List of expeditions of Muhammad: Difference between revisions

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{{QualityScore|Lead=1|Structure=2|Content=4|Language=2|References=4}}
The '''List of expeditions of Muhammad''', also includes a '''list of battles by Muhammad's order''' and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by [[Muhammad]], as well as the primary sources which mention the Battles.
The '''List of expeditions of Muhammad''', also includes a '''list of battles by Muhammad's order''' and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by [[Muhammad]], as well as the primary sources which mention the Battles. While the term ghazwa is typically translated "expedition" (even in this article), it was sometimes used in a non-military sense, for example the 'Umrah pilgrimage which appears in the list below. A ghazwa (pl. ghazawat) is an expedition in which Muhammad himself participated, while a sariyyah (pl. saraya) is an expedition sent out by Muhammad but led by a companion.


==List of Battles==
==The sῑra-maghāzī literature==
Detailed information and chronology about the raids, expeditions and battles conducted by Muhammad derive from the narratives compiled in the sῑra-maghāzī genre of literature (biography/expeditions) and associated hadiths. Academic scholars increasingly treat the Quran itself as the primary historical source through which the later material is tested, though few battles are explicitly named therein.
 
Academic scholars have determined that the later material is unreliable for a variety of reasons, though has some historical value when treated cautiously. Regarding the expedition literature generally, Professor Sean Anthony has argued in his book ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith'' that the initial, formative compilation of this material took impulse from the late Umayyad court (late 7th/early 8th century CE). The corpus of traditions existed independently of the court, but their formation into sῑra-maghāzī works was a product of political intervention. Anthony contends that "the rhetoric of empire in Late Antiquity profoundly shaped this corpus".<ref>Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam'', Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 175-6</ref>
 
The hadith and sῑra-maghāzī literature speak frequently of the dominion (mulk) of the prophet and his community (ummah). This triumphalist view of the emergence of the early Islamic community "served to sustain and legitimize that community's hegemony, the supremacy of its ruling elite, and the expansionist policy of the burgeoning polity."<ref>Sean Anthony, ''Muhammad and the Empires of Faith'', p. 177</ref> An open access book chapter by Adrien de Jarmy identifies a gradual trend in the historical development of the sirah genre towards Muhammad being portrayed as a "warrior-prophet".<ref>Adrien de Jarmy, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv29sfq7f.9?seq=17#metadata_info_tab_contents Dating the Emergence of the Warrior-Prophet in Maghāzī Literature: Second/Eighth to the Fourth/Tenth Century.] in The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam: Volume 1, The Prophet Between Doctrine, Literature and Arts: Historical Legacies and Their Unfolding, edited by Denis Gril et al., Brill, 2022, pp. 79–99.</ref>
 
A source which stands out as more significant are the letters of 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha. A series of letters from 'Urwa to the late Umayyad court in answer to various historical queries are preserved in the work of al-Tabari, while some narratives therefrom also appear in other sources. More information and a summary of the relevant letters is given in the article [[Jihad in Islamic Law]] and they are translated in full in chapter four of Anthony's book. For a number of reasons these letters are considered more credible than later sources, and detail a small number of raids and battles: the raid on Nakhlah, the battle of Badr, the conquest of Mecca, the battle of Hunayn and the seige of al-Ta'if. Other significant conflicts which many academic scholars consider to credibly have some historicity but which are not mentioned by 'Urwa in his letters are Uhud, Banu Mustaliq, the Ditch, Banu Qurayza, and Khaybar. It may be noted that 'Urwa's letters respond to specific questions about historical events, so we should not expect them to be a comprehensive list of all expeditions undertaken or ordered by Muhammad.
 
'Urwa also narrates in his first letter the two forced migrations from Mecca faced by the believers following persecutions which he calls the first and final fitnahs, in the first case to Abyssinia, and the second time to Medina. Bearing in mind this context, Islamic modernist scholars argue that the most well evidenced expeditions are in line with the Quranic principles that fighting is in self-defense or pre-emptive (or more specifically, for proportionate retaliation or to stop religious persecution - see the discussion in the article [[Jihad in Islamic Law]]). This view is of course contested by other Islamic and academic scholars.
 
==List of Expeditions==


;Key/Legend
;Key/Legend
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! style="background: pink;" |4
! style="background: pink;" |4
|Invasion of Waddan
|Invasion of Waddan
|August 623 <ref name="autogeneratedy">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}</ref>
|August 623 <ref name="autogeneratedz">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=4|quote=GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12|first= Al|last= Tabari |year= 2008| publisher = State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=12|quote=In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan}}</ref>
   
   
|Attack a Quraysh caravan which included camels<ref name="Wahhab p. 345" /><ref name="autogeneratedy" />
|Attack a Quraysh caravan which included camels<ref name="Wahhab p. 345" /><ref name="autogeneratedz" />
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|
*Unknown
*Unknown
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*Non-Muslims: 1 killed, 2 captured <ref name="online" />
*Non-Muslims: 1 killed, 2 captured <ref name="online" />
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|2|217}} <ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=246}}</ref><ref>Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad, p. 347.</ref>
*{{Quran|2|217}} <ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=246}}</ref><ref>Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad, p. 347.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA247| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=247}} See footnote 1, page 247</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA247| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960899558|page=247}} See footnote 1, page 247</ref>
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*Non-Muslims: 70 killed, 30-47 captured<ref>Mu?ammad A?mad Bashmil, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.</ref>
*Non-Muslims: 70 killed, 30-47 captured<ref>Mu?ammad A?mad Bashmil, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.</ref>
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|8|47}}, {{Quran-usc|68|25}}, {{Quran-usc|8|5}}, {{Quran-usc|8|6}} and more<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 133-138. ([http://www.webcitation.org/612cLy78j online])</ref>
*{{Quran|8|47}}, {{Quran|68|25}}, {{Quran|8|5}}, {{Quran|8|6}} and more<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 133-138. ([http://www.webcitation.org/612cLy78j online])</ref>
*{{bukhari|4|53|369}}, {{bukhari|5|59|357}}, {{abudawud|14|2716}}, {{bukhari|5|59|293}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 137. ([http://www.webcitation.org/612cLy78j online])</ref>
*{{bukhari|4|53|369}}, {{bukhari|5|59|357}}, {{abudawud|14|2716}}, {{bukhari|5|59|293}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 137. ([http://www.webcitation.org/612cLy78j online])</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=210}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=210}}</ref>
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*Unknown, some revenge killings<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp.149-150" />
*Unknown, some revenge killings<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp.149-150" />
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|8|58}},<ref>{{citation | title= Al-Taw?id | volume = 5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?ei=gqIVTsfPE4i58gPsotUP&ct=result&id=7MfXAAAAMAAJ&dq=band|author= Sazman-i Tablighat-i Islami | place = Tehran, Iran |year=1987|publisher=Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept|page=86}}</ref> {{Quran-usc|3|118}},<ref>{{citation | title = The Koran| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pqPwAACAAJ&dq | authorlink = John Medows Rodwell | first = JM | last = Rodwell |publisher= Phoenix|page= 342|isbn= 978-1-8421-2609-7  | quote = This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Abu Khalil| first = Shawqi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA248 | title = Atlas of the Quran | publisher = Dar-us-Salam |year=2003|isbn= 978-9-9608-9754-7 | page = 248}}([http://www.webcitation.org/66JFc9Lzp online])</ref> {{Quran-usc|3|12}}, {{Quran-usc|3|13}}<ref>{{cite book|authors=Francis E. Peters|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KnAO36Jh6bMC&pg=PA78 |title=A Reader on classical Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year= 1993|isbn= 978-0691000404|page= 78}}</ref>
*{{Quran|8|58}},<ref>{{citation | title= Al-Taw?id | volume = 5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?ei=gqIVTsfPE4i58gPsotUP&ct=result&id=7MfXAAAAMAAJ&dq=band|author= Sazman-i Tablighat-i Islami | place = Tehran, Iran |year=1987|publisher=Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept|page=86}}</ref> {{Quran|3|118}},<ref>{{citation | title = The Koran| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pqPwAACAAJ&dq | authorlink = John Medows Rodwell | first = JM | last = Rodwell |publisher= Phoenix|page= 342|isbn= 978-1-8421-2609-7  | quote = This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Abu Khalil| first = Shawqi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA248 | title = Atlas of the Quran | publisher = Dar-us-Salam |year=2003|isbn= 978-9-9608-9754-7 | page = 248}}([http://www.webcitation.org/66JFc9Lzp online])</ref> {{Quran|3|12}}, {{Quran|3|13}}<ref>{{cite book|authors=Francis E. Peters|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KnAO36Jh6bMC&pg=PA78 |title=A Reader on classical Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year= 1993|isbn= 978-0691000404|page= 78}}</ref>
*{{muslim|19|4364}}
*{{muslim|19|4364}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 <ref>{{cite book | last =Sa'd|first= Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir | volume =2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=32}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 <ref>{{cite book | last =Sa'd|first= Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir | volume =2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=32}}</ref>
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! style="background: pink;" |32
! style="background: pink;" |32
|Invasion of Banu Qurayza
|[[The Massacre of the Banu Qurayza|Invasion of Banu Qurayza]]
|February–March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>
|February–March 627 <ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>
   
