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...ammad's idea of [[Allah]] was simply a transformation of preexisting ideas of Hubal and perhaps, another pagan Arab god, Baal, however these claims appea ...eir clothes revealing their leg-bangles and their legs. So, the companions of 'Abdullah bin Jubair said, "The booty! O people, the booty ! Your companion

...l-Uzza with Zodiac.jpg|right|170px|thumb|The goddess al-Uzza at the Temple of Winged Lions in Petra.]] ...'anic]] [[revelation]], only to later recant and claim they were the words of the Devil.

'''‘''Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib''''' (عبدالله بن عبد المطلب) is the name of Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s father. ...'Volume 6: Muhammad at Mecca'', p. 6. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> Still, traditional sources maintain that Muhammad was Abdullah's onl

|-<!-- New row starts here --> ...de 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|author

|-<!-- New row starts here --> ...aio 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|author

|-<!-- New row starts here --> |Leden 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|author

...at a relatively late date, and much of the material in it likely consists of later accretions to the original core text. ...example of ''Vaticinium ex eventu'', a prophecy being placed in the mouth of a prophet by a writer composing after the fact, in order to attribute divin

...could together constitute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...rked for the Muslim [[Ummah]]. However, these perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim comm

...could together constitute the Dar al-Islam as opposed to a single unified state has complexified the debate. ...rked for the Muslim [[Ummah]]. However, these perspectives have fallen out of favor in recent times, particularly in the West among diasporic Muslim comm

...rder''' and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by [[Muhammad]], as well as the primary so ...by Muhammad derive from the narratives compiled in the sῑra-maghāzī genre of literature (biography/expeditions) and associated hadiths. Academic scholar

...irah genre to lack any sound methodology for authenticating isnads (chains of narration; indeed, in some cases no isnad is given at all). ...ly formed the most authoritative biographical source available on the life of the prophet.

'''Zunār''' (زنار) was a wide yellow belt made of cloth. It was part of the clothing that [[non-Muslims]] under [[Dhimmitude]] were required to wea ...om/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>

...r at least a lack of protest). Reports of Muhammad's marriage to Aisha and of his companions marrying off their minor daughters played a role in some jur ...overnment agencies who can and should be contacted when someone is at risk of forced marriage. Some charities advise those who realise too late that they

[[File:Broken cross.jpg|thumb|Part of the regulations placed on Christians and Jews under the Dhimma system is th ...eory, Practice, Transformations|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=327|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref>

...omen in Islam: A Progressive View", New York: State University of New York Press, pp.40-41</ref> ...//www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/03/new-un-initiative-aims-to-protect-millions-of-girls-from-child-marriage/ L’ONU] considère le mariage infantile comme u

[[Category:People of the Book]] ...aries of articles discussing the relationship between Islam and the People of the Book.

...his gold) and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ==Story of Her Capture and Marriage to Muhammad==

...r father, and profoundly possessed by the conviction that he was a prophet of [[Allah (God)|Allah]]. ==Story of Her Capture and Marriage to Muhammad==

...ed=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=bucaillism&f=false Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures], ed. [[Helaine S ...le=Strange Bedfellows: Western Scholars Play Key Role in Touting `Science' of the Quran |author=Daniel Golden |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=Januar

...tern Christianity under Islam. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, p.79 </ref>. ...www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |location=New York |date=17 August 2021|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

...enocides and acts of ethnic cleansing under Muslim regimes from the origin of Islam to present day. ...orld have not been uniquely peaceful, harmonious, or innocent of the kinds of attrocities perpetrated throughout history.

...f Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, Translated by A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, (Re-issued in Karachi, Pakistan, 1967, 13th impression, 1 ..., Translated by W. M. Watt and M.V. McDonald, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1988, ISBN: 0-88706-707-7, pp. 107-112.</ref>}}

...[[jizyah]] and subjection to Islamic political dominion and the strictures of the [[dhimma]]. 3. Fighting until death. ...nder Islam|date=2011|publisher=Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|page=79}}</ref>.

...aliph is, however, only legally and not theologically binding upon members of the Muslim ummah who consider him legitimate. ...uld lead to infighting, and thus Abu Bakr suggested to the entire assembly of Medinans either Umar or Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah be made leader. When the

...res of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam'', Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 194-6</ref> Manuscripts purported to be the original ...Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]]

<metadesc>Syrian legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in the Qur'an</metadesc> ...ficantly with the version taught by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore of Tarsus (d. 690 CE), and which can be situated in an early 7th century Pales

...he legacy of its more immediate surroundings continue to this day in terms of names, rituals and some specific beliefs. ==History of the name Allah and the Basmala==

...Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin</ref> '''the Pact of Umar''' (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is ...tly existing, internationally recognized state implements the stipulations of the pact.

