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The practice of inviting non-Muslim nations to join [[Islam]] or pay the [[Jizyah]] prior to engaging in [[Jihad]] was first initiated by Prophet [[Muhammad]]. | {{QualityScore|Lead=2|Structure=4|Content=4|Language=2|References=4}} | ||
The practice of inviting non-Muslim nations to join [[Islam]] or pay the [[Jizyah]] prior to engaging in offensive [[Jihad]] was first initiated by the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. His [[Sunnah|example]] was then followed by the Rightly-Guided [[Caliph]]s and the leaders of Islamic empires, codified within the Islamic [[Shariah|Shari'ah]]<ref>Ahmad Ibn Lulu Ibn Al-Naqib, translated by Noah Ha Mim Keller - [http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Traveller-Classic-Islamic-Al-Salik/dp/0915957728 Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik (o9.0-8)] - Published by Amana Corporation; Revised edition (July 1, 1997), ISBN-13: 978-0915957729</ref> and is today implemented by various Islamist leaders and [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organizations. | |||
[[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Letter sent by Prophet [[Muhammad]] to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]] | [[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Letter sent by Prophet [[Muhammad]] to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]] | ||
==Historical== | ==Historical== | ||
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===Muhammad=== | ===Muhammad=== | ||
====Letter to the Christians of Aylah==== | ====Letter to the Christians of Aylah (أيلة)==== | ||
After hearing rumors that the Romans had gathered at the border of the Byzantine Empire and northern Arabia, Muhammad led his army to engage them in battle. However, upon reaching Tabuk the rumors proved themselves to be false. | After hearing rumors that the Romans had gathered at the border of the Byzantine Empire and northern Arabia, Muhammad led his army to engage them in battle. However, upon reaching Tabuk the rumors proved themselves to be false. With nothing remaining to do, he sent a detachment to the Christians and Jews east of Tabuk with a letter. | ||
{{Quote||''To John ibn Rubah and the Chiefs of Aylah''. Peace be on you! I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord. I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you. Believe, or else pay tribute. And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet, and unto the messengers of his Prophet. Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment. Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments. As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I. Ye know the tribute. If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand, whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle. But if ye oppose and displease them, I will not accept from you a single thing, until I have fought against you and taken captive your little ones and slain the elder; for I am the Apostle of the Lord in truth. Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets. And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the Word of God: I believe in him that he was a messenger of God. Come then, before trouble reach you. I commend my messengers to you. Give to Harmala three measures of barley; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you. As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army. But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Mahomet, and whosoever belongeth unto him. Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c. Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Mahomet his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye submit. And convey the people of Macna back to their land.<ref>Muir, Sir William. (1878). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The life of Mahomet'']. (p. 456). London: Smith, Elder & Co</ref>}} | {{Quote||''To John ibn Rubah (يوحنا بن روبة) and the Chiefs of Aylah''. Peace be on you! I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord. I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you. Believe, or else pay tribute. And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet, and unto the messengers of his Prophet. Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment. Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments. As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I. Ye know the tribute. If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand, whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle. But if ye oppose and displease them, I will not accept from you a single thing, until I have fought against you and taken captive your little ones and slain the elder; for I am the Apostle of the Lord in truth. Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets. And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the Word of God: I believe in him that he was a messenger of God. Come then, before trouble reach you. I commend my messengers to you. Give to Harmala three measures of barley; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you. As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army. But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Mahomet, and whosoever belongeth unto him. Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c. Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Mahomet his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye submit. And convey the people of Macna back to their land.<ref>Muir, Sir William. (1878). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The life of Mahomet'']. (p. 456). London: Smith, Elder & Co</ref>}} | ||
