List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad

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The use of assassination to achieve political/religious goals has been important throughout the history of Arabia and Islamic expansion, and the very word "assassin"[1] has Arabic roots (حشّاشين).

This list contains the results and reasons for the targeted killings and assassinations ordered or supported by Prophet Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention these incidents.

List of Killings


      Ordered by Muhammad       Supported but not ordered by Muhammad       Women and/or children       Apostates
      Reasons including writing or reciting poetry       Reasons including "causing offence"       Reasons including monetary gain


No. Name Date Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing Result Notable Primary Sources
1 'Asma' bint Marwan January 624[2] Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[3][4][2]

Asma' bint Marwan assassinated[2][5]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[6]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[3]
2 Abu 'Afak February 624[7] Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry[4][6][7][8]

Abu Afak assassinated[7][6][4]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[9]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[10]
3 Al Nadr ibn al-Harith After Battle of Badr
March 624[11] 		According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed ordering the execution of Nadr bin Harith, he was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him[11][12]

Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali[11][12]

4 Uqba bin Abu Muayt After Battle of Badr
March 624[11] 		Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying[11][12]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali[11][12]

  • Sunan Abu Dawud no. 2680 (with commentary from Awnul Mabud 3/12)[14]
  • Sahih Bukhari 1:9:499
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[15]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[16]
5 Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf September 624[17][18][19] According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[20][21]

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated[21]

6 Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq December 624[22] Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies[23][22]

Abu Rafi assassinated[23][22]

7 Khalid ibn Sufyan 625[27] Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims[27][28]

Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated[27][28]

  • Musnad Ahmad 3:496[29]
  • Abu Dawud, book 2 no.1244[30]
  • Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah[27]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[31][32]
8 Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi March 625[33] Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again[34][35]

Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali[34][35]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[35]
9 Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah March 625[33] Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death[34][36]

Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed[34][37]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[37]
10 Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari March 625[33] Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd[38] because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.[39] Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.[37][40][41]

Conflicting reports

  1. Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman[37][40]
  2. Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"[41][39]
11 Abu Sufyan 627[42] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)[43][43]

3 polytheists killed by Muslims[43]

  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[44]
12 Banu Qurayza tribe February–March 627[45]

Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[46][47][48][49][50][51] One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,[49][50][52][53][54] after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded[47][55]

Muslims: 2 killed[46]
Non-Muslims:

  1. 600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)
    [46][47][56]
  2. All Males and 1 woman beheaded
    (Hadith)[57][58]
13 Abdullah ibn Ubayy December 627[42]
(during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq[62] ) 		Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).[63] His son offered to behead him[64][65]

Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"[66] Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"[67][68]

14 Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam February 628[42] Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him[69][70]

30 killed by Muslims[69][70]

  • Tirmidhi no. 3923[71]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[72]
15 Eight men from 'Ukil February 628[42] Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels[73]

Muslims: 1 killed
Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death[73][74]

16 Rifa’ah bin Qays 629[76][77] To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him[77]

1 beheaded,[78] 4 women captured by Muslims[79]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[78]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[79]
17 Abdullah bin Khatal During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80][81][82] 		Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad[80][81][82]

2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba[80][81][82]

18 Fartana During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80][85] 		Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to recite poems insulting Muhammad[80][82]

Fartana is killed[80][82][85]

19 Quraybah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to recite poems insulting Muhammad[80]

Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned[80][84]

20 Huwayrith ibn Nafidh During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam[80][82][87]

Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed[82][87] by Ali[80]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
21 Miqyas ibn Subabah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism[80][82][83][87]

Miqyas killed[80][82][87]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
22 Sarah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Sarah, because Muhammad claimed that she used to molest him while he was in Mecca[80][83]

Conflicting reports:

  1. Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar[83]
  2. Tabari reports she was killed[88]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[88]
23 Harith ibn Hisham During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown[80][83]

According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam[80][89]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[89]
24 Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown[80][83]

See above result[80][83]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
25 Habbar Ibn al-Aswad bin Ka`b al-`Ansi During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Habbar ibn al-Aswad because he was a "liar",[90][91] he claimed he was a Prophet[90]

Habbar ibn al-Aswad killed[90][91]

26 Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl[80][83]

Conflicting reports

  1. Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"[83]
  2. Tabari says he was "eliminated"[93]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[83]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[93]
27 Wahshi ibn Harb During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud[80]

Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam[80][94]

  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[94]
28 Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad[80][95][96][97]

Ibn Ishaq wrote that Muhammad said "Leave him alone, he has become a repentant Muslim after the disposal of his past.", so he was pardoned[96][97]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[97]
29 Al-Harith bin al-Talatil During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		For mocking Muhammad through poetry[80]

Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali[80][98]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[98]
30 Abdullah ibn Zib'ari During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Abdullah ibn Zib'ari, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad[80]

Abdullah ibn Zib'ari repents and converts to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him[80]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah
31 Hubayrah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Hubayrah, for mocking Muhammad through poetry[80]

Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"[80]

  • Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors[99]
32 Hind bint Utbah During/after Conquest of Mecca
(Jan 630)[80] 		Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud[80]

Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",[100] she was pardoned by Muhammad[80]

33 Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)[101] During the Invasion of Banu Nadir[101]
(Aug 625)[102] 		According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"[103][101] Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him[104]

Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing[101]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[103]
34 King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal October 630[105] Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty[106][107]

1 killed, 2 taken captive[108]

