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==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
Family played a central role the tribal culture that dominated the environment in which Muhammad grew up and passed away. The diverse experiences Muhammad encountered with his wives and extended family shaped at times indirectly and at times directly the religious message he would be reported as having left behind. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Maome.jpeg|description=Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد; pronounced [muħammad]; c. 570 – c. 8 June 632) was the founder of Islam. According to Islamic scripture, he was a prophet and God's messenger, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previous Abrahamic religions. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in the main branches of Islam.|title=Muhammad ibn Abdullah|summary=}}{{PortalArticle | {{PortalArticle|image=Maome.jpeg|description=Muhammad (Arabic: مُحمّد; pronounced [muħammad]; c. 570 – c. 8 June 632) was the founder of Islam. According to Islamic scripture, he was a prophet and God's messenger, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previous Abrahamic religions. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in the main branches of Islam.|title=Muhammad ibn Abdullah|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|summary=|description=On many occasions, Muhammad was able to resolve personal dilemmas with the help of revelation from God. These included conflicts involving his wives, other domestic matters, and instances where his earlier advices or revelation required amendment or were criticized. Critics have long argued that these 'convenient revelations' are, among other things, evidence of Muhammad's authorship of the Quran.|image=Convenientrevs.jpg|title=Convenient Revelations}} | ||
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{{PortalArticle|title=Muhammad's Marriages|summary=|image=wives of the prophet.jpg|description=According to Anas ibn Malik, the Prophet Muhammad used to visit all eleven of his wives in one night; but he could manage this, as he had the sexual prowess of thirty men. The historian Al-Tabari calculated that Muhammad married a total of fifteen women, though only ever eleven at one time; and two of these marriages were never consummated. This tally of fifteen does not include at least four concubines.}}{{PortalArticle|summary=|description= | {{PortalArticle|title=Muhammad's Marriages|summary=|image=wives of the prophet.jpg|description=According to Anas ibn Malik, the Prophet Muhammad used to visit all eleven of his wives in one night; but he could manage this, as he had the sexual prowess of thirty men. The historian Al-Tabari calculated that Muhammad married a total of fifteen women, though only ever eleven at one time; and two of these marriages were never consummated. This tally of fifteen does not include at least four concubines.}}{{PortalArticle|title=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|summary=|image=Abdullahbaalmuttalib.png|description=Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib was the father of Muhammad who passed away during a trading trip he embarked on while Aminah, his wife, was still pregnant with Muhammad. According to hadiths in Sahih Muslim that some Islamic theologians have had trouble grappling with, both of Muhammad's parents are in hell.}} | ||
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==Military life== | ==Military life== | ||
In what was reported to have been the twenty years following his proclamation of prophethood at the age of forty, Muhammad conquered the Arabian peninsula (most of the actual conquering was achieved in the latter part of these 20 years). In achieving this, Muhammad conducted and oversaw a large number of military campaigns, raids, and assassinations. | |||
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==Religious life== | ==Religious life== | ||
The reports regarding Muhammad specific teachings a prophet are tend toward the more contentious end of the spectrum of scripture, as far more parties were interested in placing their doctrines, rulings, and even political ambitions in the mouth of the prophet than parties interested in altering the details of his family or military life. | |||
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{{PortalArticle|image=Dhalikaljaysh.jpg|title=Prophecies in the Hadith|description=Muhammad's prophecies are predictions attributed to him and generally written 150-200 years after his death. Many prophecies are considered "signs of the Hour" (Islamic eschatology). Some prophecies are general statements that may apply to times even before Islam, other prophecies predict early Islamic history (which happened before the predictions were written) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the hadiths were written.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title= | {{PortalArticle|image=Dhalikaljaysh.jpg|title=Prophecies in the Hadith|description=Muhammad's prophecies are predictions attributed to him and generally written 150-200 years after his death. Many prophecies are considered "signs of the Hour" (Islamic eschatology). Some prophecies are general statements that may apply to times even before Islam, other prophecies predict early Islamic history (which happened before the predictions were written) and some prophecies make predictions about the the future to come after the hadiths were written.|summary=}}{{PortalArticle|title=Farewell Sermon|summary=|image=Arafah.jpg|description=The Farewell Sermon (خطبة الوداع, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is purported to be the Prophet Muhammad's final sermon to his followers before his death in 632 CE. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are extremely late, in this case At-Tabari writing in the late 800's CE about an event which is purported to have taken place in 632 CE. The mention of "the Sunnah of the prophet" is clearly apycrophal, as Patricia Crone has shown in pathbreaking ''God's Caliph''.}} | ||