   
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*Non-Muslims: 10 killed, 200 families taken captive<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 207-209" /><ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=310}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkUAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s original])</ref>
*Non-Muslims: 10 killed, 200 families taken captive<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 207-209" /><ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author=[[William Muir]]|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=310}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkUAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s original])</ref>
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*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|76|1|422}}
*{{bukhari|76|1|422}}
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|4292}}
*{{muslim|19|4292}}
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=490}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=490}}</ref>
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*Many captured by Muslims<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam" />
*Many captured by Muslims<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam" />
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|4345}}
*{{muslim|19|4345}}
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam" />
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam" />
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*Muslims: 1 killed
*Muslims: 1 killed
*Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|1|4|234}}</ref>
*Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}</ref>
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*[[Quran]] 5:33-39<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA392 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land"], and [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=13751 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version]</ref>
*[[Quran]] 5:33-39<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA392 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land"], and [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=13751 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version]</ref>
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|1|4|234}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|505}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|7|71|623}} and more
*{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|505}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|623}} and more
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |50
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |50
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*None
*None
|
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*{{Quran-usc|48|24}}, {{Quran-usc|48|18}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 214-215" />
*{{Quran|48|24}}, {{Quran|48|18}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 214-215" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=211}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=211}}</ref>
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*None
*None
|
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*{{Quran-usc|59|6}},{{Quran-usc|59|7}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kN3V_Cs6gswC&pg=PA554 Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri], also see [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=59&tid=53138 Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version]</ref>
*{{Quran|59|6}},{{Quran|59|7}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kN3V_Cs6gswC&pg=PA554 Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri], also see [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=59&tid=53138 Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version]</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|2961}}
*{{muslim|19|2961}}
*Sunan Abu Dawud, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal<ref>Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kN3V_Cs6gswC&pg=PA555 Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged)], p. 555 (footnote 1 & 2).</ref>
*Sunan Abu Dawud, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal<ref>Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kN3V_Cs6gswC&pg=PA555 Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged)], p. 555 (footnote 1 & 2).</ref>
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*Jews: 93 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 238">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 238. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y569zNt online])</ref>
*Jews: 93 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 238">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 238. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y569zNt online])</ref>
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*{{Quran-usc|48|15}}, {{Quran-usc|48|20}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.</ref>
*{{Quran|48|15}}, {{Quran|48|20}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.</ref>
*[[Sahih Bukhari]]
*[[Sahih Bukhari]]
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|19|4450}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.</ref>
*{{muslim|19|4450}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.</ref>
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! style="background: pink;" |54
! style="background: pink;" |54
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*Jews: 11 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 238" />
*Jews: 11 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 238" />
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*{{Hadith-usc|muwatta|usc=yes|21|13|25|}}
*
{{muwatta|21|13|25|}}
 
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990" />
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990" />
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|Attack the Banu Kilab tribe<ref name="William Muir p. 83">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 2).</ref>
|Attack the Banu Kilab tribe<ref name="William Muir p. 83">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 2).</ref>
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*Many killed<ref name="William Muir p. 83" /><br>(at least 7 families killed<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2632}}</ref>) by Muslims
*Many killed<ref name="William Muir p. 83" /><br>(at least 7 families killed<ref>{{abudawud|14|2632}}</ref>) by Muslims
|
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*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2632}}
*{{abudawud|14|2632}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=146|quote=The Sariyyah of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, on Banu Kilab at Najd}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=146|quote=The Sariyyah of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, on Banu Kilab at Najd}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 688: Line 701:
*Some killed by Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241" />
*Some killed by Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241" />
|
|
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|568}}
*{{Bukhari|5|59|568}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=149}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=149}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| author=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein  (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
Line 732: Line 745:
*Large amount killed,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241" /> and 1 captured by Muslims<ref name="Sa'd 1967 156" />
*Large amount killed,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241" /> and 1 captured by Muslims<ref name="Sa'd 1967 156" />
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2672}}
*{{abudawud|14|2672}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 156" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 156" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 774: Line 787:
*Non-Muslims: Unknown<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 246" />
*Non-Muslims: Unknown<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 246" />
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|19|71}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 245. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60zYNSZDg online])</ref>
*{{Quran|19|71}} <ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 245. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60zYNSZDg online])</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|565}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|565}}
*{{bukhari|5|59|565}}, {{bukhari|5|59|565}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |67
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |67
Line 785: Line 798:
*None, Qudah tribe flees<ref name="Sa'd 1967 162">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=162|quote=The Sariyyah of 'Amr Ibn al-'As towards DMt al-Salasil which is beyond Wadi al-Qura}}</ref>
*None, Qudah tribe flees<ref name="Sa'd 1967 162">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=162|quote=The Sariyyah of 'Amr Ibn al-'As towards DMt al-Salasil which is beyond Wadi al-Qura}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|644}}
*{{bukhari|5|59|644}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 162" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 162" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 796: Line 809:
*None, caravan flees<ref name="Sa'd 1967 163" />
*None, caravan flees<ref name="Sa'd 1967 163" />
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|3|44|663}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|usc=yes|21|4757}}
*{{bukhari|3|44|663}}, {{muslim|21|4757}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 163" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 163" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 828: Line 841:
|To divert the attention from his intention of attacking Mecca, he despatched 8 men to attack a caravan passing through Edam<ref name="Sa'd 1967 164">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=164|quote=THE SARIYYAH OF ABO QATADAH IBN RIB'I AL- ANSARl TOWORDS BATN IDAM.}}</ref>
|To divert the attention from his intention of attacking Mecca, he despatched 8 men to attack a caravan passing through Edam<ref name="Sa'd 1967 164">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=164|quote=THE SARIYYAH OF ABO QATADAH IBN RIB'I AL- ANSARl TOWORDS BATN IDAM.}}</ref>
|
|
*1 Muslim killed by Muslims<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|43|7176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref>
*1 Muslim killed by Muslims<ref>{{muslim|43|7176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Cite quran|4|94}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref>
*{{Cite quran|4|94}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|43|7176}}
*{{muslim|43|7176}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 164" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 164" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 843: Line 856:
| first=Maulana |last=Wahid Khan|year=2002|publisher=Goodword |pages=327–333}}</ref>
| first=Maulana |last=Wahid Khan|year=2002|publisher=Goodword |pages=327–333}}</ref>


