Tawheed

Tawheed (also spelled tawhid) is the Islamic monotheistic concept of god. Although the concept of monotheism is intrinsic to tawheed, tawheed encompasses more than the concept of god simply being one. It also refers to all of the implications of the existence of one god who created the universe and has very specific wishes for his creations. It stands in contrast to shirk in all of its forms.

The word

Meaning

Tawheed doesn't mean oneness. There are many ways to say "oneness" in Arabic:

Oneness could be وحدانية (wahdaaniya) or توحد (tawahhud) or وحدة (wahda), but not توحيد (tawheed).

Tawheed is the masdar, that is to say verbal noun, of a form II(wazn faala وزن فعّل in Arabic) verb wahhada وحّد meaning to unify or consolidate. Form II is usually a causative or implies the transmitting of the effect of the act from the doer to the receiver. So tawheed means "causing to be one", "unifying" or "making into one". The various translations of the word tawheed outside of Islamic theology are:

Occurrences in the Quran

Although the term tawheed is central to the Islamic theology, it doesn't appear anywhere in the Quran.

Tawheed versus monotheism

Monotheism means that only one god exists. But tawheed has a wider scope in Islamic theology. Monotheism doesn't require theocracy. But an important part of tawheed in the classical sources is that Allah is the only legislator (Tawheed Al-Hakimiyyah), which implies supremacy of religion over secular government in states which acknowledge and enact tawheed. In the traditional sources, Muslims as a result of acknowledging Allah as the highest ruler have to obey Allah before all else:

In comparison to monotheistic deism (or pantheism):

• There is only one god (Deism)
• There is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger (Islam)

The god of the deists is one, but the belief in this god does not comply with tawheed, as no messenger is acknowledged to provide mankind with the direct will of god to be obeyed before all else.

Quranic arguments

Against polytheism

The Quran presented an argument against polytheism:

Against Atheism

The Quran also argues against Atheism:

Against Trinity

The Quran also arguesagainst the Christian Trinity:

The Arabic says only "glory be to him (سبحانه) that (أن) exists (يكون) for him (له) a son (ولد)" which implies that the exalted position of god prohibits him from having a son.

Proclamations of monotheism

Islam scholars and preachers insist that people should worship only one god, Allah.

Shahada

The most popular statement of oneness of Allah is the first part of the shahada:

It is interpreted as "There's no god but Allah." Compare the Shi'ism saying:

Ahad

The verse 112:1 says:

The use of Ahad here is highly unusual, one would expect "waahid". "Ahad" though is usual in Aramaic, and has been suggested as a sign of Syriac influence on the original Qur'anic rasm.

Waahid

Some verses say that Allah is one with the Arabic واحد, waahid:

Polytheism in the Quran

According to the traditional Islamic sources, there used to be a part of the Quran, which was later removed, about goddesses:

Al-Lat and al-Uzza were goddesses worshiped by Arab polytheists. However, later Muhammad claimed that Satan put these verses on his tongue and therefore they were deleted from the Quran. Currently they are called "Satanic verses".

Also it is worth noticing that Allah calls himself "the best of creators" as if there were more creators (and also talks about himself in the plural):

Quran and the holy trinity

Although Christianity is a monotheistic religion, it is not compatible with the Islamic doctrine of tawheed.

The Quran accuses Christians of saying "three":

It should be noted that Christians in Arabic actually say "trinity" (ثالوث), not "three" (ثلاثة).

The Quran also claims that Christians worship Mary as a part of the trinity:

Christians actually believe that the trinity is the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Mary is not a part of the trinity in any known Christian sect. Some Islamic scholars have claimed that there existed at this time in Arabia a Christian heresy which worshiped Mary as part of the trinity, but there is not much evidence for this.

The Quran actually does mention the Holy Spirit, one part of the Christian Trinity:

The author of the Quran seems to think that the trinity (or "three" as the Qur'an says) means three gods, while it actually means one god in three persons in the Christian understanding.

The holy duality: Allah and Quran

Most Muslim today believe that the Quran is eternal (not created). This belief stems from the Mu'tazila controversy/heresy in the 2nd Islamic century (the 8th century of the common era) and closely parallels Christian debates about the nature of the Son vs God the Father (who is, like the Qur'an in Islam, the Word of God). Although Muslims claim strict monotheism, they generally ascribe many divine characteristics to the Qur'an.

Raised index finger by terrorists

The raised index finger with the rest of the fingers folded into a fist is the symbol of tawhid. Tawhid is not only monotheism, tawhid also means that Allah is the only legislator. This symbol has been made famous outside of the Islamic world by salafi jihadists, who often make it prior to engaging in military or terror attacks. The point of their raising the finger is that tawheed for them implies the necessity of bringing about the rule of Allah's laws on the earth, and they view their military and terrorism activities as the logical outcome of this principle.

Ancient religiosity

Tawheed is supposedly "the original concept of god" that was corrupted according to Islamic orthodoxy. This, however, stands in contrast to all hitherto done research on ancient and prehistoric societies:

Rather than the default position of mankind, history and anthropology seem to indicate that monotheism is the innovation.

External Links

Is Monotheism (Tawhid) the default natural (Fitrah) belief of mankind? - Hassan Radwan - YouTube video