Wife Beating in the Qur'an

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The Qur'an's fourth chapter, An-Nisaa' النساء, deals with a number of issues relating to men and women, and the relationship between husband and wife. Amongst these issues is the issue of when it is permissible for a husband to physically strike or beat his wife. One verse in particular, 4:34, lays out a three-scheme for how husbands, fearing nushuuz نشوز or disobediance from their wives, are to deal with them. In summary the steps are to first admonish her, then banish her to a different bed, and finally to beat her. The admonition is layed out in a matter-of-fact, very practical way, and it can thus be assumed that the Qur'an's audience was not highly disturbed nor surpised by this holy injunction for domestic violence. Over the centuries the mufassirun have taken up this verse and different scholars from different schools have come to different conclusions on the meaning of the verse vis-a-vis the three-step formula and what the meaning is exactly of nushuuz. All of the traditional scholars agree, however, that one way or another beating is an option that is available to the man. Modern progressive Muslims, under the influence of modern secular liberalism and its firm conviction that wife beating is never acceptable, have however rejected this tradition. Rather, they have sought a number of strategies to come to the conclusion that the Qur'an, and Islam as a whole, does not allow wife beating. These strategies include appeals to the hadith, appeals to peculariar juristic decisions, and linguistic reinterpretation of the verse, going so far as to lie about the meaning of the word "daraba" in this verse.

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Introduction

The Qur'an takes up the issue of wife beating in two seperate passages. The first is Quran 4:34:

Yusuf Ali translation: Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband's) absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (Next), refuse to share their beds, (And last) beat them (lightly); but if they return to obedience, seek not against them Means (of annoyance): For Allah is Most High, great (above you all).


Pickthall translation: Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Lo! Allah is ever High, Exalted, Great.


Shakir translation: Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High, Great.


Sahih International translation:Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.

All of the agreed upon, relied upon Muslim translations of this verse into English agree that this verse instructs men on when and under what circumstances they are commanded to beat their wives. The verses sets out a three-part program for men dealing with "nushuuz" or disloyalty/disobediance. The three steps outlined are to first to admonist or sternly advise them to stop, then to seperate in the bedroom from them (somehow, commentators take up the question of what this means) and then, finally, to beat them. Yusuf Ali adds the word "lightly" to his translation, a word which is not found in the text of the verse. Rather, this word is found in the Farewell Sermon of the Prophet and a number of Hadith relating to the issue of wife beating. The particular turn of phrase here is "ghayr mubarrih" غير مبرح, a phrase meaning something like "not violently" or "not intensely." The scholarly consensus around this verse and the related traditions is that it is allowed and even instructed from Allah to strike a disobedient wife, however this strike must not cause grievous damage. The definitions of "grevious" or "serious" damage is subject to discussion by the commentators. The cause of the revelation, as will be seen below, leaves no doubt however that despite Muhammad's own wish on the matter it is the will of Allah that men strike their disobedient lives.


A second verse deals with the issue but much more obliquely.

They will say, "Exalted are You! You, [O Allah], are our benefactor not them. Rather, they used to worship the jinn; most of them were believers in them." But today you do not hold for one another [the power of] benefit or harm, and We will say to those who wronged, "Taste the punishment of the Fire, which you used to deny." And when our verses are recited to them as clear evidences, they say, "This is not but a man who wishes to avert you from that which your fathers were worshipping." And they say, "This is not except a lie invented." And those who disbelieve say of the truth when it has come to them, "This is not but obvious magic." And We had not given them any scriptures which they could study, and We had not sent to them before you, [O Muhammad], any warner.

ibn Kathir notes on this verse that Allah gave Ayub (Job) the option to hit his wife with a bundle of twigs without having to carry out his promise to beat her 100 blows:

(And take in your hand a bundle of thin grass and strike therewith (your wife), and break not your oath.) Ayyub, peace be upon him, got angry with his wife and was upset about something she had done, so he swore an oath that if Allah healed him, he would strike her with one hundred blows. When Allah healed him, how could her service, mercy, compassion and kindness be repaid with a beating So Allah showed him a way out, which was to take a bundle of thin grass, with one hundred stems, and hit her with it once.
Tafsir of ibn Kathir on Qur'an 38:41-44

This verse was later used in hadith and Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) to discuss alternatives to several hadd punishments in the case of frail, vulnerable people. These discussions, however, did not very often touch on the propriety of rightness of wife beating; discussions on this topic tended to proceed from the discussions around 4:34.