#Abdullah b. Khatal<ref>{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|582}}</ref>
#Abdullah b. Khatal<ref>{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}</ref>
#Fartana (slave girl)<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2678}}</ref>
#Fartana (slave girl)<ref>{{abudawud|14|2678}}</ref>
#Huwayrith b. Nafidh<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
#Huwayrith b. Nafidh<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
#Miqyas b. Subabah<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
#Miqyas b. Subabah<ref name="Wahid 327-333" />
Line 850: Line 863:
|
|
*[[Quran]] 12:91-92, {{Cite quran|34|49}}, {{Cite quran|49|13}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 251-253.</ref>
*[[Quran]] 12:91-92, {{Cite quran|34|49}}, {{Cite quran|49|13}}<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 251-253.</ref>
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|582}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2678}} and more
*{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}, {{abudawud|14|2678}} and more
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 165–174" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 165–174" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 893: Line 906:
*Entire tribe taken prisoner, portion executed<ref name="William Muir p. 135" /><ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=561}}</ref>
*Entire tribe taken prisoner, portion executed<ref name="William Muir p. 135" /><ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=561}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|628}}<ref>Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of ?ahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.</ref>
*{{bukhari|5|59|628}}<ref>Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of ?ahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=561}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]] <ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=561}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=183}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=183}}</ref>
Line 906: Line 919:
*Non-Muslims: 70 killed,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 261" /> 6000 women and children captured<ref name="William Muir p. 142">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 142.</ref>
*Non-Muslims: 70 killed,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 261" /> 6000 women and children captured<ref name="William Muir p. 142">William Muir,  The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 142.</ref>
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|9|25}}, {{Quran-usc|9|26}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 261-262">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 261-262. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60zcciKiY online])</ref>
*{{Quran|9|25}}, {{Quran|9|26}} <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 261-262">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 261-262. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60zcciKiY online])</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|4|53|370}}, {{Hadith-usc|muwatta|usc=yes|21|10|19|}}<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 261-262" />
*{{Bukhari|4|53|370}},
{{muwatta|21|10|19|}}<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 261-262" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |78
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |78
Line 929: Line 943:
|isbn=978-8126119400|page=31}}</ref>
|isbn=978-8126119400|page=31}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|4|24}}<ref>{{cite book|authors=A?mad ibn Mu?ammad Ibn ?anbal, Susan Ann Spectorsky (translator), Is?aq ibn Ibrahim Ibn Rahwayh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8kZJ9CxJdIC&pg=PA38|title=Chapters on marriage and divorce: responses of Ibn ?anbal and Ibn Rahwayh|year=1993|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292776722|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlzGFbl0XoIC&pg=PA24
*{{Quran|4|24}}<ref>{{cite book|authors=A?mad ibn Mu?ammad Ibn ?anbal, Susan Ann Spectorsky (translator), Is?aq ibn Ibrahim Ibn Rahwayh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8kZJ9CxJdIC&pg=PA38|title=Chapters on marriage and divorce: responses of Ibn ?anbal and Ibn Rahwayh|year=1993|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292776722|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlzGFbl0XoIC&pg=PA24
|first=Muhammad|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|date=11 November 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd
|first=Muhammad|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|date=11 November 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd
|isbn=9781861795632|page=24}} ([http://www.webcitation.org/6SyMRVgA9 online]) Quote: ""We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah was revealed"</ref>
|isbn=9781861795632|page=24}} ([http://www.webcitation.org/6SyMRVgA9 online]) Quote: ""We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah was revealed"</ref>
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|8|3432}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|5|59|612}} and more
*{{muslim|8|3432}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|612}} and more
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 194" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 194" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 945: Line 959:
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=17}}. See footnote 128</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=17}}. See footnote 128</ref>
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|612}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|3|6092}}
*{{bukhari|5|59|612}}, {{muslim|3|6092}}
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 17">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA17| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|page=17}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 17">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA17| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|page=17}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 957: Line 971:
|isbn=978-9960897561|page=177}}</ref>
|isbn=978-9960897561|page=177}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|612}}
*{{bukhari|5|59|612}}
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 17" />
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 17" />
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 969: Line 983:
*Non-Muslims: Unknown
*Non-Muslims: Unknown
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|615}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|9|93|572}} and more
*{{bukhari|5|59|615}}, {{bukhari|9|93|572}} and more
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=591}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & [[Ibn Ishaq]]<ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Ibn Hisham]] , [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Alfred Guillaume]] (translator)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=591}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
Line 996: Line 1,010:
|
|
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 200–201" />
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 200–201" />
*{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|14|2639}}
*{{abudawud|14|2639}}
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |85
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |85
Line 1,060: Line 1,074:
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=107}}</ref> {{Cite quran|9|81}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA137
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=107}}</ref> {{Cite quran|9|81}} <ref>{{cite book|last=Saed Abdul-Rahman|first=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA137
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=137}}</ref>
|title=The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir|date=29 October 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|isbn=978-1861796509|page=137}}</ref>
*{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|5|59|702}}, {{hadith-usc|usc=yes|Bukhari|6|60|199}} and more
*{{Bukhari|5|59|702}}, {{Bukhari|6|60|199}} and more
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |91
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |91
Line 1,070: Line 1,084:
*1 killed, 2 taken captive<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|pages=458–459}}</ref>
*1 killed, 2 taken captive<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|pages=458–459}}</ref>
|
|
*Sunan Abu Dawud {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|19|3031}}
*Sunan Abu Dawud {{abudawud|19|3031}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=205}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=205}}</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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|April 631 <ref name="Muir August 1878 219">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219|first=William|last=Muir|publisher=Smith, Elder and co|year=1861|page=219|quote= Beginning of A.H. X}} Note: Muharram is the beginning of the year, then Muharram 10AH= April 631</ref><ref name="Jandora 1990 42">{{citation|title=The march from Medina: a revisionist study of the Arab conquests|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Surad|first=John Walter|last=Jandora|year=1990|publisher=Kingston Press, Original from: University of Michigan|page=42|isbn=9780940670334}}</ref>
|April 631 <ref name="Muir August 1878 219">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219|first=William|last=Muir|publisher=Smith, Elder and co|year=1861|page=219|quote= Beginning of A.H. X}} Note: Muharram is the beginning of the year, then Muharram 10AH= April 631</ref><ref name="Jandora 1990 42">{{citation|title=The march from Medina: a revisionist study of the Arab conquests|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Surad|first=John Walter|last=Jandora|year=1990|publisher=Kingston Press, Original from: University of Michigan|page=42|isbn=9780940670334}}</ref>
   
   
|Ordered Surad ibn Abdullah (new convert) to war against the non-Muslim tribes in his neighbourhood<ref name="Muir August 1878 219">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219|first=William|last=Muir|year=1861|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|page=219}}</ref>
|Ordered Surad ibn Abdullah (new convert) to war against the non-Muslim tribes in his neighbourhood<ref name="Muir August 1878 219" />
|
|
*Heavy casualties, people of Jurash killed<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 88–89">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|pages=88–89}}</ref>
*Heavy casualties, people of Jurash killed<ref name="Tabari 25 Sep 1990 88–89">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|pages=88–89}}</ref>
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*None, Banu Harith tribe surrenders and converts to Islam<ref name="Muir August 1878 224" />
*None, Banu Harith tribe surrenders and converts to Islam<ref name="Muir August 1878 224" />
|
|
*{{Quran-usc|3|61}}<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 3 (Part 3): Al-Baqarah 253 to Al-I-'Imran 92 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZpfurStAiUC&pg=PA125|first=Muhammad|last=Saed Abdul Rahman|year=11 Nov 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|page=125|isbn=978-1861796776}}</ref>
*{{Quran|3|61}}<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 3 (Part 3): Al-Baqarah 253 to Al-I-'Imran 92 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZpfurStAiUC&pg=PA125|first=Muhammad|last=Saed Abdul Rahman|year=11 Nov 2009|publisher=MSA Publication Ltd|page=125|isbn=978-1861796776}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 82-84.</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 82-84.</ref>
*Hamidullah, Majmu'ah (Original letters of Muhammad)<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 83 & 84. See footnotes</ref>
*Hamidullah, Majmu'ah (Original letters of Muhammad)<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 83 & 84. See footnotes</ref>
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*20 killed by Muslims.<ref name="Muir August 1878 225" />
*20 killed by Muslims.<ref name="Muir August 1878 225" />
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*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|2|24|573}}
*{{bukhari|2|24|573}}
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 89.</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 89.</ref>
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! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |99
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" |99
|Demolition of Dhul Khalasa
|Demolition of Dhul Khalasa
|April 632 <ref name="Muir August 1878 219">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219|first=William|last=Muir|publisher=Smith, Elder and co|year=1861|page=219|quote=April and May, 632}}</ref>
|April 632 <ref name="Muir August 1878 219b">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219|first=William|last=Muir|publisher=Smith, Elder and co|year=1861|page=219|quote=April and May, 632}}</ref>
   
   
|Demolish the Temple of Dhul Khalasa worshipped by the Bajila and Khatham tribes<ref name="Glasse 28 Jan 2003 251">{{cite book |title= The new encyclopedia of Islam| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA251| first= Cyril| last= Glasse | year = 28 Jan 2003 | publisher = AltaMira Press | place = US |isbn=978-0759101906|page=251}}</ref>
|Demolish the Temple of Dhul Khalasa worshipped by the Bajila and Khatham tribes<ref name="Glasse 28 Jan 2003 251">{{cite book |title= The new encyclopedia of Islam| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA251| first= Cyril| last= Glasse | year = 28 Jan 2003 | publisher = AltaMira Press | place = US |isbn=978-0759101906|page=251}}</ref>
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*300 killed by Muslims<ref name="Glasse 28 Jan 2003 251" /><ref>{{cite book|last= Ibn al Kalbi|first= Hisham|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ| title= The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam|year=1952|publisher=Princeton University Press|asin= B002G9N1NQ|pages= 31–2}}</ref>
*300 killed by Muslims<ref name="Glasse 28 Jan 2003 251" /><ref>{{cite book|last= Ibn al Kalbi|first= Hisham|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ| title= The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam|year=1952|publisher=Princeton University Press|asin= B002G9N1NQ|pages= 31–2}}</ref>
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|641}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|642}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|643}} and more
*{{bukhari|5|59|641}}, {{bukhari|5|59|642}}, {{bukhari|5|59|643}} and more
*Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols<ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn al Kalbi|first=Hisham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ|title=The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam|year=1952|publisher=Princeton University Press|asin=B002G9N1NQ|pages=31–32}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/34864705/The-Book-of-Idols online])</ref>
*Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols<ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn al Kalbi|first=Hisham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ|title=The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam|year=1952|publisher=Princeton University Press|asin=B002G9N1NQ|pages=31–32}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/34864705/The-Book-of-Idols online])</ref>
|-<!-- New row starts here -->
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*Local population "slaughtered" by Muslims, "destroying, burning and taking as many captives as they could" according to Moshe Gil of Cambridge University<ref name="Gil 1997 31–32" />
*Local population "slaughtered" by Muslims, "destroying, burning and taking as many captives as they could" according to Moshe Gil of Cambridge University<ref name="Gil 1997 31–32" />
|
|
*{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|744}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|5|59|745}} and more
*{{bukhari|5|59|744}}, {{bukhari|5|59|745}} and more
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA163| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA163| first=Al|last=Tabari|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=163–164}} [http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online]</ref>
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=163–164}} [http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online]</ref>
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*{{cite book|last=Mu?ammad Ibn ?Abd al-Wahhab|first=Imam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad|year=2003|publisher=Darussalam publishers Ltd|isbn=978-9960-897-18-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Mu?ammad Ibn ?Abd al-Wahhab|first=Imam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad|year=2003|publisher=Darussalam publishers Ltd|isbn=978-9960-897-18-9}}


