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(→‎Islamic Definition: Have put in a section on the Qur'ans view of Martyrs and the benefit of going straight to heaven. Have cited and linked in with the section on Martyrs in the Late Antique Parallels page as the full text from Nicolai Sinai is there to read.)
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'''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word.
'''Shahid''' (شَهيد , plural: شُهَداء šuhadā) is an Islamic term for a ''martyr''. As with [[adultery]] and [[justice]], the term ''martyr'' in [[Islam]] differs from the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word in Western English discourse.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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"One who dies in a battle with the unbelievers, whether male or female, adult or not, whether killed by the unbelievers, or by his own weapon in error, or by having fallen off his mount, or having been found dead with no mark, provided he was sincere." [Kash-shaf al-Qina`, 2/113. See also Al-Mughni (2/206)]}}
"One who dies in a battle with the unbelievers, whether male or female, adult or not, whether killed by the unbelievers, or by his own weapon in error, or by having fallen off his mount, or having been found dead with no mark, provided he was sincere." [Kash-shaf al-Qina`, 2/113. See also Al-Mughni (2/206)]}}


From this we can see that those who die fighting in a way war considered to be a jihad are considered martyrs just as are those who are killed by a persecutor for their beliefs.  
From this it appears that those who die fighting in a way war considered to be a jihad are considered martyrs just as are those who are killed by a persecutor for their beliefs.  


=== In the Qur'an ===
=== In the Qur'an ===
{{Main|Parallels_Between_the_Qur%27an_and_Late_Antique_Judeo-Christian_Literature#Late_antique_Christian_Martyrdom}}
{{Main|Parallels_Between_the_Qur%27an_and_Late_Antique_Judeo-Christian_Literature#Late_antique_Christian_Martyrdom}}
Unlike most people who stay in an intermediate state after death until judgment day, known in Islamic tradition as the Barzakh,<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. 2020. ''Allah:'' ''God in the Qur'an (p. 71).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition. </ref> when they will then be judged on their deeds and sent to heaven or hell. Martyrs appear to 'sidestep' judgement day and are given direct access to paradise once dying, an idea which although not in the bible has antecedence in certain Christian thought in the centuries preceding Islam.<ref>Sinai, Nicolai. ''Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys) (pp. 301-302).'' Edinburgh University Press. Kindle Edition.
Unlike most people who stay in an intermediate state after death until judgment day, known in Islamic tradition as the Barzakh,<ref>Reynolds, Gabriel Said. 2020. ''Allah:'' ''God in the Qur'an (p. 71).'' Yale University Press. Kindle Edition. </ref> when they will then be judged on their deeds and sent to heaven or hell, martyrs appear to 'sidestep' judgement day and are given direct access to paradise once dying, an idea which although not in the bible has antecedence in certain Christian thought in the centuries preceding Islam.<ref>Sinai, Nicolai. ''Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys) (pp. 301-302).'' Edinburgh University Press. Kindle Edition.


See also commentary on verses Q2:154 and Q9:111 in ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp 76 & 322.'' Gabriel Said Reynolds. 2018.</ref>  
See also commentary on verses Q2:154 and Q9:111 in ''The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. pp 76 & 322.'' Gabriel Said Reynolds. 2018.</ref>  
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In addition to being killed while actively engaging in violence and warfare, here [[Muhammad]] adds another way for someone to become a martyr:
In addition to being killed while actively engaging in violence and warfare, here [[Muhammad]] adds another way for someone to become a martyr:
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|3|43|660}}|2=Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'As:  
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|||2480|darussalam}}|2=Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'As:  


I heard the Prophet saying, "Whoever is killed while protecting his property then he is a martyr."}}
I heard the Prophet saying, "Whoever is killed while protecting his property then he is a martyr."}}


In other words, if someone tries to steal from a Muslim and that Muslim dies while trying to protect his property, then he is a martyr.
In other words, if someone tries to steal from a Muslim and that Muslim dies while trying to protect his property, then he is a martyr.
{{Quote|1={{Muslim|1|259}}|2=Abu Huraira reported: A person came to the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) and said: Messenger of Allah, what do you think if a man comes to me in order to appropriate my possession? He (the Holy Prophet) said: Don't surrender your possession to him. He (the inquirer) said: If he fights me? He (the Holy Prophet) remarked: Then fight (with him). He (the inquirer) again said: What do you think if I am killed? He (the Holy Prophet) observed: You would be a martyr. He (the inquirer) said: What do you think of him (Messenger of Allah) If I kill him. He (the Holy Prophet) said: he would be in the Fire.}}
{{Quote|1={{Muslim||140|reference}}|2=Abu Huraira reported: A person came to the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) and said: Messenger of Allah, what do you think if a man comes to me in order to appropriate my possession? He (the Holy Prophet) said: Don't surrender your possession to him. He (the inquirer) said: If he fights me? He (the Holy Prophet) remarked: Then fight (with him). He (the inquirer) again said: What do you think if I am killed? He (the Holy Prophet) observed: You would be a martyr. He (the inquirer) said: What do you think of him (Messenger of Allah) If I kill him. He (the Holy Prophet) said: he would be in the Fire.}}


{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|7|71|629}}|2=Narrated Abu Huraira:  
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|||5733|darussalam}}|2=Narrated Abu Huraira:  


