[1] ha origini Arabe (حشّاشين).

Questa lista contiene i risultati e le ragioni per le uccisioni mirate_ e gli assassinii ordinati o sostenuti dal Profeta Maometto, così come la fonti primarie che menziona questi avvenimenti_.

Lista delle Uccisioni


      Ordinati da Maometto       Sostenuti ma non ordinati da Maometto       Donne e/o bambini       Apostati
      Ragioni che includono la scrittura o la recitazione di poesie       Ragioni di "causata offesa"__       Ragioni che includono il guadagno monetario__


Num. Nome Data Ragione(i) per Ordinare o Sostenere l'uccisione_ Risultato Notable Primary Sources
1 'Asma' bint Marwan Gennaio 624[2] Uccidete 'Asma' bint Marwan per essersi opposta a Maometto con poesie e provocando gli altri per ritorsioni verso di lui_[3][4][2]

Asma' bint Marwan è stata assassinata[2][5]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[6]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[3]
2 Abu 'Afak Febbraio 624[7] Uccidete il poeta Ebreo Abu Afak per essersi opposto a Maometto mediante poesie__[4][6][7][8]

Abu Afak assassinato[7][6][4]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[9]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[10]
3 Al Nadr ibn al-Harith Dopo la Battaglia di Badr
March 624[11] 		Secondo Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir fu catturato durante la Battaglia di Badr. Un nuovo_ verso del Corano fu rivelato, ordinando_ l'esecuzione di Nadr bin Harith, egli era uno dei due prigionieri che furono giustiziati e non gli_ furono permessi_ di essere riscattati dai loro clan, perchè egli derise e infastidì Maometto e scrisse poemi e storie critiche verso di lui[11][12]

Nadr bin Harith decapitato da Ali[11][12]

4 Uqba bin Abu Muayt Dopo la Battaglia di Badr
March 624[11] 		Uqba bin Abu Muayt fu catturato durante la Battagli di Badr e fu ucciso invece di essere riscattato, perchè egli lanciò delle viscere di animale morto a Maometto_, e strinse le sue vesti attorno al collo di Maometto mentre stava pregando[11][12]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt decapitato da Asim ibn Thabbit o da Ali[11][12]

  • Sunan Abu Dawud no. 2680 (with commentary from Awnul Mabud 3/12)[14]
  • Sahih Bukhari 1:9:499
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[15]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[16]
5 Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf Settembre 624[17][18][19] Secondo Ishaq, Maometto ordinò ai suoi seguaci di uccidere Ka'b perchè egli "è andato alla Mecca dopo Badr e inveì__ contro Maometto. Inoltre egli compose dei versi nei quali deplorò le vittime dei Quraysh_ che sono stati uccisi alla Battaglia di Badr. Dopo poco ritornò__ a Medina e compose versi amatoriali di natura offensiva riguardo le donne Musulmane".[20][21]

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinato[21]

6 Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq Dicembre 624[22] Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq fu ucciso per aver insultato Maometto con le sue poesie e per aiutare le truppe dei Confederati_ rifornendoli di denaro e risorse_supplies[23][22]

Abu Rafi assassinato[23][22]

7 Khalid ibn Sufyan 625[27] Khalid bin Sufyan, morì perchè ci furono delle notizie che egli considerò un attacco a Medina e che stava incitando le genti di Nakhla o di Uranah a combattere i Musulmani[27][28]

Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinato[27][28]

  • Musnad Ahmad 3:496[29]
  • Abu Dawud, book 2 no.1244[30]
  • Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah[27]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[31][32]
8 Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi Marzo 625[33] Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi fu decapitato perchè prigioniero di guerra, fu catturato durante l'Invasione di Hamra al-Asad, fu rilasciato precedentemente da Maometto, ma egli prese ancora le armi contro di lui__[34][35]

Abu 'Azzah decapitato da Ali[34][35]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[35]
9 Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah Marzo 625[33] Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, morì perchè fu accusato da Maometto di essere una spia. Egli si recò da Uthman (suo cugino) per trovare riparo, Uthman organizzò il suo ritorno alla Mecca, ma egli stette troppo a lungo a Medina. Dopo aver sentito che era ancora a Medina, Maometto ordinò la sua esecuzione__[34][36]

Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah catturato e giustiziato[34][37]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[37]
10 Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari Marzo 625[33] Al-Harith bin Suwayd morì, secondo la tradizione Islamica, Allah rivelò il passo del Corano 3:86__, che indicò che coloro che rifiutano l'Islam dopo averlo accettato devono essere messi a morte. Al-Harith bin Suwayd fu un Musulmano che combattè nella Battaglia di Uhud e uccise alcuni Musulmani, per poi unirsi ai Quraysh e lasciare l'Islam. Al-Harith inviò suo fratello a Maometto per chiedere il suo perdono. Maometto acconsentì al suo ritorno ma poi decidette di ucciderlo.[37][38][39][40]

Al-Harith bin Suwayd decapitato da Uthman___[37][38][39]

11 Abu Sufyan 627[41] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri fu mandato ad assassinare Abu Sufyan (leader dei Quraysh)[42][42]

3 politeisti uccisi dai Musulmani[42]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[43]
12 Banu Qurayza tribe Febbraio–Marzo 627[44]

I Banu Qurayza vennero attaccati perchè secondo la tradizione Musulmana gli è stato ordinato a Maometto dall'angelo Gabriele.__[45][46][47][48][49][50] One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,[48][49][51][52][53] after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded[46][54]

Musulmani: 2 morti[45]
Non-Musulmani:

  1. 600-900 decapitati (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)
    [45][46][55]
  2. Tutti gli uomini e 1 donna decapitati
    (Hadith)[56][57]
13 Abdullah ibn Ubayy Dicembre 627[41]
(durante l'Invasione di Banu Mustaliq[61] ) 		Abdullah ibn Ubayy morì dopo essere stato accusato da Maometto di diffamazione della sua famiglia diffondendo false voci a riguardo di Aisha (sua moglie).[62] His son offered to behead him[63][64]

Maometto annullò il suo assassinio e disse ad Umar "se io lo avessi fatto uccidere (Abdullah bin Ubai), un gran numero di dignitari si sarebbero furiosamente affrettati a combattere per lui"[65] Successivamente rivelò un verso del Corano che vietò i Musulmani dal partecipare ai funerali dei miscredenti e degli "ipocriti"[66][67]

14 Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam Febbraio 628[41] Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam fu ucciso perchè Maometto sentì che il suo gruppo si stava preparando ad attaccarlo____[68][69]

30 uccisi dai Musulmani[68][69]

  • Tirmidhi no. 3923[70]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[71]
15 Otto uomini da 'Ukil Febbraio 628[41] Uccisi 8 uomini che andarono da lui e si convertirono all'Islam, ma poi divennero apostati, uccisero un Musulmano e lo trascinarono con i cammelli di Maometto[72]

Musulmani: 1 morto
Non-Musulmani: 8 torturati a morte[72][73]

16 Rifa’ah bin Qays 629[75][76] I Rifa’ah bin Qays vennero uccisi perchè Maometto sentì che presumibilmente stavano incitando la gente di Qais a combattere contro di lui[76]

1 decapitato,[77] 4 donne catturate dai Musulmani[78]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[77]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[78]
17 Abdullah bin Khatal Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79][80][81] 		Abdullah bin Khatal morì per aver ucciso uno schiavo ed essere fuggito, così come per aver recitato poesie insultanti Maometto__[79][80][81]

2 Musulmani lo giustiziarono, dopo averlo trovato che si nascondeva sotto le tende della Ka'aba[79][80][81]

18 Fartana Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79][84] 		Fartana (una schiava di Abdullah ibn Khatal), fu uccisa perchè era solita recitare poesie che insultavano Maometto_[79][81]

Fartana viene uccisa___[79][81][84]

19__ Quraybah Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Quraybah (una schiava di Abdullah ibn Khatal) fu uccisa perchè era solita recitare poesie offensive su Maometto[79]

Quraybah si converte all'Islam e viene perdonato[79][83]

20 Huwayrith ibn Nafidh Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Quando la figlia di Maometto stava per fuggire verso Medina, pugnalò i cammelli, ferendoli. Fu un poeta che "disonorò e abusò" dell'Islam__[79][81][86]