====Letter to Heraclius, the Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople==== | ====Letter to Heraclius (هرقل), the Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople==== | ||
{{Quote||In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful (This letter is) from Muhammad, the slave of Allah, and His Apostle, to Heraculius, the Ruler of the Byzantine. Peace be upon the followers of guidance. Now then, I invite you to Islam (i.e. surrender to Allah), embrace Islam and you will be safe; embrace Islam and Allah will bestow on you a double reward. But if you reject this invitation of Islam, you shall be responsible for misguiding the peasants (i.e. your nation).<BR><BR>O people of the Scriptures! Come to a word common to you and us and you, that we worship. None but Allah, and that we associate nothing in worship with Him; and that none of us shall take others as Lords besides Allah. Then if they turn away, say: Bear witness that we are (they who have surrendered (unto Him)..(3.64)<ref>M. Muhsin Khan (Translator) - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.191|2=2011-10-30}} Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad), Number 191] - USC-MSA, [[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]</ref>}} | {{Quote||In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful (This letter is) from Muhammad, the slave of Allah, and His Apostle, to Heraculius, the Ruler of the Byzantine. Peace be upon the followers of guidance. Now then, I invite you to Islam (i.e. surrender to Allah), '''embrace Islam and you will be safe''' (أسلم تسلم, ''aslim taslam''); embrace Islam and Allah will bestow on you a double reward. But if you reject this invitation of Islam, you shall be responsible for misguiding the peasants (i.e. your nation).<BR><BR>O people of the Scriptures! Come to a word common to you and us and you, that we worship. None but Allah, and that we associate nothing in worship with Him; and that none of us shall take others as Lords besides Allah. Then if they turn away, say: Bear witness that we are (they who have surrendered (unto Him)..(3.64)<ref>M. Muhsin Khan (Translator) - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.191|2=2011-10-30}} Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad), Number 191] - USC-MSA, [[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]</ref>}} | ||
====Letter to Negus, King of Abyssinia==== | ====Letter to Negus, King of Abyssinia==== | ||
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Should you reject this invitation, then you will be held responsible for all the evils of the Christians of your people.<ref name="The sealed nectar">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA412&dq=The+letters+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+to+the+kings+beyond+arabia&hl=en&ei=CsrTTuLOH9Co8AOOsoHiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20letters%20of%20the%20Prophet%20Muhammad%20to%20the%20kings%20beyond%20arabia&f=false | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=9960899551}}, pp. 412-426</ref>}} | Should you reject this invitation, then you will be held responsible for all the evils of the Christians of your people.<ref name="The sealed nectar">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA412&dq=The+letters+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+to+the+kings+beyond+arabia&hl=en&ei=CsrTTuLOH9Co8AOOsoHiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20letters%20of%20the%20Prophet%20Muhammad%20to%20the%20kings%20beyond%20arabia&f=false | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=9960899551}}, pp. 412-426</ref>}} | ||
====Letter to Muqawqas, the Vicegerent of Egypt==== | ====Letter to Muqawqas (المقوقس), the Vicegerent of Egypt==== | ||
{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. | {{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. | ||
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From Muhammad slave of Allâh and His Messenger to Muqawqas, vicegerent of Egypt. | From Muhammad slave of Allâh and His Messenger to Muqawqas, vicegerent of Egypt. | ||
Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Thereafter, I invite you to accept Islam. Therefore, if you want security, accept Islam. If you accept Islam, Allâh, the Sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, you will bear the burden of the transgression of all the Copts. | Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Thereafter, I invite you to accept Islam. Therefore, '''if you want security, accept Islam''' (أسلم تسلم,''aslim taslam''). If you accept Islam, Allâh, the Sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, you will bear the burden of the transgression of all the Copts. | ||
"Say (O Muhammad : ‘O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allâh, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allâh.’ Then, if they turn away, say: ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims.’ " [Al-Qur'an 3:64]<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}} | "Say (O Muhammad : ‘O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allâh, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allâh.’ Then, if they turn away, say: ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims.’ " [Al-Qur'an 3:64]<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}} | ||
====Letter to Chosroes, Emperor of Persia==== | ====Letter to Chosroes (كسرى), Emperor of Persia==== | ||
{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. | {{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. | ||
