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ιαλε /yaʕlē/يعلى | ιαλε /yaʕlē/يعلى | ||
An example of these Umayyad Greek-Arabic texts: | |||
'''<big>A Greek Inscription from Jordan Dated 42 AH / 662-63 CE</big>''' | |||
This inscription includes the Arabic pronunciation of the title and name of Muʕāwiyah, the first Umayyad caliph. | |||
“In the days of the servant of God Muʕāwiya, the commander of the faithful, the hot baths of the people there were saved and rebuilt…” | |||
In this inscription, not a single Arabic word recieved a final short vowel: | |||
“The servant of God Muʕāwiya the commander of the faithful” | |||
The Greek transcription: ABDALLA MAAUIA AMIRAALMUMENEN | |||
Classical Arabic pronunciation: ʕabdullāhi muʕāwiyatu amīru l-muʾminin | |||
عبدُ اللهِ معاويةُ أميرُ المؤمنين | |||
In classical Arabic, the first 4 words receive the following final short vowels: | |||
“ʕabd” receives ‘u’. “Allah” receives ‘i’. Muʕāwiyah receives ‘u’ which turns the ‘ah’ to ‘at’: muʕāwiyatu. “amīr” receives ‘u’. | |||
You can view the inscription [https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/hammat.html here]. | |||
Another Umayyad Greek-Arabic text: | |||
'''<big>A Bilingual Umayyad Document From The Year 54 AH / 674 CE</big>''' | |||
This is an Umayyad Note to the people of the city of Neṣṣana demanding that they pay their due of the Jizyah (Tax on non-Muslims). It’s written both in Arabic and Greek. The Greek portion includes the following Arabic names that lacked any case inflection: | |||
Alaaret b(en) Abd الحارث بن عبد | |||
Classical Arabic: Al-ḥārithi bni ʕabd (The name in the document is in the genitive case, hence taking the ‘i’ final short vowel) | |||
Adie B(en) Kaled عدي بن خالد | |||
Classical Arabic: Adeyyi bni khālid (The name in the document is in the genitive case) | |||
بني سعد بن مالك | |||
B(ani) saad b(en) malek | |||
Classical Arabic: Banī saʕdin ibni mālik | |||
You can view the document [https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/papyri/jerus.html here]. | |||
'''<big>The Damascus Psalm Fragment</big>''' | |||
This document, dated to the third Islamic century, was discovered in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus in 1900. It includes a translation of a portion of “The Book of Psalms” of the bible (Psalm 77). This Arabic translation is written with Greek letters. The translation is literal with strict adherence to the syntax and wording of the original language*, which caused parts of it to sound awkward and hard to understand.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/43189829/Al_Jallad_2020_The_Damascus_Psalm_Fragment_Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_%E1%B8%A4ig%C4%81z%C4%AB_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment, 2020, p.46]|The phonology and morphology of the Psalm Fragment reflect the contemporary vernacular, while its syntax follows the Greek. }} | |||
<references /> | <references /> | ||