[[Category:Islam-related lists|Expeditions of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Life of Muhammad|Military expeditions]]
[[Category:Sirah]]
[[Category:7th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Sacred history]]
[[Category:Timelines of Muslim history]]
[[Category:Islamic History]]

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The List of expeditions of Muhammad, also includes a list of battles by Muhammad's order and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention the Battles. While the term ghazwa is typically translated "expedition" (even in this article), it was sometimes used in a non-military sense, for example the 'Umrah pilgrimage which appears in the list below. A ghazwa (pl. ghazawat) is an expedition in which Muhammad himself participated, while a sariyyah (pl. saraya) is an expedition sent out by Muhammad but led by a companion.

The sῑra-maghāzī literature

Detailed information and chronology about the raids, expeditions and battles conducted by Muhammad derive from the narratives compiled in the sῑra-maghāzī genre of literature (biography/expeditions) and associated hadiths. Academic scholars increasingly treat the Quran itself as the primary historical source through which the later material is tested, though few battles are explicitly named therein.

Academic scholars have determined that the later material is unreliable for a variety of reasons, though has some historical value when treated cautiously. Regarding the expedition literature generally, Professor Sean Anthony has argued in his book Muhammad and the Empires of Faith that the initial, formative compilation of this material took impulse from the late Umayyad court (late 7th/early 8th century CE). The corpus of traditions existed independently of the court, but their formation into sῑra-maghāzī works was a product of political intervention. Anthony contends that "the rhetoric of empire in Late Antiquity profoundly shaped this corpus".[1]

The hadith and sῑra-maghāzī literature speak frequently of the dominion (mulk) of the prophet and his community (ummah). This triumphalist view of the emergence of the early Islamic community "served to sustain and legitimize that community's hegemony, the supremacy of its ruling elite, and the expansionist policy of the burgeoning polity."[2] An open access book chapter by Adrien de Jarmy identifies a gradual trend in the historical development of the sirah genre towards Muhammad being portrayed as a "warrior-prophet".[3]

A source which stands out as more significant are the letters of 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr, the nephew of Aisha. A series of letters from 'Urwa to the late Umayyad court in answer to various historical queries are preserved in the work of al-Tabari, while some narratives therefrom also appear in other sources. More information and a summary of the relevant letters is given in the article Jihad in Islamic Law and they are translated in full in chapter four of Anthony's book. For a number of reasons these letters are considered more credible than later sources, and detail a small number of raids and battles: the raid on Nakhlah, the battle of Badr, the conquest of Mecca, the battle of Hunayn and the seige of al-Ta'if. Other significant conflicts which many academic scholars consider to credibly have some historicity but which are not mentioned by 'Urwa in his letters are Uhud, Banu Mustaliq, the Ditch, Banu Qurayza, and Khaybar. It may be noted that 'Urwa's letters respond to specific questions about historical events, so we should not expect them to be a comprehensive list of all expeditions undertaken or ordered by Muhammad.

'Urwa also narrates in his first letter the two forced migrations from Mecca faced by the believers following persecutions which he calls the first and final fitnahs, in the first case to Abyssinia, and the second time to Medina. Bearing in mind this context, Islamic modernist scholars argue that the most well evidenced expeditions are in line with the Quranic principles that fighting is in self-defense or pre-emptive (or more specifically, for proportionate retaliation or to stop religious persecution - see the discussion in the article Jihad in Islamic Law). This view is of course contested by other Islamic and academic scholars.

List of Expeditions

Key/Legend

      Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered but did not take part (73))       Ghazwah (expeditions which he ordered and took part (27))


No. Name Date Muhammad's order and reason for expedition Casualties description Notable primary sources
1 Ali's Caravan Raid 623 [4][5][6][7] Raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[8]
2 Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid 623 [4][5][6][9] Raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[7][8]
  • None, caravan left [5]
3 Kharar Caravan Raid May & June 623 [4][5][6][7][11] Attack a Quraysh caravan[7]
  • None, caravan left[5]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[10]
4 Invasion of Waddan August 623 [12][13] Attack a Quraysh caravan which included camels[7][12]
  • Unknown
5 Invasion of Buwat October 623 [15][16] Raid a Quraysh caravan which included 200 camels[17][18]
  • None, caravan left [5]
6 Invasion of Dul Ashir December 623 [19] Attack a Quraysh caravan[9]
7 Invasion of Safwan 623 [19] To pursue Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri who led a small group that looted Muhammad's animals[17]
  • None, enemy escaped [17]
8 Nakhla Raid January 624[19] Attack a Quraysh caravan and gather information[9][22]
  • Muslims: 0 Casualties
  • Non-Muslims: 1 killed, 2 captured [22]
9 Battle of Badr March 624 [26] According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri the purpose was to raid a Quraysh caravan carrying 50,000 gold Dinars guarded by 40 men, and to further the Muslim political, economic and military position.[27] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir also said the purpose of this battle was to capture Quraysh war booty/spoils and make Islam dominant by raiding the Quraysh Caravan, he claimed Muhammad encouraged the Muslims by saying: "This is the caravan of Quraysh carrying their property, so march forth to intercept it, Allah might make it as war spoils for you".[28]
  • Muslims: 14 killed
  • Non-Muslims: 70 killed, 30-47 captured[29]
10 Assassination of Asma bint Marwan January 624 [33] Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[34]
  • Asma' bint Marwan assassinated[32]
11 Assassination of Abu Afak February 624 [36] Kill Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry[35]
  • Abu Afak assassinated[35]
12 Invasion of Sawiq 624 [39] Pursue Abu Sufyan for killing 2 Muslims and burning of palm trees[40]
  • 2 Muslims killed[40]
13 Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa February 624 [43] Attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina[44] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked[45]
  • Unknown, some revenge killings[45]
14 Al Kudr Invasion May 624 [52] Surprise attack on the Banu Salim tribe for allegedly plotting to attack Medina[53]
  • Unknown
15 Invasion of Thi Amr September 624 [55][56] Raid the Banu Muharib and Banu Talabah tribes after he received intelligence that they were allegedly going to raid the outskirts of Medina[57]
  • 1 captured by Muslims[57]
16 Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf September 624 [59] According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[60][61]
  • Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated[61]
17 Invasion of Bahran 624 [62] Raid the Banu Sulaym tribe,[63] no reason given in primary sources ( Possibly a continuation of the previous war)
18 Nejd Caravan Raid 624 [62] Intercept and capture Quraysh caravan and its goods[62]
  • 3 captured by Muslims(including guide) [62]
19 Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik December 624 [67] Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies[68]
  • Abu Rafi assassinated[68]
20 Battle of Uhud March 23 625 [71][72] Defend against Quraysh attack[73]
  • Muslims: 70 killed
  • Non-Muslims: 22 or 37 Killed[73]
21 Invasion of Hamra al-Asad March 625[77] Prevent Quraysh attack on weakened Muslim army[78]
  • Muslims: 2 spies killed
  • Non-Muslims: 3 beheaded, 3 captured[78]
22 Expedition of Qatan June 625 [77] Attack Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah tribe after receiving intelligence that they were allegedly plotting to attack Medina[85]
  • 3 captured by Muslims[86]
23 Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais 625 [87] Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Madinah and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims[87]
  • Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated[87]
24 Expedition of Al Raji 625 [92] Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,[92] but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers.[93] According to William Montgomery Watt, the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.[94] Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari [95]
25 The Mission of Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri 627 [98] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan[99] to avenge Khubyab bin Adi.[100] According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, the Quraysh ordered Khubyab bin Adi to be crucified by Uqba bin al-Harith during the Expedition of Al Raji because he had killed Uqba bin al-Harith's father.[101]
  • 3 polytheists killed by Muslims[99]
  • 1 captured[102]
  • Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[103]
26 Expedition of Bir Maona July 625 [104] Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,[105] but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers[93]
  • Muslims: 70 killed[105]
  • Non-Muslims: 2 killed[105]
27 Invasion of Banu Nadir August 625 [108] Muslim scholars (like Mubarakpuri) claim, the Banu Nadir were attacked because the Angel Gabriel told Muhammad that some of the Banu Nadir wanted to assassinate him.[109] Watt contends it was in response to the tribe’s criticism of Muhammad and doubts they wanted to assassinate Muhammad. He says "it is possible that the allegation was no more than an excuse to justify the attack".[110]
  • Unknown
28 Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa October 625[114] or 627[112] Attack the Banu Ghatafan tribe, because he received news that they were assembling at Dhat al-Riqa with a suspicious purpose[112]
  • Many women captured by Muslims[115]
29 Invasion of Badr January 626[6] or March 625[98][117] Attack the Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan, both sides were preparing to fight each other again at Badr[118]
30 Invasion of Dumatul Jandal July 626 [120] Invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself[121]
  • None, Ghatafan tribe flees[121]
31 Battle of the Trench February 627 [124] Muhammad orders Muslims to defend Medina from attack, after Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa tribes form an alliance with the Quraysh to attack him as revenge for expelling them from Medina.[125][126] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir states: "The reason why the Confederates came was that a group of the leaders of the Jews of Banu Nadir, whom the Messenger of Allah had expelled from Al-Madinah to Khaybar, including Sallam bin Abu Al-Huqayq, Sallam bin Mishkam and Kinanah bin Ar-Rabi`, went to Makkah where they met with the leaders of Quraysh and incited them to make war against the Prophet" [127]
  • Muslims: light casualties
  • Non-Muslims: extremely heavy casualties[128]
32 Invasion of Banu Qurayza February–March 627 [130]

Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[80][81][82][131][132][133] Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.[134] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.[135][136]

  • Muslims: 2 killed[131]
  • Non-Muslims:
  1. 600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)[131][132][137]
  2. All Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith)[138][139]
33 Expedition of Muhammad ibn Maslamah June 627 [143] Attack Bani Bakr sept for booty/spoils[144][145][146]
34 Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan 627 [148] Attack Banu Assad bin Qhuzayma tribe to capture booty/spoils[148][149]
  • None, Banu Asad tribe flees[150]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[149]
35 First Raid on Banu Thalabah August 627 [6][98][151] Attack the Banu Thalabah tribe, because he suspected they would be tempted to steal his camels[150]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[152]
36 Second Raid on Banu Thalabah August 627 [6][98][151] Attack the Banu Thalabah tribe, as revenge for the 1st failed raid on them in which 9 Muslims died[150]
  • 1 injured man captured by Muslims[150]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[153]
37 Invasion of Banu Lahyan September 627 [6][98] Attack the Banu Lahyan tribe to get revenge for the killing of 10 Muslims in the Expedition of Al Raji[150]
  • None, Banu Lahyan tribe flees[150]
38 Raid on al-Ghabah

627[156]

Initially no orders given by Muhammad, Amr ibn al-Akwa pursues Uyanah bin Hisn Al-Fazari after seeing him seize 20 of Muhammad's camels while calling for help.[156] Muhammad then heard the calls and sent reinforcements.[157]
  • 1 Muslim shepherd killed, and his wife captured[156]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[156]
  • Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam [158]
39 Expedition of Dhu Qarad September 627 [6][98] To attack a group of men led by Uyanah bin Hisn Al-Fazari, who raided the outskirts of the Medina; and seized 20 of Muhammad's milch camels[159]
  • Muslims: 4 killed
  • Non-Muslims: 4 Killed [160]
40 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Jumum) 627 [150] To raid al-Jumum and capture booty/spoils[162]
  • Some captured by Muslims[150]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[163]
41 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Is) September 627 [164] Attack Quraysh caravan and loot their camels[150][165]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[165]
42 Third Raid on Banu Thalabah 627 [98] To raid Banu Thalabah and capture their camels as booty[166]
  • None, Banu Thalabah tribe flees[166]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[167]
43 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma) October 627 [98] Attack robbers who attacked Muhammad's envoy, Dhiyah bin Khalifah al-Kalbi[168]
  • Heavy casualties inflicted, 100 women and boys captured by Muslims[168]
44 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Wadi al-Qura) December 627 [170] Survey the area and to monitor the movements of the enemies of Muhammad[166]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[171]
45 Invasion of Banu Mustaliq December 627 [98] Attack Banu Mustaliq because Muhammad received some rumours that the Banu Mustaliq were preparing to attack him.[172] The Banu Mustaliq also believed that Muhammad was preparing to attack them, both sides sent spies to confirm the reports, but the Banu Mustaliq spy was killed by Muslims, and then Muhammad told his followers to prepare for war[173]
  • Muslims: 1 killed
    (friendly fire)
  • Non-Muslims: 10 killed, 200 families taken captive[173][174]
46 Expedition of Abdur Rahman bin Auf December 627 [98] 700 men sent to get the Christian king Al-Asbagh and his people to convert to Islam within 3 days or pay Jizyah[176][177]
47 Expedition of Fidak 627 [98] Attack the Bani Sa‘d bin Bakr tribe, because Muhammad received intelligence they were planning to help the Jews of Khaybar[180]
  • 1 captured by Muslims, rest of tribe flees[181]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[181]
48 Second Expedition of Wadi al-Qura January 628 [98] Raid the inhabitants of Wadi al-Qura for revenge, because a number of Muslims were killed when they tried to raid the inhabitants previously, but failed[182]
  • 30 horsemen,[183] and 1 women killed by Muslims[184]
  • Many captured by Muslims[184]
49 Expedition of Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri February 628 [98] Capture 8 men who came to him to convert to Islam, but then killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels[185]
  • Muslims: 1 killed
  • Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death[185][186]
50 Expedition of Abdullah ibn Rawaha February 628 [98] Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him[188][189]
  • Tirmidhi no. 3923,[190] Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2:1966 [191]
  • Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [192]
51 Treaty of Hudaybiyyah March 628 [193] March to Mecca to perform the lesser pilgrimage (Umrah)[194]
  • None
52 Conquest of Fidak May 628 [196] To force the Jews of Fidak to surrender their properties and wealth (accepting his terms) or be attacked[141]
  • None
53 Battle of Khaybar May/June 628 [199] To attack the Jews of Khaybar for booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed (according to Watt)[200]
  • Muslims: 16-18 killed
  • Jews: 93 killed[201]
54 Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura May 628 [196] Attack the Jews of Wadi al Qura to conquer their land[204]

Al-Muwatta 21:25

  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[205]
55 Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab December 628 [98] Attack Banu Hawazin for booty[206]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[206]
56 Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq December 628 [98] Attack the Banu Kilab tribe[207]
  • Many killed[207]
    (at least 7 families killed[208]) by Muslims
57 Expedition of Bashir Ibn Sa’d al-Ansari (Fadak) December 628 [210] Attack for Banu Murrah tribe to capture booty [211][212]
  • Muslims: 29 killed,[189] Bashir wounded[213]
  • Non-Muslims: large amount killed[189]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[212]
58 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Mayfah) January 629 [210] Attack the Banu ‘Awâl and Banu Thalabah tribes to capture booty (camels and flock)[214]
  • Some killed by Muslims[189]
59 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Fadak) May 629[217] Attack the Banu Murrah as revenge for the killing of Muslims in a failed raid carried out by Muslims[218]
  • Everyone who came into contact with Muslims were killed[218]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[219]
60 Expedition of Bashir Ibn Sa’d al-Ansari (Yemen) February 629 [210] Attack a large group of polytheists who Muhammad believed gathered to raid the outskirts of Madinah[189]
  • 1 killed, 2 captured by Muslims[220]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[220]
61 Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami April 629[217] 50 men sent to demand the allegiance of the Banu Sualym tribe to Islam[221]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[223]
62 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Al-Kadid) May 629 [217] To raid the Banu al-Mulawwih tribe for booty[189][219]
  • Large amount killed,[189] and 1 captured by Muslims[219]
63 Raid on Banu Layth June 629 [130] Attack Banu Layth, camels plundered[218]
  • "We killed the warriors and took the children prisoner." No numbers given, but the Muslims were "about ten men".
  • Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., & Tayob, A. (2011). The Life of Muhammad, pp. 369–370. London & New York: Routledge.
64 Expedition of Shuja ibn Wahb al-Asadi June 629 [217] Raid the Banu Amir tribe to plunder camels for booty[224][225]
  • Unknown
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[226]
65 Expedition of Ka’b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari June 629 [217] Attack Banu Quda‘a tribe because Muhammad received intelligence that they had gathered a large number of men to attack the Muslim positions[222]
  • 14 Muslims killed, 1 wounded[222]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[227]
66 Battle of Mu'tah August 629 [217] Raid the inhabitants of Mut'ah, because one of Muhammad's messenger was killed by the chief of Ma’ab or Mu’tah[228]
  • Muslims: 12 killed
  • Non-Muslims: Unknown[228]
67 Expedition of Amr ibn al-As September 629 [230] To subjugate the Banu Qudah tribe, and incite the tribes friendly to Muhammad to attack them, because of a rumour that the Banu Qudah were preparing to attack Medina and to improve Muslim prestige[231][232]
  • None, Qudah tribe flees[233]
68 Expedition of Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah October 629 [234] Attack the tribe of Juhaynah and raid a caravan[235][236][237]
69 Expedition of Abi Hadrad al-Aslami 629 [238][239] To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him[239]
70 Expedition of Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari (Khadirah) November[242] or Dec 629[235] Attack the Ghatafan tribe because he heard that they were amassing troops and were still outside the "domain of Islam"[243]
  • Some killed, some captured by Muslims[243]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[244]
71 Expedition of Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari (Batn Edam) December 629 [242] To divert the attention from his intention of attacking Mecca, he despatched 8 men to attack a caravan passing through Edam[245]
72 Conquest of Mecca December 629 [242] To Conquer Mecca[249]
  • 5 killed by Muslims:[250]
  1. Abdullah b. Khatal[251]
  2. Fartana (slave girl)[252]
  3. Huwayrith b. Nafidh[250]
  4. Miqyas b. Subabah[250]
  5. Harith b. Talatil[250]
73 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla) December 629 [254] To destroy al-Uzza because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[255] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[256]
  • 1 women killed by Khalid ibn Walid[256]
  • Al-Sunan al-Sughra[257]
  • Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[258]
74 Raid of Amr ibn al-As December 629 [254] To destroy Suwa because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[255] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[256]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[259]
75 Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali December 629 [254] To destroy Manat because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[255] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[256]
  • 1 women killed by Muslims[256]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[260]
  • Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[261]
76 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah) January 630 [254] Invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam[262]
  • Entire tribe taken prisoner, portion executed[262][263]
77 Battle of Hunayn January 630 [254] To attack the people of Hawazin and Thaqif for refusing to surrender to Muhammad and submit to Islam because "they thought that they were too mighty to admit or surrender" after the Conquest of Mecca[267]
  • Muslims: 5 killed[268]
  • Non-Muslims: 70 killed,[267] 6000 women and children captured[269]