35 Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan Unknown Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.[110] But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him[111]

Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal[110][111]

36 Blind man's wife/concubine Unknown Muhammad supported this killing because the women insulted him[112][113]

Blind Muslim kills his wife/concubine[112][113]

37 Ibn Sunayna Unknown Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)[114][115]

Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa[114][115]

38 Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad Unknown Kill Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry[117]

A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.[117] He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"[118]

39 Ibn an-Nawwahah Unknown According to Ibn Kathir, Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary[119][120]

Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah[119][120]

40 Blind Jew Unknown Muhammad's followers kill a blind Jew for throwing dust at his face[122][123]

Blind Jew killed by Sa'd ibn Zayd[122][123]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[124]
  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[123]
41 Nameless spy Unknown Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy[125][126]

Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy[125][126]

42 Man from Aslam tribe Unknown Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery[127][128]

Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death[127][128]

43 Kinana ibn al-Rabi July 628[129] Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure[130][131]

Kinana ibn al-Rabi beheaded[130][131]

  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah[132]



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References

  1. ↑ McCarthy, Kevin M., American Speech, Volume 48, pp. 77–83
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly. Women, religion, and social change. NewYork: SUNY Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-88706-069-2, 1985. 
  5. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  8. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  9. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 675.
  10. ↑ "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.
  14. ↑ Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274 (footnote 1).
  15. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.
  16. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  17. ↑ "SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  18. ↑ Montgomery Watt, W.. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. ed,. Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. 
  19. ↑ Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 13, 1979.  ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.
  20. ↑ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
  24. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204, 2005, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover 
  25. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"
  26. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gabriel, Richard A., Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 126, ISBN 9780806138602, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126 
  29. ↑ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
  30. ↑ Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)
  31. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  32. ↑ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098, 2000, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. (online)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 141–142, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147  pp. 141-142
  36. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).
  38. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Ze'ev Maghen, "After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim", Walter de Gruyter, p. 44, 2006, https://books.google.it/books?id=eZQH0xCYiaAC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Al-Harith+bin+Suwayd+al-Ansari&source=bl&ots=7hmDxk25f0&sig=ghd1mLrN9L_R5o-6LNgdPyuZeEQ&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PLiyVOicH4jvaOCjgaAE&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, (online)
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Abū Khalīl, Shawqī. Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547, 2003. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  44. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  45. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213 (online)
  48. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  51. ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar, Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288, 2001, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  52. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, 2002  pp. 461–464.
  53. ↑ Adil, Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam, p. 395f.
  54. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 329, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  55. ↑ Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.
  56. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201  pp. 35–36
  57. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2665
  58. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 4:52:280
  59. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194  (online)
  60. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  61. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq  pp. 35–36.
  62. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. (online)
  63. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 77, ISBN 9781861797223, 2009, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77 
  64. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. (online)
  65. ↑ Haykal, Hussain, The Life of Mohammed, Islamic Book Trust, p. 354, ISBN 978-8187746461, 1994, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. (online)
  67. ↑ Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 490, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490 
  68. ↑ Rahman, Muhammad Saed, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba 92, MSA publication limited, p. 221, ISBN 9781861795786, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
  71. ↑ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
  72. ↑ "Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam". Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 665, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.
  74. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 1:4:234
  75. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land", and Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version
  76. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123  (online)
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  80. ↑ 80.00 80.01 80.02 80.03 80.04 80.05 80.06 80.07 80.08 80.09 80.10 80.11 80.12 80.13 80.14 80.15 80.16 80.17 80.18 80.19 80.20 80.21 80.22 80.23 80.24 80.25 80.26 80.27 80.28 80.29 80.30 80.31 80.32 80.33 80.34 80.35 80.36 80.37 80.38 80.39 80.40 80.41 80.42 Wahid Khan, Maulana, Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333, 2002, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:582
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.
  83. ↑ 83.00 83.01 83.02 83.03 83.04 83.05 83.06 83.07 83.08 83.09 83.10 83.11 83.12 83.13 83.14 83.15 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 174. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 79, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 179. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "The last years of the Prophet" defined multiple times with different content
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:662
  92. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 168. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 180, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.
  95. ↑ M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597.
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.
  99. ↑ Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, State University of New York Press, p. 196 (footnote 852), ISBN 0791428192, 1998, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. (online)
  102. ↑ Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.
  104. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. (online)
  105. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 239. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 58–59, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover  pp. 58–59. (online)
  107. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.
  108. ↑ Muir, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458. 
  109. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 205. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 187, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q. . ISBN 9781568331126
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 "This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4348 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Abudawud 38 4348" defined multiple times with different content
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book. Jewish Publication Society. p. 128, 2003. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128.  ISBN 9780827601987
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Sir John Bagot Glubb. The life and times of Muhammad. Madison Books. p. 199, 1998. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q.  ISBN 9781568331126 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sir John Bagot Glubb" defined multiple times with different content
  116. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Sir. William, Muir, The life of Mahomet, Abe books, p. 131, 1861, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 
  118. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4346
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. (online)
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2756
  121. ↑ Tabari, Al, The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 107, ISBN 978-0791410714, 1993, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16 
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Sita Ram Goel, India. High Court (Calcutta, India), The Calcutta Quran petition, ISBN 8185990581, p. 104.
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 112, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  124. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 372.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Sahih Bukhari 4:52:286
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Sunan Abu Dawud 38:4414
  129. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956.  (free online)
  132. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 145-146.
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