Linguistic Analysis of Verse in Arabic

The operative clause in Quran 4:34 reads:

ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّٰمُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ ٱللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ مِنْ أَمْوَٰلِهِمْ ۚ فَٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتُ قَٰنِتَٰتٌ حَٰفِظَٰتٌ لِّلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ ٱللَّهُ ۚ وَٱلَّٰتِى تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَٱهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِى ٱلْمَضَاجِعِ وَٱضْرِبُوهُنَّ


"And those whom you fear their disobedience, admonist them, seperate from them in the bedrooms, and beat them."

This is the three-part path of spousal discipline the Qur'an offers husband. Transliterated into Latin letters it reads:

r-rijālu qawwāmūna ʿalā n-nisāʾi bi-mā faḍḍala llāhu baʿḍahum ʿalā baʿḍin wa-bi-mā ʾanfaqū min ʾamwālihim fa-ṣ-ṣāliḥātu qānitātun ḥāfiẓātun li-l-ghaybi bi-mā ḥafiẓa llāhu wa-llātī takhāfūna nushūzahunna fa-ʿiẓūhunna wa-hjurūhunna fī l-maḍājiʿi wa-ḍribūhunna

The first piece reads: r-rijālu qawwāmūna ʿalā n-nisāʾi bi-mā faḍḍala llāhu baʿḍahum ʿalā baʿḍin wa-bi-mā ʾanfaqū min ʾamwālihim ʾ ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّٰمُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ ٱللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُوا۟ مِنْ أَمْوَٰلِهِمْ which translates as "Men are in power/in charge of women by nature of what Allah has favored them one over the other and due to what they (the men) spend of their wealth."

r-rijālu--The men

qawwāmūna--In charge of/in power over

ʿalā--on, here with qawwāmūna meaning "of" or "over"

n-nisāʾ-- The women

The next piece reads: fa-ṣ-ṣāliḥātu qānitātun ḥāfiẓātun li-l-ghaybi bi-mā ḥafiẓa llāhu فَٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتُ قَٰنِتَٰتٌ حَٰفِظَٰتٌ لِّلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ ٱللَّهُ "And the righteous women, the obedient women, guard in hiddiness what Allah has guarded", usually meaning that they dress modestly.

fa-ṣ-ṣāliḥātu--the righteous/pure/religiously observant women

qānitātun--the obediant woment

ḥāfiẓātun--femine plural active particple of "guard" id est they are guarding or they guard

li-l-ghaybi--in unseenness/occlusion/secrecy

bi-mā ḥafiẓa--of what (Allah) guarded

llāhu-- Allah

The final piece of the verse reads: wa-llātī takhāfūna nushūzahunna fa-ʿiẓūhunna wa-hjurūhunna fī l-maḍājiʿi wa-ḍribūhunna وَٱلَّٰتِى تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَٱهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِى ٱلْمَضَاجِعِ وَٱضْرِبُوهُنَّ

wa-llātī takhāfūna-- and those (feminine plural) whom you (masculine second person plural) fear

nushūzahunna-- their (feminine plural) insolence, disobedience, uprising; this word was key to understanding this verse, and the mufasirrun and jurists went to lengths to define this. For modern progressive Muslims the meaning of this word has also been important.

fa-ʿiẓūhunna--(plural command form) scold them/admonish them (feminine plural them)

wa-hjurūhunna fī l-maḍājiʿi

wa-ḍribūhunna--(plural command form) beat them (feminine plural them). In modern times some translators and progressive Muslims have engaged in outright deception about the meaning of this word in this verse, translating it as things other than "beat them (the woman)." These translations are patently false; see The Meaning of Daraba.

Asbab An-Nuzuul of the Verse

The أسباب النزول or "reasons of revelation" are a genre of Islamic literature that deals with the contexts in which particular verses and groups of verses were "revealed" to the prophet. According to traditional reckoning, the verses of the Qur'an were not revealed chapter-by-chapter but rather piecemeal and then later arranged into the individual surahs of the Qur'an. As such individual verses or groups of verses have unique stories in the Islamic tradition associated with them, explaining their context.