Huwayrith ibn Nafidh ucciso[81][86] by Ali[79]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
21 Miqyas ibn Subabah Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Miqyas uccise un Musulmano, il quale uccise accidentalmente suo fratello, scappò alla Mecca e diventò un apostata convertendosi al politeismo[79][81][82][86]

Miqyas ucciso[79][81][86]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
22 Sarah Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Sarah morì perchè Maometto affermò che era solita molestarlo quando era alla Mecca__[79][82]

Fonti conflittuali:

  1. Ibn Ishaq riporta che lei abbia abbracciato l'Islam ma che fu poi uccisa, durante il governo di Umar[82]
  2. Tabari riporta invece che fu uccisa__[87]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[87]
23 Harith ibn Hisham Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Harith ibn Hisham morì per cause sconosciute__[79][82]

Secondo Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah e Harith ibn Hisham cercarono rifugio in casa di parenti Musulmani, i quali supplicarono Maometto di graziarli, e quindi li perdonò a condizione che si fossero convertiti all'Islam[79][88]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[88]
24 Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah morì per cause sconosciute[79][82]

Vedi riga precedente[79][82]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
25 Habbar Ibn al-Aswad bin Ka`b al-`Ansi Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Habbar ibn al-Aswad fu ucciso perchè era un "bugiardo",[89][90] he claimed he was a Prophet[89]

Habbar ibn al-Aswad viene ucciso[89][90]

26 Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl morì perchè era ostile a Maometto, come fece suo padre Abu Jahl[79][82]

Fonti conflittuali

  1. Ibn Ishaq afferma, che sua moglie "divento Musulmana e chiese per lui l'immunità all'Apostolo, che la concesse"[82]
  2. Tabari afferma che fu "eliminato"[92]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[82]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[92]
27 Wahshi ibn Harb Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Wahshi ibn Harb morì per aver ucciso lo zio di Maometto durante la Battaglia di Uhud[79]

Wahshi ibn Harb fu perdonato da Maometto dopo aver chiesto il perdono ed essersi offerto di convertirsi all'Islam[79][93]

  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[93]
28__ Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama fu assassinato per aver scritto delle poesie satiriche contro Maometto[79][94][95][96]

Ibn Ishaq scrisse che Maometto disse "Lasciatelo stare, egli è diventato un Musulmano penitente dopo aver rinnegato il proprio passato.", per cui fu perdonato[95][96]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[96]
29 Al-Harith bin al-Talatil Durante/dopo la Conquista della Mecca
(Gen 630)[79] 		Morì per aver offeso Maometto attraverso la poesia[79]

Al-Harith bin al-Talatil viene ucciso da Ali[79][97]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[97]
30__ Abdullah ibn Zib'ari During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[79] 		Kill Abdullah ibn Zib'ari, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad[79]

Abdullah ibn Zib'ari repents and converts to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him[79]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah
31 Hubayrah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[79] 		Kill Hubayrah, for mocking Muhammad through poetry[79]

Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"[79]

  • Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors[98]
32 Hind bint Utbah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[79] 		Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud[79]

Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",[99] she was pardoned by Muhammad[79]

33 Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)[100] During the Invasion of Banu Nadir[100]
(Aug 625)[101] 		According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"[102][100] Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him[103]

Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing[100]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[102]
34 King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal October 630[104] Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty[105][106]

1 killed, 2 taken captive[107]

35 Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan Unknown Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.[109] But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him[110]

Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal[109][110]

36 Blind man's wife/concubine Unknown Muhammad supported this killing because the women insulted him[111][112]

Blind Muslim kills his wife/concubine[111][112]

37 Ibn Sunayna Unknown Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)[113][114]

Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa[113][114]

38 Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad Unknown Kill Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry[116]

A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.[116] He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"[117]

39 Ibn an-Nawwahah Unknown According to Ibn Kathir, Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary[118][119]

Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah[118][119]

40 Blind Jew Unknown Muhammad's followers kill a blind Jew for throwing dust at his face[121][122]

Blind Jew killed by Sa'd ibn Zayd[121][122]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[123]
  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[122]
41 Nameless spy Unknown Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy[124][125]

Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy[124][125]

42 Man from Aslam tribe Unknown Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery[126][127]

Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death[126][127]

43 Kinana ibn al-Rabi July 628[128] Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure[129][130]

Kinana ibn al-Rabi beheaded[129][130]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[131]



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Main Sources

References

  1. ↑ McCarthy, Kevin M., American Speech, Volume 48, pp. 77–83
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly. Women, religion, and social change. NewYork: SUNY Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-88706-069-2, 1985. 
  5. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  8. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  9. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 675.
  10. ↑ "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.
  14. ↑ Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274 (footnote 1).
  15. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.
  16. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  17. ↑ "SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  18. ↑ Montgomery Watt, W.. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. ed,. Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. 
  19. ↑ Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 13, 1979.  ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.
  20. ↑ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
  24. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204, 2005, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover 
  25. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"
  26. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gabriel, Richard A., Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 126, ISBN 9780806138602, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126 
  29. ↑ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
  30. ↑ Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)
  31. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  32. ↑ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098, 2000, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. (online)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 141–142, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147  pp. 141-142
  36. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, (online)
  40. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Abū Khalīl, Shawqī. Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547, 2003. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  43. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  44. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213 (online)
  47. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  50. ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar, Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288, 2001, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  51. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, 2002  pp. 461–464.
  52. ↑ Adil, Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam, p. 395f.
  53. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 329, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  54. ↑ Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.
  55. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201  pp. 35–36
  56. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2665
  57. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 4:52:280
  58. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, [___http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194 Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21], MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, ___http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194  (online)
  59. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  60. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq  pp. 35–36.
  61. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. (online)
  62. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 77, ISBN 9781861797223, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77 
  63. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. (online)
  64. ↑ Haykal, Hussain, The Life of Mohammed, Islamic Book Trust, p. 354, ISBN 978-8187746461, 1994, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. (online)
  66. ↑ Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 490, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490 
  67. ↑ Rahman, Muhammad Saed, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba ______92, MSA publication limited, p. 221, ISBN 9781861795786, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
  70. ↑ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
  71. ↑ "Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam". Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 665, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.
  73. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 1:4:234
  74. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land", and Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version
  75. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123  (online)
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  79. ↑ 79.00 79.01 79.02 79.03 79.04 79.05 79.06 79.07 79.08 79.09 79.10 79.11 79.12 79.13 79.14 79.15 79.16 79.17 79.18 79.19 79.20 79.21 79.22 79.23 79.24 79.25 79.26 79.27 79.28 79.29 79.30 79.31 79.32 79.33 79.34 79.35 79.36 79.37 79.38 79.39 79.40 79.41 79.42 Wahid Khan, Maulana, Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333, 2002, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:582
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.
  82. ↑ 82.00 82.01 82.02 82.03 82.04 82.05 82.06 82.07 82.08 82.09 82.10 82.11 82.12 82.13 82.14 82.15 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 174. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 79, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 179. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "The last years of the Prophet" defined multiple times with different content
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:662
  91. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 168. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 180, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.
  94. ↑ M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.
  98. ↑ Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, State University of New York Press, p. 196 (footnote 852), ISBN 0791428192, 1998, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. (online)
  101. ↑ Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.
  103. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. (online)
  104. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 239. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 58–59, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover  pp. 58–59. (online)
  106. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.
  107. ↑ Muir, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458. 
  108. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 205. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 187, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q. . ISBN 9781568331126
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4348 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Abudawud 38 4348" defined multiple times with different content
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book. Jewish Publication Society. p. 128, 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128.  ISBN 9780827601987
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 199, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q.  ISBN 9781568331126 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sir John Bagot Glubb" defined multiple times with different content
  115. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Sir. William, Muir, The life of Mahomet, Abe books, p. 131, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 
  117. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4346
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. (online)
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2756
  120. ↑ Tabari, Al, The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 107, ISBN 978-0791410714, 1993, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Sita Ram Goel, India. High Court (Calcutta, India), The Calcutta Quran petition, ISBN 8185990581, p. 104.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 112, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  123. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 372.
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Sahih Bukhari 4:52:286
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4414
  128. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956.  (free online)
  131. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 145-146.


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