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Umm Qirfa: Difference between revisions
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'''Umm Qirfa''' was an elderly Arab woman contemporaneous to [[Muhammad]], the prophet of [[Islam]]. She is said to have belonged to a [[Pagan Origins of Islam|pagan]] tribe named Banu Fazara at the valley of al-Qurra. The elderly woman was also said to be a chief of her clan, which was brutally [[Jihad in Islamic Law|killed]] when Muhammad and | '''Umm Qirfa''' was an elderly Arab woman contemporaneous to [[Muhammad]], the prophet of [[Islam]]. She is said to have belonged to a [[Pagan Origins of Islam|pagan]] tribe named Banu Fazara at the valley of al-Qurra. The elderly woman was also said to be a chief of her clan, which was brutally [[Jihad in Islamic Law|killed]] when Muhammad and his followers [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|raided]] and overpowered them. The attack took place almost six years after Muhammad’s Hijra (هِجْرَة Migration) to [[Medina]] in 622 AD. Traditional sources recount how Muhammad's [[Sahabah|companions]] tied Umm Qirfa to a pair of camels which, after being made to run in opposite directions, tore her body in half. | ||
==Umm Qirfa in the | ==Umm Qirfa in the Sirah Narratives== | ||
===Ibn Ishaq and Tabari=== | ===Ibn Ishaq and Tabari=== | ||
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====Authenticity==== | ====Authenticity==== | ||
The first to report this murder was Ibn Ishaq followed by Tabari, | The first to report this murder was Ibn Ishaq followed by Tabari, whom more recent Muslim scholars view with suspicion when Muhammad is cast by them in a negative light. While the highly edited version of Ibn Ishaq (by Ibn Hisham) does contain the mention of the killing of Umm Qirfa but not the brutal way in which she was killed, Tabari mentions both the killing and the manner in which it was carried out. [[Sahih]] sources (Bukhari and Muslim) are also silent regarding the details of Umm Qirfa's killing but nonetheless confirm the raid on Banu Fazara. | ||
Still, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, a widely-read modern day biographer of Prophet Muhammad, has also pointed out the Umm Qirfa incident in his work ''The Sealed Nectar''. This book is highly regarded internationally and its Arabic version was awarded first prize by the Muslim World League, at the first Islamic Conference on Sirah, following a worldwide competition for a book on the ''Sirah Rasul Allah'' (life of Muhammad) in 1979. The occurrence of the event of Umm Qirfa's execution is still acknowledged today in respected Islamic scholarly publications and is by no means hotly contested in circles where traditional [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|Shari'ah]] [[punishments]], such as stoning and crucifixion, are universally accepted. | Still, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, a widely-read modern day biographer of Prophet Muhammad, has also pointed out the Umm Qirfa incident in his work ''The Sealed Nectar''. This book is highly regarded internationally and its Arabic version was awarded first prize by the Muslim World League, at the first Islamic Conference on Sirah, following a worldwide competition for a book on the ''Sirah Rasul Allah'' (life of Muhammad) in 1979. The occurrence of the event of Umm Qirfa's execution is still acknowledged today in respected Islamic scholarly publications and is by no means hotly contested in circles where traditional [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)|Shari'ah]] [[punishments]], such as stoning and crucifixion, are universally accepted. | ||
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Drawing on the sequence of accounts found only in Ibn Sa'd and Ibn Hisham, it is presented that Zayd's raid on the Banu Fazara followed an attack led by Umm Qirfa on a caravan led by Zayd en route to Syria. On the other hand, in Ibn Ishaq, an earlier source, the first event in the chronology preceding Umm Qirfa's execution is a raid led by Zayd on the valley of al-Qurra, where the Banu Fazara tribe was located. Mubarkpuri in ''The Sealed Nectar'' affirms the sequence of events presented by Ibn Ishaq. It should also be noted that the account of Zayd's trade caravan to Syria is not found in the Sahih sources. The events leading up to Umm Qirfa's execution are just one example of the many contradictions found in early Islamic works of Sirah and history in general. | Drawing on the sequence of accounts found only in Ibn Sa'd and Ibn Hisham, it is presented that Zayd's raid on the Banu Fazara followed an attack led by Umm Qirfa on a caravan led by Zayd en route to Syria. On the other hand, in Ibn Ishaq, an earlier source, the first event in the chronology preceding Umm Qirfa's execution is a raid led by Zayd on the valley of al-Qurra, where the Banu Fazara tribe was located. Mubarkpuri in ''The Sealed Nectar'' affirms the sequence of events presented by Ibn Ishaq. It should also be noted that the account of Zayd's trade caravan to Syria is not found in the Sahih sources. The events leading up to Umm Qirfa's execution are just one example of the many contradictions found in early Islamic works of Sirah and history in general. | ||
=== Evidence for a prohibition on raping slaves === | ===Evidence for a prohibition on raping slaves=== | ||
{{Main|Rape in Islamic Law}} | {{Main|Rape in Islamic Law}} | ||
Some modern Muslim ulama have also presented the example of Umm Qirfa's daughter as evidence in support of an Islamic prohibition on [[Rape in Islamic Law|raping]] slaves.<ref>One source argues as follows:{{Quote||Salama said that he had not disrobed the daughter of Umm Qirfa when they reached Medina, and again when Muhammad met him in the street, he told that he had not disrobed her. This is enough proof that she was not raped or molested.}}</ref> In the hadith in {{Muslim|19|4345}}, a companion by the name of Salama (b. al-Akwa') is given Umm Qirfa's daughter, "one of the prettiest girls in Arabia", as "prize" by Abu Bakr. Once in Medina, Muhammad asks Salama for this girl with the intention of using her to ransom some Muslim captives. Salama twice refuses, each time recalling how he has "not yet disrobed her" - in the second of these two instances, Salama tells as much to Muhammad. | Some modern Muslim ulama have also presented the example of Umm Qirfa's daughter as evidence in support of an Islamic prohibition on [[Rape in Islamic Law|raping]] slaves.<ref>One source argues as follows:{{Quote||Salama said that he had not disrobed the daughter of Umm Qirfa when they reached Medina, and again when Muhammad met him in the street, he told that he had not disrobed her. This is enough proof that she was not raped or molested.}}</ref> In the hadith in {{Muslim|19|4345}}, a companion by the name of Salama (b. al-Akwa') is given Umm Qirfa's daughter, "one of the prettiest girls in Arabia", as "prize" by Abu Bakr. Once in Medina, Muhammad asks Salama for this girl with the intention of using her to ransom some Muslim captives. Salama twice refuses, each time recalling how he has "not yet disrobed her" - in the second of these two instances, Salama tells as much to Muhammad. | ||
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*[[The Genocide of Banu Qurayza]] | *[[The Genocide of Banu Qurayza]] | ||
*[[Jihad in Islamic Law]] | |||
*[[Rape in Islamic Law]] | *[[Rape in Islamic Law]] | ||
*[[Sahabah]] | *[[Sahabah]] | ||
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[[Category:Muhammad]] | [[Category:Muhammad]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Women]] | ||
[[Category:Honor violence]] | |||
[[Category:Kafir (infidel)]] | |||
[[Category:Jihad]] | [[Category:Jihad]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Critics of Islam]] | ||
[[Category:Sacred history]] | |||