Al-Muwatta 21:19[270]

78 Expedition of At-Tufail ibn 'Amr Ad-Dausi January 630 [254] Destroy the idol Yaguth[271] and to secure the allegiance of the Banu Daws tribe to Islam so they can lend him catapults to use in the Siege of Taif[272]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[271]
79 Battle of Autas 630 [273] Defend against an attack by a league of tribes that formed an alliance to attack him. Washington Irving claims that the tribes were hostile to Muhammad and wanted to attack him because he was spreading Islam by the sword, and because the tribes feared Muhammad would attack them anyway for vengeance[274]
80 Expedition of Abu Amir Al-Ashari January 630 [6] Chase the enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn[278]
  • Muslims: 1 Killed
  • Non-Muslims: 9 Killed[279]
81 Expedition of Abu Musa Al-Ashari January 630 [6] Chase the enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn[278]
  • At least 1 killed,[280] men, women and children taken captives by Muslims[281]
82 Siege of Ta'if January 630 [282] Attack enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif[269]
  • Muslims: 12 killed[283]
  • Non-Muslims: Unknown
83 Expedition of Uyainah bin Hisn April 630 [285] Attack the Muslim tribe of Banu Tamim for refusing to pay tax (Zakat)[286]
  • 11 men, 21 women and 30 boys, captured by Muslims[287]
84 Expedition of Qutbah ibn Amir May 630 [291] Attack the Banu Khatham tribe to capture booty[287][292]
  • Muslims: many wounded, some killed
  • Non-Muslims: many wounded, some killed, some women captured[287]
85 Expedition of Dahhak al-Kilabi June 630 [293] To call the Banu Kilab tribe to embrace Islam[287]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[294]
86 Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz July 630 [295] Attack a group of Abyssinians (Ethiopians) who Muhammad suspected were pirates[287][296][297]
  • None, Ethiopians flee[296]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[296]
87 Third Expedition of Dhu Qarad July 630 [296] Muhammad sent him to take revenge for the killing of the son of Abu Dhar Ghifari at al-Ghaba[296][298]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[299]
88 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib July 630 [300] Destroy al-Qullus, an idol worshipped by pagans[301]
  • Many men, women and children taken captive by Muslims[301][302]
  • Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal[301]
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[303]
89 Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan (Udhrah and Baliy) July 630 [304] Attack the tribes of Udhrah and Baliy, no further details[304][305]
  • Unknown
  • Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[305]
90 Battle of Tabouk October 630 [304] Attack the Byzantine empire. Mubarakpuri claims, reason was revenge for the killing of 1 of Muhammad's ambassadors by a Christian chief of al-Balaqa, which led to the Battle of Mutah. Mubrakpuri claims this was the reason for the Battle of Tabouk also, and that there was a rumour Heraclius was preparing an attack on Muslims.[306] William Muir claims Heraclius wanted to prevent the recurrence of Muslim attacks such as the Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan against the Banu Udrah tribe.[307] A tribe that was aligned to the Byzantine Empire[308]
  • None, no enemies met[306]
91 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal) October 630 [304] Attack the Christian prince of Duma.[311]
  • 1 killed, 2 taken captive[312]
92 Expedition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 630 [314] To demolish the idol al-Lat[315]
  • Unknown
  • [Qur'an 17:73]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[316]
93 Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar 630 [317] Demolish a mosque for promoting opposition[311]
  • None (speculation that people may have been burnt[318])
94 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal) April 631 [321][322] Demolish an idol called Wadd,[322][323] worshipped by the Banu Kilab tribe[324]
  • Banu Abd-Wadd and Banu Amir al-Ajdar tribe members killed by Muslims[321][322]
  • Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[325]
95 Expedition of Surad ibn Abdullah April 631 [326][327] Ordered Surad ibn Abdullah (new convert) to war against the non-Muslim tribes in his neighbourhood[326]
  • Heavy casualties, people of Jurash killed[328]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[328]
96 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Najran) June 631 [304] Call on the people of Najran to embrace Islam or fight the Muslims[329]
  • None, Banu Harith tribe surrenders and converts to Islam[329]
  • Quran 3:61[330]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[331]
  • Hamidullah, Majmu'ah (Original letters of Muhammad)[332]
97 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Mudhij) December 631 [304] Attack the Banu Nakhla tribe to reduce them to submission[333]
  • 20 killed by Muslims.[333]
98 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Hamdan) 632 [304] To call the people of Hamdan to embrace Islam[335]
  • Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[336]
99 Demolition of Dhul Khalasa April 632 [337] Demolish the Temple of Dhul Khalasa worshipped by the Bajila and Khatham tribes[338]
100 Expedition of Usama bin Zayd May 632 [341] Invade Palestine and attack Moab and Darum[342]
  • Local population "slaughtered" by Muslims, "destroying, burning and taking as many captives as they could" according to Moshe Gil of Cambridge University[342]

Notes

  • Ibn Hisham edited the biography of Muhammad written by Ibn Ishaq.[345] Ibn Ishaq's work is lost and is now only known in the recensions of Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari.[346] Therefore, when Ibn Hisham is mentioned as a primary source, so is Ibn Ishaq

