Sahabah: Difference between revisions
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*[[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia]] | *[[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia]] | ||
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The sahabah (الصحابة; lit. "companions"; sing. sahabi) were the companions of Prophet Muhammad. According to tradition, an individual must have: seen Muhammad, believed in his prophethood, and died as a believer in order to be considered a sahabi or companion of the Muhammad (and thereby attain the concomitant theological status).[1][2] These would exclude, for example, Ubayd-Allah b. Jahsh (brother of Zainab b. Jash, the cousin and wife of Muhammad),[3] who was considered one of the sahabah but later converted to Christianity.[4] Those that saw Muhammad but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered Sahabah but rather tabi'un (sucessors).[2] In hadith attributed to Muhammad, he says that the sahabah are among the best generation of Muslims on Earth, along with the tabi‘un and the tabu' al-tabi'een (successors of the successors). These three generations (sahaba, tabi'un, and tabu' al-tabi'een are said to comprise the salaf al-salah, or "pious predecessors".
All the hadiths, or narrations describing a sayings and doings of Muhammad, are attributed to Muhammad via a chain of narrators that always concludes with a companion of Muhammad, who is trusted to have witnessed the events described or words recounted in the narration and faithfully described them. Consequently, all of Islamic doctrine not directly derived from the Qur'an is traced back to one or a group of Muhammad's companions. Even the Qur'an itself is interpreted in light of narrations attributed to Muhammad's companions which attest to the revelational circumstances of individual verses in the Qur'an (such narrations giving details on the meanings of the Qur'an comprise the earliest exegetical writings, or tafsirs). While hadith reports are generally viewed with a degree of skepticism by modern historians, Islamic scholastics rely on the authenticity of the hadiths as a basis for most of Islamic thought, including interpretation of the Qur'an. This reliance on companions' reports raises belief in the integrity of the companions to the level of basic Islamic doctrine. The emergent argument ad absurdum is as follows: if the integrity of the companions may be doubted, all of Islam may be doubted (even, indeed, the Qur'an, which the companions transmitted) - and since Allah must leave believers with knowledge of Islam that is certain, it follows that the sources of this knowledge must be reliable. The Shi'ite view is more nuanced, and allows the possibility of corrupted or unreliable companions, their judgement of character generally revolving around the companion-in-question's loyalty to Ali (notably, for Shi'ites, Aisha, Abu Bakr, and Umar do not make the cut).
Upon hearing or saying the name of a companion of Muhammad, Muslims are obliged to say radi Allahu anhu (lit. "Allah is pleased with him") - a practice inspired by a verse in the Qur'an.[5]
Descriptions in scripture
Sahaba in the Hadith
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)
Sahaba in the Qur'an
Groups among the sahaba
al-Muhajirun (The Immigrants)
al-Ansar (The Helpers)
al-Badriyyun (Those of Badr)
In the hadith
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)
al-Asharah al-Mubasharah (The Ten of Glad Tidings)
In the hadith
Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)
Theological status
Sunnism
As transmitters of scripture
Qawl al-sahabi (saying of a companion)
Shi'ism
Requirements
Prominent companions
Later successors to Muhammad
Abu Bakr Abdullah b. Uthman
Umar b. al-Khattab
Uthman b. Affan
Ali b. Abi Talib
Wives of Muhammad
Aisha b. Abi Bakr
Khadijah b. Khuwaylid
See Also
References
- ↑ C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs et al., eds, (1995), "Sahaba", Encyclopaedia of Islam, 8 NED-SAM (New Edition [2nd] ed.), Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 827-829, ISBN 90 04 09834 8, 1995
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sh. G. F. Haddad - Sahaba - LivingIslam, January 7, 2009
- ↑ Bewley/Saad 8:72; Al-Tabari, Vol. 8, p. 4; Al-Tabari, Vol. 39, p. 180; cf Guillaume/Ishaq 3; Maududi (1967), Tafhimul Quran, Chapter Al Ahzab
- ↑ Alfred Guillaume - The Life of Muhammad - Oxford University Press, 1955, reprinted in 2003. ISBN 0-19-636033-1
- ↑ Quran 9:100