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{{QualityScore|Lead=4|Structure=3|Content=4|Language=3|References=3}}Rape, known in Islam as ''zina bil-ikrah'' or ''zina bil-jabr'', is generally defined by Muslim jurists as forced intercourse by a man with a woman who is not his wife and without her consent. It is a crime punishable against the rapist with a [[w:hudud|hadd penalty]] - stoning (if he is a married person) or lashings (if he is unmarried) - just as he would receive for ordinary [[Zina]] (unlawful intercourse). There is no punishment for the rape victim if she is able to prove that she was raped. Four witnesses are required to prove the offense.<ref>{{Cite book|first=R. |last= Peters | year= 2012 | title=Zinā or Zināʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8168}}</ref> Jurists disagree on whether the rapist must also pay a dowry as compensation to the victim. A controversial position of some modern jurists is that the hadd penalty for outlaws should apply to rapists (hadd [[w:Hirabah|Hirabah]]), described in {{Quran|5|33}}. Others say that rape can be treated by the judge as an offence that receives [[w:Tazir|Tazir]] (discretionary) punishment (as in Pakistan, for example). These approaches avoid the impractical four witnesses requirement for applying a zina hadd penalty when there is no confession. In some other modern courts a woman risks being accused of zina if she cannot prove to this standard that she has been raped. <ref>Dr Azman Mohd Noor, [http://irep.iium.edu.my/16877/1/PUNISHMENT_FOR_RAPE_IN_ISLAMIC_LAW.pdf Punishment for rape in Islamic Law], Malayan Law Journal Articles [2009] 5 MLJ cxiv</ref>
{{Quote|1=
 
{{cite web quotebox|url= http://islamqa.info/en/10382|title= Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife|publisher= Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382|author= |date= November  24, 2005|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382&date=2012-01-17|deadurl=no}}|2=Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married...Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars. }}


Rape, known in Islam as ''zina bil-ikrah'' or ''zina bil-jabr'', is generally defined by Muslim jurists as forced intercourse by a man with a woman who is not his wife and without her consent. It is a crime punishable against the rapist with a [[w:hudud|hadd penalty]] - stoning (if he is a married person) or lashings (if he is unmarried) - just as he would receive for ordinary [[Zina]] (unlawful intercourse). There is no punishment for the rape victim if she is able to prove that she was raped. Four witnesses are required to prove the offense.<ref>{{Cite book|first=R. |last= Peters | year= 2012 | title=Zinā or Zināʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8168}}</ref> Jurists disagree on whether the rapist must also pay a dowry as compensation to the victim. A controversial position of some modern jurists is that the hadd penalty for outlaws should apply to rapists (hadd [[w:Hirabah|Hirabah]]), described in {{Quran|5|33}}. Others say that rape can be treated by the judge as an offence that receives [[w:Tazir|Tazir]] (discretionary) punishment (as in Pakistan, for example). These approaches avoid the impractical four witnesses requirement for applying a zina hadd penalty when there is no confession. In some other modern courts a woman risks being accused of zina if she cannot prove to this standard that she has been raped. <ref>Dr Azman Mohd Noor, [http://irep.iium.edu.my/16877/1/PUNISHMENT_FOR_RAPE_IN_ISLAMIC_LAW.pdf Punishment for rape in Islamic Law], Malayan Law Journal Articles [2009] 5 MLJ cxiv</ref>
A small number of hadiths are cited to support the Islamic punishments for rape, discussed below. These narrations relate to the rape of free women and of female slaves who are not owned by the perpetrator. However, we will see that the Qur'an permits Muslim men to have sexual relations with their own female slaves. Kecia Ali, Associate professor of religion, Boston University says regarding sex with slaves: "For premodern Muslim jurists, as well as for those marginal figures who believe that the permission [for slavery] still holds, the category “rape” doesn’t apply: ownership makes sex lawful; consent is irrelevant."
 
A small number of hadiths are cited to support the Islamic punishments for rape, discussed below. These narrations relate to the rape of free women and of female slaves who are not owned by the perpetrator. However, we will see that the Qur'an permits Muslim men to have sexual relations with their own female slaves. Kecia Ali, Associate professor of religion, Boston University says regarding sex with slaves:


{{Quote|1=Kecia Ali, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kecia-ali/islam-sex-slavery_b_8004824.html The Truth About Islam and Sex Slavery History Is More Complicated Than You Think]<ref>Kecia Ali, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kecia-ali/islam-sex-slavery_b_8004824.html The Truth About Islam and Sex Slavery History Is More Complicated Than You Think], Huffington Post, 2015 [http://www.webcitation.org/6yjfMCtwF Archive]</ref>|2=For premodern Muslim jurists, as well as for those marginal figures who believe that the permission [for slavery] still holds, the category “rape” doesn’t apply: ownership makes sex lawful; consent is irrelevant.}}
{{Quote|1=Kecia Ali, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kecia-ali/islam-sex-slavery_b_8004824.html The Truth About Islam and Sex Slavery History Is More Complicated Than You Think]<ref>Kecia Ali, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kecia-ali/islam-sex-slavery_b_8004824.html The Truth About Islam and Sex Slavery History Is More Complicated Than You Think], Huffington Post, 2015 [http://www.webcitation.org/6yjfMCtwF Archive]</ref>|2=For premodern Muslim jurists, as well as for those marginal figures who believe that the permission [for slavery] still holds, the category “rape” doesn’t apply: ownership makes sex lawful; consent is irrelevant.}}
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==Definitions==
==Definitions==
{{Quote|1=
{{cite web quotebox|url= http://islamqa.info/en/10382|title= Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife|publisher= Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382|author= |date= November  24, 2005|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382&date=2012-01-17|deadurl=no}}|2=Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married...Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars. }}


===Rape===
===Rape===
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