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{{PortalArticle|summary=|title=Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|description=The Satanic Verses (also the Gharaniq incident) was an incident where Prophet Muhammad acknowledged Allat, Manat, and al-Uzza, the goddesses of the Pagan Meccans in a Qur'anic revelation, only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil. The incident, recorded in the earliest Islamic scriptures, has proven theologically controversial in the extreme, with some theologians denying its possibility outright.|image=Gharaniq.jpg}}{{PortalArticle|description=Al-Burāq (البُراق "lightning") is a mythological steed comparable to the Greek Pegasus, believed to be a creature from the heavens which transported the various Islamic prophets. Islamic scriptures report that Muhammad mounted Buraq, which then transported him to the al-Aqsa mosque (supposedly already extant) and subsequently through the seven heavens to meet with Allah in person.|title=Buraq|image=Buraqpic.jpeg|summary=}} | {{PortalArticle|summary=|title=Satanic Verses (Gharaniq Incident)|description=The Satanic Verses (also the Gharaniq incident) was an incident where Prophet Muhammad acknowledged Allat, Manat, and al-Uzza, the goddesses of the Pagan Meccans in a Qur'anic revelation, only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil. The incident, recorded in the earliest Islamic scriptures, has proven theologically controversial in the extreme, with some theologians denying its possibility outright.|image=Gharaniq.jpg}}{{PortalArticle|description=Al-Burāq (البُراق "lightning") is a mythological steed comparable to the Greek Pegasus, believed to be a creature from the heavens which transported the various Islamic prophets. Islamic scriptures report that Muhammad mounted Buraq, which then transported him to the al-Aqsa mosque (supposedly already extant) and subsequently through the seven heavens to meet with Allah in person.|title=Buraq|image=Buraqpic.jpeg|summary=}} | ||
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===Other articles in this section=== | ===Other articles in this section=== | ||
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*[[Muhammad's Miracles]] | *[[Muhammads Miracles|Muhammad's Miracles]] | ||
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==In doctrine== | ==In doctrine== | ||
Islamic doctrine holds as an article of faith that Muhammad, like all prophets, was a man. In his capacity as a man, however, Muhammad is held as having the priveleged to be God's final and sole spokesperson on Earth. As the ''Uswa Hasana'' ("excellent model") and ''al-Insan al-Kamil'' ("the perfect human"), everything Muhammad did was later held to be instructive for all of mankind for all time. Muhammad's family and descendants were also perpetually given priveleged social and spiritual status, especially in the Shi'ite tradition. While historians are generally skeptical of the specific contents of the hadiths, or "narrations" attributed to Muhammad, Islamic doctrine holds that since Muhammad was the final messenger, God must have preserved all facts about his life which would be necessary for our instruction. Thus, the hadith literature must be sufficient and, from an orthodox standpoint, harboring any real or comprehensive skepticism toward this body of literature is not acceptable. | |||
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==In history== | ==In history== | ||
Though it was once believed that Muhammad's life transpired 'in the full light of history', historians have since moderated their claims on the basis of revealing critical studies on the origins and development of the hadith as well as due to the at times conflicting archeological evidence that has been studied, much of which comes from non-Muslim sources. Beyond the historical study of Muhammad and his times, Muhammad has also featured multiple times as a character in non-Islamic scriptures that post-date Islam. Altogether, the study of historical and later documents regarding Muhammad, especially those from outside of the Islamic world, have show how non-Muslim perceptions of Muhammad have changed over time. | |||
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==In recent times== | ==In recent times== | ||
Today, Muhammad remains one of the most remembered persons to have ever lived on Earth. His is one of if not the most commonly used name for children across the globe and hundreds of millions of Muslims pray for him by name on a daily basis. Outside of the Muslim world, however, and considered from the vantage point of the entire global population, however, the most well-known contemporary relevance of Muhammad is perhaps found in the various international controversies that have ensued from those persons who have dared, in defiance of Islamic law, to depict and criticize him. | |||
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