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From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allâh to Chosroes, king of Persia. | From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allâh to Chosroes, king of Persia. | ||
Peace be upon him who follows true guidance, believes in Allâh and His Messenger and testifies that there is no god but Allâh Alone with no associate, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I invite you to accept the religion of Allâh. I am the Messenger of Allâh sent to all people in order that I may infuse fear of Allâh in every living person, and that the charge may be proved against those who reject the Truth. Accept Islam as your religion so that you may live in security, otherwise, you will be responsible for all the sins of the Magians.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}} | Peace be upon him who follows true guidance, believes in Allâh and His Messenger and testifies that there is no god but Allâh Alone with no associate, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I invite you to accept the religion of Allâh. I am the Messenger of Allâh sent to all people in order that I may infuse fear of Allâh in every living person, and that the charge may be proved against those who reject the Truth. '''Accept Islam as your religion so that you may live in security''' (فأسلم تسلم, ''fa aslim taslam''), otherwise, you will be responsible for all the sins of the Magians.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}} | ||
====Letter to Haudha bin ‘Ali, Governor of Yamama==== | ====Letter to Haudha bin ‘Ali, Governor of Yamama==== | ||
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===Miscellaneous=== | ===Miscellaneous=== | ||
====Letter of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine replying to the Sultan of Turkey==== | ====Letter of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine replying to the Sultan of Turkey==== | ||
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To Americans and the rest of Christendom we say, either repent (your) misguided ways and enter into the light of truth or keep your poison to yourself and suffer the consequences in this world and the next<BR>. . .<BR> | To Americans and the rest of Christendom we say, either repent (your) misguided ways and enter into the light of truth or keep your poison to yourself and suffer the consequences in this world and the next<BR>. . .<BR> | ||
If the Zionist crusader missionaries of hate and counter-Islam consultants like Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, Michael Scheuer, Steven Emerson, and yes, even the crusader-in-chief George W. Bush were to abandon their unbelief and repent and enter into the light of Islam and turn their swords against the enemies of God, it would be accepted of them and they would be our brothers in Islam. And we send a special invitation to all of you fighting Bush’s crusader pipe dream in Afghanistan, Iraq, and wherever else W. has sent you to die.<ref>Links to the full video appear to be dead, however, a partial transcript has been recorded in a blog post made by Michelle Malkin, named "[{{Reference archive|1=http://michellemalkin.com/2006/09/02/convert-or-die/|2=2013-05-08}} Convert or die]" (dated September 2, 2006).</ref>}} | If the Zionist crusader missionaries of hate and counter-Islam consultants like Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, Michael Scheuer, Steven Emerson, and yes, even the crusader-in-chief George W. Bush were to abandon their unbelief and repent and enter into the light of Islam and turn their swords against the enemies of God, it would be accepted of them and they would be our brothers in Islam. And we send a special invitation to all of you fighting Bush’s crusader pipe dream in Afghanistan, Iraq, and wherever else W. has sent you to die.<ref>Links to the full video appear to be dead, however, a partial transcript has been recorded in a blog post made by Michelle Malkin, named "[{{Reference archive|1=http://michellemalkin.com/2006/09/02/convert-or-die/|2=2013-05-08}} Convert or die]" (dated September 2, 2006).</ref>}} | ||
====Osama Bin Laden's "letter to America"==== | |||
The [[Letter to America - Osama bin Laden|letter to America]] is a 4,000-word document written by Osama bin Laden in 2002. It first appeared on the internet in Arabic on a Saudi Arabian website, and has since been translated and posted on Islamic websites run from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/alqaida.terrorism| title = Osama issues new call to arms| publisher = The Observer| author = Jason Burke| date = November 24, 2002| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Falqaida.terrorism&date=2013-08-08| deadurl = no}}</ref> | |||
{{Quote||What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you? | |||
1) The first thing that we are calling you to is Islam. | |||
a) The religion of the Unification of God; of freedom from associating partners with Him, and rejection of this; of complete love of Him, the Exalted; of complete submission to His Laws; and of the discarding of all the opinions, orders, theories and religions which contradict with the religion He sent down to His Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Islam is the religion of all the prophets, and makes no distinction between them - peace be upon them all. | |||