References

  1. ↑ Sean Anthony, Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The making of the Prophet of Islam, Oakland CA: University of California, 2020, pp. 175-6
  2. ↑ Sean Anthony, Muhammad and the Empires of Faith, p. 177
  3. ↑ Adrien de Jarmy, Dating the Emergence of the Warrior-Prophet in Maghāzī Literature: Second/Eighth to the Fourth/Tenth Century. in The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam: Volume 1, The Prophet Between Doctrine, Literature and Arts: Historical Legacies and Their Unfolding, edited by Denis Gril et al., Brill, 2022, pp. 79–99.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "In the first two or three expeditions the numbers involved are given as from 20 to 80. In those of the later part of 623 (ii-vi/2), however, when Muhammad himself took part, they are said to have ranged up to 200.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 127. (online)
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Hawarey, Dr. Mosab. The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648, 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=vJVqNwAACAAJ&dq=9789957051648. Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Mu?ammad Ibn ?Abd al-Wahhab, Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad, p. 345.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Mu?ammad Ibn ?Abd al-Wahhab, Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad, p. 346.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  11. ↑ "august 623 Then occurred the sariyyah of Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqa towards al-Kharar in Dhu al-Qa'dah (May–June 623 AC)". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  13. ↑ "In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12 
  14. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 345, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  15. ↑ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 118.
  16. ↑ "Expeditions Led by Muhammad Then the Messenger of God led an expedition in Rabi' al-Akhir (which began October 2, 623) in search of Quraysh. He went as far as Buwat", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 13, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 128. (online)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 285, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 245, ISBN 978-9960899558, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA245 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 285–286, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  21. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 286, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.128-131. (online)
  23. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 246, ISBN 978-9960899558, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA246 
  24. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhta?ar zad al-ma?ad, p. 347.
  25. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA247  See footnote 1, page 247
  26. ↑ "Some say the Battle of Badr took place on 19 Ramadan (March 15, 624).", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12 
  27. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 132. (online)
  28. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition, p. 386, ISBN 1861797699, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. (online)
  29. ↑ Mu?ammad A?mad Bashmil, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.
  30. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 133-138. (online)
  31. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 137. (online)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 210, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  33. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 675–676, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  36. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  37. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 675, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  38. ↑ ""Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  39. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PR13 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.150-151. (online)
  41. ↑ "Raid called al-Sawiq". Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 361, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  42. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 33–34. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  43. ↑ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
  44. ↑ Watt, Muhammad at Medina, p. 209, 1956 .
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
  46. ↑ Sazman-i Tablighat-i Islami, Al-Taw?id, 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86, 1987, https://books.google.com/books?ei=gqIVTsfPE4i58gPsotUP&ct=result&id=7MfXAAAAMAAJ&dq=band 
  47. ↑ "This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.", Rodwell, JM, The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=h-pqPwAACAAJ&dq 
  48. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA248. (online)
  49. ↑ Francis E. Peters. A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0691000404, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=KnAO36Jh6bMC&pg=PA78. 
  50. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa. 
  51. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA86 
  52. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 140, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front 
  53. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 147. (online)
  54. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 659, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100 
  56. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956.  (free online)
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Strauch, Sameh, Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN 9789960980324, 2006, https://books.google.com/books?id=i8bbHTcRV5kC&pg=PA472 
  58. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 40–41. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa. 
  59. ↑ "SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  60. ↑ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Ka?b b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 153. (online)
  63. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956.  (online)
  64. ↑ "Raid of al Furu of Bahran". Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 362, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  65. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 290 (footnote 1).
  66. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 99, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA99 
  67. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
  69. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover 
  70. ↑ "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ". Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 482, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  71. ↑ "The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...", William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press, p. 135, ISBN 0198810784, 1961, https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C&dq 
  72. ↑ "Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA12 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
  74. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
  75. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
  76. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 181-183. (online)
  79. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 89, ISBN 9781861796820, 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=7HbuNwN9Jk0C&pg=PA89 (online)
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, 2002 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  83. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, p. 89, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 186179682X
  84. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 390, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  85. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 349.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 150. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
  88. ↑ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
  89. ↑ Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)
  90. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121  (online)
  91. ↑ Isma?il ibn ?Umar Ibn Kathir, The life of the prophet Mu?ammad: a translation of al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098, 2000, https://books.google.com/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (online)
  94. ↑ "The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1, 1956  (online)
  95. ↑ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
  97. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Qaynuqa. 
  98. ↑ 98.00 98.01 98.02 98.03 98.04 98.05 98.06 98.07 98.08 98.09 98.10 98.11 98.12 98.13 98.14 98.15 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547, 2003. (online)
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211.
  100. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  101. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 350-351.
  102. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 149–150, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA149 
  103. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147 
  104. ↑ "Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA151 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
  106. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
  107. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
  108. ↑ "The Messenger of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the Banu al-Nadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625)", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA161 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 189. (online)
  110. ↑ "The main underlying reason for the expulsion of the clan of al-Nadir was the same as in the case of Quaynuqa, namely, that Jewish criticisms endangered the ordinary Muslim's belief in Muhammad's prophethood and in the Quran as revelation from God.", Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. xxxv, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PR35 
  111. ↑ Vesselin Popovski, Gregory M. Reichberg, Nicholas Turner. World religions and norms of war. United Nations University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9789280811636, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=0gPXAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 192. (online)
  113. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA119 
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA161 
  115. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 74. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  116. ↑ Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 224, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA223 
  117. ↑ Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 220–222, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA220 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 193. (online)
  119. ↑ Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 222, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA222  See footnote
  120. ↑ Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225–226, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA225 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 193-194. (online)
  122. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 657, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  123. ↑ "Ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, to Dumat Al-Jandal". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 76. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=jandal 
  124. ↑ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 216.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 82–84. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q=jandal. 
  126. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 196-198. (online)
  127. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 21 (Part 21): Al-Ankaboot 46 to Al-Azhab 30 2nd Edition, p. 122, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 1861797338. (online)
  128. ↑ Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, p. 167-174.
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 196-198.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover 
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213 (online)
  133. ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar, Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288, 2001, https://books.google.com/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  134. ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
  135. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
  136. ↑ Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
  137. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201 
  138. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2665
  139. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 4:52:280
  140. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194 (online)
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  142. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  143. ↑ Muhammad Yasin Mahzar Siddiqi, Role of Booty in the economy during the prophets time, Vol. 1, King Abdul Aziz University , p.11. (archive), "In the sixth year of the hijrah (June, 627-May, 628A.D.) there were three ghazawa t but no booty was obtained from them. Of the 18 saraya, during this year only seven yielded any monetary or material benefits to the Muslims The very first expedition of the year i.e. Muhammad b. Maslamah's expedition..."
  144. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq=qurata. 
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, p. 534-535.
  147. ↑ "SARIYYAH OF MUHAMMAD IBN MASLAMAH AGAINST AL-QURATA". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq=qurata 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 "Then occurred the sariyyah of 'Ukkashah Ibn Mihsan al-Asadl on al-Ghamr.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 104. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  150. ↑ 150.00 150.01 150.02 150.03 150.04 150.05 150.06 150.07 150.08 150.09 150.10 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA119 
  152. ↑ "despatched Muhammad Ibn Maslamah with ten men towards Bana Tha'labah and Bana 'Uwal, a branch of Bana Tia'labah who were...". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 105. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  153. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover  (online)
  154. ↑ Yahiya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi, Riyad-us Saliheen, Islamic Books, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=28KCOnhdJHsC&printsec=frontcover  See no. 1309
  155. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 97. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 156.3 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 99. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  157. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 351, Islamic Book Trust
  158. ↑ Tabari, The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A, p. 43, SUNY Press, 1997, ISBN 0791431509
  159. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 231. (online)
  160. ↑ "Then there was the raid on Muhammad's private herd of camels by 'Uyaynah b. Hisn al-Fazari, who was doubtless annoyed because Muhammad had broken off negotiations with him over the withdrawal of Ghatafan. The raid was a small affair. Only 40 enemy horsemen were involved, and the booty was only 20 milking camels; 8 Muslims pursued on horseback, recovered half the camels, and killed 4 of the raiders for the loss of i of their own number.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  161. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 100. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  162. ↑ "Haritha on the raid to al-Jamum and Zayd obtained goats and sheep and captured a group of unbelievers...", Uri Rubin, The Life of Mu?ammad, Ashgate, p. 223, ISBN 9780860787037, 1998, https://books.google.com/books?id=bsXXAAAAMAAJ&q 
  163. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 106. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  164. ↑ "One was a little-known expedition about September 627". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 166.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 206. (online)
  167. ↑ "Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards al-Taraf". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 226. (online)
  169. ↑ "Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha against Hisma". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 108. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  170. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 12-13.
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 "Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards Wadi al-Qura". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 109. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  172. ↑ Sir William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira: with introductory chapters on the original sources for the biography of Mahomet and on the pre-Islamite history of Arabia, Volume 3, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 237, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=front  (abridged version)
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 207-209. (online)
  174. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 310, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003, https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover  (original)
  175. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 490, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  176. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  177. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 672, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  178. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  179. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 672, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  180. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 "SARIYYAH OF 'ALI IBN ABl TALIB AGAINST BANU SA'D IBN BAKR AT FADAK". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 110. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  182. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  183. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 184.2 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 95–97, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 185.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.
