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<b>al-Ghazali</b> (ٱلْغَزَّالِيُّ) was a Persian [[Islamic]] scholar who was, among other things, one of the most prominent philosophers, Ash'arite theologians, Shafi'i jurists, and mystics of [[Sunni]] Islam. He is widely considered a Mujaddid (one of the centennial revivers of Islam predicted by [[Muhammad]], and enjoys immense authority in the Sunni Islamic tradition. His ''magnum opus'' was the ''Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn'' ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences"), through which he advanced the "spiritual sciences" as central to Islam. He is equally well known for his ''Tahāfut al-Falāsifa'' ("Incoherence of the Philosophers"), through which he critiqued Aristotelianism in particular, and philosophy more generally, ushering, many would argue, the decline of philosophical enterprise in the Muslim world.<ref><nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/al-ghazali/</nowiki></ref> | <b>al-Ghazali</b> (ٱلْغَزَّالِيُّ) was a Persian [[Islamic]] scholar who was, among other things, one of the most prominent philosophers, Ash'arite theologians, Shafi'i jurists, and mystics of [[Sunni]] Islam. He is widely considered a Mujaddid (one of the centennial revivers of Islam predicted by [[Muhammad]], and enjoys immense authority in the Sunni Islamic tradition. His ''magnum opus'' was the ''Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn'' ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences"), through which he advanced the "spiritual sciences" as central to Islam. He is equally well known for his ''Tahāfut al-Falāsifa'' ("Incoherence of the Philosophers"), through which he critiqued Aristotelianism in particular, and philosophy more generally, ushering, many would argue, the decline of philosophical enterprise in the Muslim world.<ref><nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/al-ghazali/</nowiki></ref> | ||
== Life == | ==Life== | ||
Ghazali famously studied with al-Juwayni, considered the greatest scholar of his time<ref>Griffel, Frank (2009). ''Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN <bdi>9780195331622</bdi>.</ref>, in Nishapur and went on to join the court of Nizam al-Mulk, who was a vizier of the Seljuk sultans, in 1085. His success in this profession and resulting prominence led to his appointment at the prestigious Nizamiyya madrasa in Baghdad in 1091. | Ghazali famously studied with al-Juwayni, considered the greatest scholar of his time<ref>Griffel, Frank (2009). ''Al-Ghazālī's Philosophical Theology''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN <bdi>9780195331622</bdi>.</ref>, in Nishapur and went on to join the court of Nizam al-Mulk, who was a vizier of the Seljuk sultans, in 1085. His success in this profession and resulting prominence led to his appointment at the prestigious Nizamiyya madrasa in Baghdad in 1091. | ||
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Pressure from the grand vizier would, however, bring him back to work at the Nizamiyya by 1106. He died in the year 1111.<ref>Ibid.</ref> | Pressure from the grand vizier would, however, bring him back to work at the Nizamiyya by 1106. He died in the year 1111.<ref>Ibid.</ref> | ||
== Al-Ghazali's views on women == | ==Al-Ghazali's views on women== | ||
He wrote the following rules about women: | He wrote the following rules about women: | ||
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The following quotes are representative of his views on women:{{Quote||Marriage is a form of slavery. The woman is man’s slave and her duty therefore is absolute obedience to the husband in all that he asks of her person. A woman, who at the moment of death enjoys the full approval of her husband, will find her place in Paradise.}} | The following quotes are representative of his views on women:{{Quote||Marriage is a form of slavery. The woman is man’s slave and her duty therefore is absolute obedience to the husband in all that he asks of her person. A woman, who at the moment of death enjoys the full approval of her husband, will find her place in Paradise.}} | ||
{{Quote|| | {{Quote||Do not add evil to unhappiness. (Muhammad and Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab commanded you to) Prevent women from learning to write, adopt positions opposite those of women. There is great virtue in such opposition}} | ||
{{Quote||If you relax the woman’s leash a tiny bit, she will take you and bolt wildly. Their deception is awesome and their wickedness is contagious; bad character and feeble mind are their predominant traits.}} | {{Quote||If you relax the woman’s leash a tiny bit, she will take you and bolt wildly. Their deception is awesome and their wickedness is contagious; bad character and feeble mind are their predominant traits.}} | ||