It is to this religion that we call you; the seal of all the previous religions. It is the religion of Unification of God, sincerity, the best of manners, righteousness, mercy, honour, purity, and piety. It is the religion of showing kindness to others, establishing justice between them, granting them their rights, and defending the oppressed and the persecuted. It is the religion of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil with the hand, tongue and heart. It is the religion of Jihad in the way of Allah so that Allah's Word and religion reign Supreme. And it is the religion of unity and agreement on the obedience to Allah, and total equality between all people, without regarding their colour, sex, or language. | |||
b) It is the religion whose book - the Quran - will remained preserved and unchanged, after the other Divine books and messages have been changed. The Quran is the miracle until the Day of Judgement. Allah has challenged anyone to bring a book like the Quran or even ten verses like it. | |||
2) The second thing we call you to, is to stop your oppression, lies, immorality and debauchery that has spread among you. | |||
a) We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gamblings, and trading with interest. | |||
We call you to all of this that you may be freed from that which you have become caught up in; that you may be freed from the deceptive lies that you are a great nation, that your leaders spread amongst you to conceal from you the despicable state to which you have reached. | |||
b) It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind: | |||
i) You are the nation who, rather than ruling by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you will and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms Absolute Authority to the Lord and your Creator. You flee from the embarrassing question posed to you: How is it possible for Allah the Almighty to create His creation, grant them power over all the creatures and land, grant them all the amenities of life, and then deny them that which they are most in need of: knowledge of the laws which govern their lives?<BR>. . .<BR> | |||
If you fail to respond to all these conditions, then prepare for fight with the Islamic Nation. The Nation of Monotheism, that puts complete trust on Allah and fears none other than Him. The Nation which is addressed by its Quran with the words: Do you fear them? Allah has more right that you should fear Him if you are believers. Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands and disgrace them and give you victory over them and heal the breasts of believing people. And remove the anger of their hearts. Allah accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Quran 9:13-1<BR>. . .<BR> | |||
If the Americans refuse to listen to our advice and the goodness, guidance and righteousness that we call them to, then be aware that you will lose this Crusade Bush began, just like the other previous Crusades in which you were humiliated by the hands of the Mujahideen, fleeing to your home in great silence and disgrace. If the Americans do not respond, then their fate will be that of the Soviets who fled from Afghanistan to deal with their military defeat, political breakup, ideological downfall, and economic bankruptcy. | |||
This is our message to the Americans, as an answer to theirs. Do they now know why we fight them and over which form of ignorance, by the permission of Allah, we shall be victorious?<ref name="letter to America">{{cite web|url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver?li=1|title= Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|publisher= Observer Worldview Extra|author= |date= November 24, 2002|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver%3Fli%3D1&date=2013-08-08|deadurl=no}}</ref>}} | |||
===Boko Haram=== | |||
====Abubakar Shekau's address to the President of Nigeria==== | |||
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the terrorist organization Boko Haram, released a video in August 2012 urging Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s Christian president, to convert to Islam. | |||
{{Quote||You [Goodluck Jonathan] should abandon this ungodly power, you should repent and forsake Christianity... You [Barack Obama] said I'm a global terrorist, then you are a terrorist in the next world.<ref>Aminu Abubakar - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5huLV0A2MdfKlbsb8aGgxmOv-eOiQ?docId=CNG.d3ffcd8da382f4117ce248b079227866.51|2=2013-05-09}} Nigerian leader slams sect leader's call on him to resign] - AFP, August 6, 2012</ref>}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{Hub4|Terrorism|Terrorism}} | |||
{{Hub4|Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)|Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)}} | |||
{{Translation-links-english|[[ | {{Template:Translation-links-english|[[Покани за приемане на исляма, които предхождат насилието|Bulgarian]], [[Pozvani k Islamu pred pouzitim nasili|Czech]], [[Invito_a_convertirsi_all_islam_prima_dell_attacco|Italian]]}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pureislam.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D17&date=2011-04-24 <!-- http://www.pureislam.co.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=17 -->The letters of the Prophet Muhammad (PDF)] | *[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pureislam.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D17&date=2011-04-24 <!-- http://www.pureislam.co.za/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=17 -->The letters of the Prophet Muhammad (PDF)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
[[Category:Literature]] | [[Category:Literature]] | ||
[[Category:Muhammad]] | [[Category:Muhammad]] | ||
[[bg:Покани за приемане на исляма, които предхождат насилието]] | |||
[[ru:Переписка_с_предводителями_исламского_джихада]] | |||