The Prophet said, "He (a Muslim) who dies of an abdominal disease is a martyr, and he who dies of plague is a martyr."}}
The Prophet said, "He (a Muslim) who dies of an abdominal disease is a martyr, and he who dies of plague is a martyr."}}
{{Quote|1={{Muslim|20|4706}}|2=It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira (through another chain of transmitters) that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Whom do you consider to be a martyr among you? They (the Companions) said: Messenger, of Allah, one who is slain in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: Then (if this is the definition of a martyr) the martyrs of my Umma will be small in number. They asked: Messenger of Allah, who are they? He said: One who is slain in the way of Allah is a martyr; one who dies in the way of Allah, is a martyr; one who dies of plague is a martyr; one who dies of cholera is a martyr.
{{Quote|1={{Muslim||1915a|reference}}|2=It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira (through another chain of transmitters) that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Whom do you consider to be a martyr among you? They (the Companions) said: Messenger, of Allah, one who is slain in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: Then (if this is the definition of a martyr) the martyrs of my Umma will be small in number. They asked: Messenger of Allah, who are they? He said: One who is slain in the way of Allah is a martyr; one who dies in the way of Allah, is a martyr; one who dies of plague is a martyr; one who dies of cholera is a martyr.


Ibn Miqsam said: I testify the truth of your father's statement (with regard to this tradition) that the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) said: One who is drowned is a martyr.}}
Ibn Miqsam said: I testify the truth of your father's statement (with regard to this tradition) that the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) said: One who is drowned is a martyr.}}
{{Quote|1={{Abudawud|14|2493}}|2=Narrated AbuMalik al-Ash'ari:  
{{Quote|1={{Abu Dawud||2499|darussalam}}|2=Narrated AbuMalik al-Ash'ari:  


AbuMalik heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say: He who goes forth in Allah's path and dies or is killed is a martyr, or has his neck broken through being thrown by his horse or by his camel, or is stung by a poisonous creature, or dies on his bed by any kind of death Allah wishes is a martyr and will go to Paradise.}}
AbuMalik heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say: He who goes forth in Allah's path and dies or is killed is a martyr, or has his neck broken through being thrown by his horse or by his camel, or is stung by a poisonous creature, or dies on his bed by any kind of death Allah wishes is a martyr and will go to Paradise.}}


And here Muhammad declares a soldier engaged in offensive warfare who accidently killed himself with his own sword to be a martyr:
And here Muhammad declares a soldier engaged in offensive warfare who accidently killed himself with his own sword to be a martyr:
{{Quote|1={{Abudawud|14|2533}}|2=Narrated AbuSalam:  
{{Quote|1={{Abu Dawud||2539|darussalam}}|2=Narrated AbuSalam:  


AbuSalam reported on the authority of a man from the companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: We attacked a tribe of Juhaynah. A man from the Muslims pursued a man of them, and struck him but missed him. He struck himself with the sword. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Your brother, O group of Muslims. The people hastened towards him, but found him dead. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) wrapped him with his clothes and his blood, and offered (funeral) prayer for him and buried him. They said: Apostle of Allah, is he a martyr? He said: Yes, and I am witness to him.}}
AbuSalam reported on the authority of a man from the companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: We attacked a tribe of Juhaynah. A man from the Muslims pursued a man of them, and struck him but missed him. He struck himself with the sword. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Your brother, O group of Muslims. The people hastened towards him, but found him dead. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) wrapped him with his clothes and his blood, and offered (funeral) prayer for him and buried him. They said: Apostle of Allah, is he a martyr? He said: Yes, and I am witness to him.}}
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==="Martyrdom Operations"===
==="Martyrdom Operations"===


Some modern scholars of the Salafi-Jihadist mindset apply the word for what they call "Martyrdom Operations" i.e. suicide bombings. This is highly controversial since suicide is forbidden in Islam. Many other Islamic scholars have condemned such activites, even more so when women and children are targeted. Large surveys in the second decade of the 21st century have found a trend of increasing majorities who disapprove of al Qaeda and suicide attacks against civilians in most Muslim countries.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/09/10/muslim-publics-share-concerns-about-extremist-groups/ Widespread concerns about extremism in Muslim nations, and little support for it] Pew Research Centrue, 2015</ref><ref>
Some modern scholars of the Salafi-Jihadist tradition apply the word for what they call "Martyrdom Operations" i.e. suicide bombings. This is highly controversial since suicide is forbidden in traditional Islamic law. Many other Islamic scholars have condemned such activites, even more so when women and children are targeted. Large surveys in the second decade of the 21st century have found a trend of increasing majorities who disapprove of al Qaeda and suicide attacks against civilians in most Muslim countries.<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/09/10/muslim-publics-share-concerns-about-extremist-groups/ Widespread concerns about extremism in Muslim nations, and little support for it] Pew Research Centrue, 2015</ref><ref>
[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> For more information, see [[Houri_(Heavenly_Virgin)#Association_with_Martyrdom|Houris (Heavenly_Virgin)]].
[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/01/concerns-about-islamic-extremism-on-the-rise-in-middle-east/ Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East] Pew Research Centrue, 2014</ref> For more information, see [[Houri_(Heavenly_Virgin)#Association_with_Martyrdom|Houris (Heavenly_Virgin)]].


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