The earliest book around Asbab An-Nuzuul is a book of the same name by Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi (d. 1075 CE). He did not cover the majority of verses in the Qur'an but he did cover these verses. Al-Wahidi writes:

قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي سَعْدِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ وَكَانَ مِنَ النُّقَبَاءِ، وَامْرَأَتِهِ حَبِيبَةَ بِنْتِ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَبِي زُهَيْرٍ، وَهُمَا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهَا نَشَزَتْ عَلَيْهِ فَلَطَمَهَا، فَانْطَلَقَ أَبُوهَا مَعَهَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ- صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- فَقَالَ: أَفْرَشْتُهُ كَرِيمَتِي فَلَطَمَهَا. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ- صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-«لِتَقْتَصَّ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا»، وَانْصَرَفَتْ مَعَ أَبِيهَا لِتَقْتَصَّ مِنْهُ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ- صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-«ارْجِعُوا، هَذَا جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَتَانِي»، وَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ- صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-«أَرَدْنَا أَمْرًا وَأَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا، وَالَّذِي أَرَادَ اللَّهُ خَيْرٌ»، وَرَفَعَ الْقِصَاصَ.


Muqaatil said "This verse came down in regards to Sa'd bin Rabi' and he was of the Nuqabaa', and his wife Habiba bint Zayd bin Abi Zuhayr, and the two of them were of the Ansar. What happened was that she was disobedient to him and he struck her, then her father set out with her to the prophet--peace and prayers of Allah be upon him--and he said "I gave my daughter to him and he hit her." The prophet--eace and prayers of Allah be upon him--said "let you take vengence from her husband." And she parted with her father to take vengence on him (by her father striking him), the The prophet--eace and prayers of Allah be upon him--said "return, Jibreel peace be upon him has brought me this" and then Allah the most High brought down this verse. Then the prophet--eace and prayers of Allah be upon him--said "We wanted one thing and Allah wanted (another) thing, and what Allah wants is good" and so ends the story.
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Al-Wahidi also gives a second version of the same story:

حدَّثنا يونس عن الحسن:

أن رجلاً لطم امرأَته فخاصمته إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، فجاء معها أهلها فقالوا: يا رسول الله، إِن فلاناً لطم صاحبتنا. فجعل رسول الله يقول: القصاص القصاص. ولا يقضي قضاء، فنزلت هذه الآية: ﴿ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ﴾ فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: أَردنا أَمراً وأَراد الله غيره.

Yunis told us through Al-Hasan: A man struck his wife, she took the case to the prophet of god peace and prayer of All be upon him, and her parents went with her and they said: "Oh Prophet of Allah, someone struck our daughter. This made the prophet of Allah say: reprisal is reprisal (meaning let the repirsal happen). And he hadn't rendered his judgement, when this verse came down "Men are in power over women....." And the messenger of Allah peace and prayers of Allah be upon him said "We wanted one thing and Allah wanted something else."


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He also offers a seemingly abridged 3rd version of the story:

إسماعيل، عن الحسن، قال:

لما نزلت آية القصاص بين المسلمين لطم رجل امرأته، فانطلقت إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، فقالت: إن زوجي لطمني فالقصاص، قال: القصاص، فبينا هو كذلك أَنزل الله تعالى: ﴿ٱلرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ ٱللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ﴾ فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: أردنا أمراً فأبى الله تعالى [إلا غيرَه]. خذ أيها الرجل بيد امرأَتك.

Isma'il said through Al-Hasan: When the verse of retribution between Muslims was revealed a man struck his wife, then they set out to the prophet, peace and prayers of Allah be upon him, then she said: verily my husband struck me, what of the retribution? He said "Retribution is between us" then as he did Allah revealed the verse of "Men are in power over women in what Allah has favored them in over eachother (4:34)." The prophet of Allah peace and prayers of Allah be upon him said: "We wanted one thing and Allah refused it (in favor of something else). Oh Man, take the hand of your wife (and leave without retribution)."
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From all of these a general story can be extracted: a man hit his wife, there was a complaint against him in the community for this, and Muhammad ordered the punishment of the wife beater. The sources portray this desire of Muhammad to outlaw wife-beating as being opposed by the will of Allah (God). Allah sends down this verse in response to these circumstances, showing that contra Muhammad it is the will of Allah specifically, as opposed to the will of the prophet, that men should beat their own wives if they are disobedient.