...re common practice. Girls below the age of 18, and often far below the age of puberty are forcibly [[Marriage|married]] to older persons (sometimes in th ...r age. See the article [[Forced Marriage]] for more detail and for sources of help for those at risk.<ref>For example [https://www.mwnuk.co.uk/Forced_Mar

...the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars today embrace the tradition of Islamic violence in all three respects. ...gued that the modern continuation of this practice is found in the actions of Islamic leaders such as Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and even terrorist organization

...histicated, and nuanced" interpretation of Islam than the "standard image" of Wahhabism.<ref name="DLB2004: 5">[[#DLB2004|DeLong-Bas, ''Wahhabi Islam'', ...world view", Islamic law, women and Wahhabism, ''jihad'' and the evolution of Wahhabism.<ref name="B&N">{{cite web|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and

...ss.princeton.edu/titles/1434.html The Jews of Islam], Princeton University Press, June 1, 1987, ISBN 9780691008073, pp. 25-26.</ref> ...//www.cyberistan.org/islamic/sciencehistory.htm|2=2011-04-18}} The Miracle of Islamic Science] - Knowledge House; 1st edition (September 1992) p. 200. IS

...Khadījah al-Tahira|occupation=Merchant|title=''Umm al-Mu'mineen'' ("Mother of the Believers")|spouse=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]|children=Qasim<br>Abdullah ...ion as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...Khadījah al-Tahira|occupation=Merchant|title=''Umm al-Mu'mineen'' ("Mother of the Believers")|spouse=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah]]|children=Qasim<br>Abdullah ...ion as ''the'' Mother of [[Islam]] herself. Khadijah was the mother to all of Muhammad's children, including Fatimah, save one.

...mall number of hadiths describe punishments for the rape of free women and of female slaves who are not owned by the perpetrator. However, the Qur'an, on ...ment of millions of women suffering [[Forced Marriage]] in certain regions of the world.</ref> While there is no punishment for rape victims, human right

...r but was forced to quit her classes upon engagement. Image from the ''New York Times Magazine''.]] ...irteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve.

[[File:Human Embryo.jpg|thumb|Photo of Human Embryo (7 weeks)]] ...ran to be a [[Islam and Science|scientific miracle]] of Islam and evidence of claims to its divine origin. However, critics claim the [[Ayat|verses]] to

...ial cornerstones of Capitalism. The right to speak and what are the limits of speech are therefore all defined by human beings. ...m it is the Creator of human beings Allah سبحانه وتعالى who gave the right of speech to people and defined the limits on what is acceptable and unaccepta

...r but was forced to quit her classes upon engagement. Image from the ''New York Times Magazine''.]] ...irteen and the Persian Sassinids allowed marital consummation from the age of twelve.

| name = The History of al-Tabari<BR>Volumes 1-40 | image = [[File:The History of al-Tabari.jpg|150px]]

...ion it holds without divine insight. Individuals key to the popularization of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologist]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saudi ...terpretations of the relevant verses as well as their use and presentation of scientific information on the topic, arguing instead that the Quran is erro

...ion it holds without divine insight. Individuals key to the popularization of this idea include the [[Apologists|apologists]] [[Zakir Naik]] and the Saud ...terpretations of the relevant verses as well as their use and presentation of scientific information on the topic, arguing instead that the Quran is erro

...cle providing a comprehensive examination of the different interpretations of [[Qur'an]] 18:86 and 18:90. ...assage says that Allah empowered a person called Dhu’l Qarnayn, “Possessor of the two horns”, and gave him means or ways to all things. It says he used

...arfare in the name of spreading and/or defending Islam. This understanding of jihad continues to be taught in Islamic religious schools, even mainstream ...ding call for jihad against the [[Dar al-Harb and Dar al-Islam (the Abodes of War and Peace)|Dar-al-Harb]].

...humb|250px|Alexander the Great depicted with horns on a silver tetradrachm of Lysimachos, circa 297-281 B.C.]] ...ople; it likely never existed and was originally a legendary embellishment of the original Alexander legend.

...s and generally hold these so-called scientific miracles to be the product of theological sophistry whereby science is ''read back into'' the Quran upon ...How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science.]'' Dennis Overbye. 2001. New York Times.

...omen because they were widows, elderly, or otherwise destitute and in need of his aide. ...ad was in the habit of marrying older women who were destitute and in need of his aide, and indeed shows that he rather preferred to marry women much, mu

...ists and scholars, and the term Shari'ah is also often applied to its body of law. ...the [[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]] (perfect example). Since both the practice of Islam and its laws are based on the same source, they are inseparable from

{{Translation-links-azerbaijani|[[The Genocide of Banu Qurayza|İngilis]], [[Геноцидът_на_Бану_Курайза| ...urayza/index.html What really happened to the Banu Qurayza] ''- Collection of articles from Answering Islam''

...g. This has led to domestic violence being permitted under law in a number of Muslim majority countries or being largely ignored by the authorities, whil ...0000062.pdf Lane's lexicon] Book I page 1777</ref> Although a small number of modern Islamic scholars, apologists, and activists have argued that the wor