Tafsirs of the Verse

Classical Tafsirs

Tabari (839-923)

القول في تأويل قوله: ﴿وَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ﴾ قال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: فعظوهن، أيها الرجال، في نشوزهن، فإن أبينَ الإياب إلى ما يلزمهن لكم، فشدّوهن وثاقًا في منازلهن، واضربوهن ليؤبن إلى الواجب عليهن من طاعته الله في اللازم لهنّ من حقوقكم. * * * وقال أهل التأويل: صفة الضرب التي أباح الله لزوج الناشز أن يضربها: الضربُ غيرُ المبرِّح. * ذكر من قال ذلك: ٩٣٧٨ - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا حكام، عن عمرو، عن عطاء، عن سعيد بن جبير:"واضربوهن"، قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٧٩ - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا يحيى بن واضح قال، أخبرنا أبو حمزة، عن عطاء بن السائب، عن سعيد بن جبير مثله. ٩٣٨٠ - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا جرير، عن مغيرة، عن الشعبي قال: الضرب غير مبرّح.(٥٤) ٩٣٨١ - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا حبان بن موسى قال، حدثنا ابن المبارك قال، أخبرنا شريك، عن عطاء بن السائب، عن سعيد بن جبير، عن ابن عباس:"واضربوهن"، قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٨٢ - حدثنا المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو صالح قال، حدثني معاوية، عن علي بن أبي طلحة، عن ابن عباس:"واهجروهن في المضاجع واضربوهن"، قال: تهجرها في المضجع، فإن أقبلت، وإلا فقد أذن الله لك أن تضربها ضربًا غير مبرح، ولا تكسر لها عظمًا. فإن أقبلت، وإلا فقد حَلّ لك منها الفدية. ٩٣٨٣ - حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر، عن الحسن وقتادة في قوله:"واضربوهن"، قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٨٤ - وبه قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا ابن جريج قال: قلت لعطاء:"واضربوهن"؟ قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٨٥ - حدثنا بشر بن معاذ قال، حدثنا يزيد بن زريع قال، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة:"واهجروهن في المضاجع واضربوهن"، قال: تهجرها في المضجع. فإن أبت عليك، فاضربها ضربًا غير مبرح = أي: غير شائن. ٩٣٨٦ - حدثنا المثنى قال، حدثنا إسحاق قال، حدثنا ابن عيينة، عن ابن جريج، عن عطاء قال: قلت لابن عباس: ما الضرب غير المبرّح؟ قال: السواك وشبهه، يضربها به. ٩٣٨٧ - حدثنا إبراهيم بن سعيد الجوهري قال، حدثنا ابن عيينة، عن ابن جريج، عن عطاء قال، قلت لابن عباس: ما الضرب غير المبرح؟ قال: بالسواك ونحوه. ٩٣٨٨ - حدثنا المثنى قال، حدثنا حبان بن موسى قال، أخبرنا ابن المبارك قال، أخبرنا ابن عيينة، عن ابن جريج، عن عطاء قال: قال رسول الله ﷺ في خطبته:"ضربًا غير مبرح"، قال: السواك ونحوه.(٥٥) ٩٣٨٩ - حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج قال: قال رسول الله ﷺ: لا تهجروا النساء إلا في المضاجع، واضربوهن ضربًا غير مبرح = يقول: غير مؤثّر. ٩٣٩٠ - حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي، عن إسرائيل، عن جابر، عن عطاء:"واضربوهن"، قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٩١ - حدثنا المثنى قال، حدثنا حبان قال، أخبرنا ابن المبارك قال، حدثنا يحيى بن بشر، عن عكرمة مثله. ٩٣٩٢ - حدثنا محمد بن الحسين قال، حدثنا أحمد بن مفضل قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي:"واضربوهن"، قال: إن أقبلت في الهجران، وإلا ضربها ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٩٣ - حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي، عن موسى بن عبيدة، عن محمد بن كعب قال: تهجر مضجعها ما رأيتَ أن تنزع.(٥٦) فإن لم تنزع، ضربها ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٩٤ - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا عمرو بن عون قال، حدثنا هشيم، عن يونس، عن الحسن:"واضربوهن"، قال: ضربًا غير مبرح. ٩٣٩٥ - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا حبان قال، حدثنا ابن المبارك قال، أخبرنا عبد الوارث بن سعيد، عن رجل، عن الحسن قال: ضربًا غير مبرح، غير مؤثر.

Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi(1150 – 1209)

ibn Kathir (1300-1373)

Al-Jalalayn (1389–1460 and 1445–1505)

Modern Tafsirs

Abul A'la Al-Maududi (1903-1979)

Evidence from the Hadith

Modern Views and Perspectives on the Meaning of Qur'an 4:34

See Also


External Links

References