  186. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 1:4:234
  187. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land", and Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version
  188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 189.2 189.3 189.4 189.5 189.6 189.7 189.8 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
  190. ↑ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
  191. ↑ Nasiruddin Khattab, English Translation of Musnad Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Darussalam, 2012, ISBN 6035001076 (online txt) (onlinde pdf)
  192. ↑ "Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam". Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 665, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q 
  193. ↑ Emory C. Bogle (1998), Islam: origin and belief, University of Texas Press, p. 19.
  194. ↑ 194.0 194.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 214-215.
  195. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 211. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  196. ↑ 196.0 196.1 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 180. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA180. (online)
  197. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri, also see Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version
  198. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), p. 555 (footnote 1 & 2).
  199. ↑ "Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  200. ↑ "Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed.". Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071, 1956  (free online)
  201. ↑ 201.0 201.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 238. (online)
  202. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.
  203. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.
  204. ↑ William Muir, The Life of Mahomet (2003), p. 394.
  205. ↑ 205.0 205.1 "enumerating with them the expedition of Wadi al-Qura. He stated that he fought there with his slave Mid'am", Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA118 
  206. ↑ 206.0 206.1 "The Sariyyah of 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab, may Allah show him mercy, on Turabah". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 2).
  208. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2632
  209. ↑ "The Sariyyah of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, on Banu Kilab at Najd". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  210. ↑ 210.0 210.1 210.2 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 205. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA205. 
  211. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 3).
  212. ↑ 212.0 212.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 148. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  213. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 3).
  214. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 84.
  215. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 149. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  216. ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 132, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  217. ↑ 217.0 217.1 217.2 217.3 217.4 217.5 217.6 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 212. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA212. 
  218. ↑ 218.0 218.1 218.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 94.
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 219.2 219.3 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 156. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 "THE SARIYYAH OF BASHIR IBN SA'D AL-ANSARI TOWARDS YAMAN AND JAMAR". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 149. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 93.
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 222.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 244. (online)
  223. ↑ "THE SARIYYAH OF IBN ABI AL-'AWJA AL-SULAMI AGAINST BAND SULAYM". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 153. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  224. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 93 (footnote).
  225. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 244. (online)
  226. ↑ "THE SARIYYAH OF SHUJA' IBN WAHB AL-ASADl AGAINST BANU AMIR AT AL-SIYYI". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 157. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  227. ↑ "THE SARIYYAH OF KA'B IBN 'UMAYR AL-GHIFARl TOWARDS DHAT ATLAH BEYOND WADI AL-QURA. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of Ka'b Ibn 'Umayr al-Ghifar? towards Dhat Atlah which lies beyond Wadi al-Qura in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal of the eighth...". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 158. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  228. ↑ 228.0 228.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 246. (online)
  229. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 245. (online)
  230. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA218.  Note: 6th Month, 8AH = September 629
  231. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 104.
  232. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 247.
  233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 "The Sariyyah of 'Amr Ibn al-'As towards DMt al-Salasil which is beyond Wadi al-Qura". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 162. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  234. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA218.  Note: Rajab, 8AH = October 629
  235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 106.
  236. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 206. (online)
  237. ↑ 237.0 237.1 237.2 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 163. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  238. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123  (online)
  239. ↑ 239.0 239.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)
  240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 671–672, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  241. ↑ 241.0 241.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 9780791431504, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq 
  242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 242.2 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 218. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA218. 
  243. ↑ 243.0 243.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 247. (online)
  244. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 164. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  245. ↑ 245.0 245.1 "THE SARIYYAH OF ABO QATADAH IBN RIB'I AL- ANSARl TOWORDS BATN IDAM.". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 164. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  246. ↑ Sahih Muslim 43:7176
  247. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition. p. 94. https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94. 
  248. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition. p. 94. https://books.google.com/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94. 
  249. ↑ 249.0 249.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 165–174. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  250. ↑ 250.0 250.1 250.2 250.3 Wahid Khan, Maulana, Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333, 2002, https://books.google.com/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT326 
  251. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 5:59:582
  252. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawud 14:2678
  253. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 251-253.
  254. ↑ 254.0 254.1 254.2 254.3 254.4 254.5 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 226. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA226. 
  255. ↑ 255.0 255.1 255.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 134.
  256. ↑ 256.0 256.1 256.2 256.3 256.4 256.5 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 256. (online)
  257. ↑ Ibn Kathir, ?afi al-Ra?man Mubarakfuri (translator). Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 9), Volume 9. p. 320. https://books.google.com/books?id=kN3V_Cs6gswC&pg=PA320.  (online)
  258. ↑ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. p. 25. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ.  (online)
  259. ↑ "THE SARIYYAH OF 'AMR IBN AL-'AS AGAINST SUWA'". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 181. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  260. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 181. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  261. ↑ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. pp. 13–14. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ.  (online)
  262. ↑ 262.0 262.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 135.
  263. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 561, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  264. ↑ Muhsin Khan, The translation of the meanings of ?ahih AL-Bukhari, Arabic-English, Volume 5, p. 440.
  265. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 561, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  266. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 183. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  267. ↑ 267.0 267.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 261. (online)
  268. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 143.
  269. ↑ 269.0 269.1 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 142.
  270. ↑ 270.0 270.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 261-262. (online)
  271. ↑ 271.0 271.1 271.2 271.3 271.4 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 194. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  272. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 145.
  273. ↑ "Part of the events of Hunayn in the year 8/630", Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron (translator) Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors, State University of New York (SUNY) Press, p. 101, ISBN 0791428192, 1998, https://books.google.com/books?id=czSP046th6IC&pg=PA101authors=Al Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron (translator) 
  274. ↑ Irving, Washington, Lives of Mahomet and his successors, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, pp. 111–113, ISBN 978-0548883037, February 21, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=gRkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111 . Note: A Full version of this book is available free on Google books
  275. ↑ Ashraf, Shahid, Encyclopaedia Of Holy Prophet And Companion (Set Of 15 Vols.), Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, p. 31, ISBN 978-8126119400, 15 Jun 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=YRBF29D9AO8C&pg=PA31 
  276. ↑ A?mad ibn Mu?ammad Ibn ?anbal, Susan Ann Spectorsky (translator), Is?aq ibn Ibrahim Ibn Rahwayh. Chapters on marriage and divorce: responses of Ibn ?anbal and Ibn Rahwayh. University of Texas Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780292776722, 1993. https://books.google.com/books?id=_8kZJ9CxJdIC&pg=PA38. 
  277. ↑ Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147, MSA Publication Ltd, p. 24, ISBN 9781861795632, 11 November 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=dlzGFbl0XoIC&pg=PA24  (online) Quote: ""We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah was revealed"
  278. ↑ 278.0 278.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 262. (online)
  279. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 17, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA17 . See footnote 128
  280. ↑ 280.0 280.1 280.2 Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 17, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA17 
  281. ↑ Sameh, Strauch, Miracles of the messenger, Darussalam Research Division, p. 177, ISBN 978-9960897561, 2003, https://books.google.com/books?id=3QiahukyiSYC&pg=PA177 
  282. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 481, ISBN 978-9960899558, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA481  Note: Shawwal 8AH is January 630AD
  283. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 591, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  284. ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is?aq's Sirat rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 591, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q. 
  285. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 228. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA228. 
  286. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 477.
  287. ↑ 287.0 287.1 287.2 287.3 287.4 287.5 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 269. (online)
  288. ↑ Muir, William, The Life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing Co (10 Aug 2003), p. 450, ISBN 978-0766177413, August 1878, https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA450 
  289. ↑ Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 26 (Part 26), MSA Publication Ltd, p. 110, ISBN 978-1861797469, 11 November 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=J5vwsvEki8kC&pg=PA110 
  290. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 198. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  291. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 229. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  292. ↑ 292.0 292.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 200–201. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  293. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 230. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  294. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 201. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  295. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 231. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  296. ↑ 296.0 296.1 296.2 296.3 296.4 296.5 "THE SARIYYAH OF 'ALQAMAH IBN MUJAZZIZ AL-MUDLIJI AGAINST AL-HABASHAH". Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq 
  297. ↑ Muir, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 451. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA451. 
  298. ↑ A. J. Cameron, A. J. Cameron (Ph.D.), Abû Dharr al-Ghifârî: an examination of his image in the hagiography of Islam, p. 33.
  299. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  300. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 233. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  301. ↑ 301.0 301.1 301.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 269-270. (online)
  302. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  303. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 202. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  304. ↑ 304.0 304.1 304.2 304.3 304.4 304.5 304.6 Abu Khalil, Shawqi. Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 239. ISBN 978-9960897714, 1 March 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover. 
  305. ↑ 305.0 305.1 Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 203. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  306. ↑ 306.0 306.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 272.
  307. ↑ William, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 454. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA454. 
  308. ↑ R.L. Bidwell (editor), R.. New Arabian studies, Volume 3. University of Exeter Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0859894791, Feb 1996. 
  309. ↑ Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad. The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir. MSA Publication Ltd. p. 107. ISBN 978-1861796509, 29 October 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA107. 
  310. ↑ Saed Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad. The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4), Tafsir ibn Kathir. MSA Publication Ltd. p. 137. ISBN 978-1861796509, 29 October 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA137. 
  311. ↑ 311.0 311.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.
  312. ↑ Muir, William. Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-0766177413, 10 August 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458. 
  313. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn. Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 205. ASIN B0007JAWMK, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq. 
  314. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 46, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA46  Note: Source says this happened in the same year as the Battle of Tabuk which occurred in October 630
  315. ↑ Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co., p. 206, August 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206 
  316. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 45–46, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover 
  317. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator). The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 4) 2nd Edition. MSA Publication Limited. p. 176. ISBN 1861796501, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=O4LMAGogMjkC&pg=PA176.  Note: source says it was destroyed when Muhammad returned from the Battle of Tabuk (which occurred in October 630)
  318. ↑ Gabriel, Richard A., Muhammad, Islams first general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 198, ISBN 9780806138602, 2008, https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA198 
  319. ↑ Rahman al Mubarakpuri, Saifur. Tafsir ibn Kathir(abridged). p. 515. https://books.google.com/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA515.  (Online)
  320. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, p. 60, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover 
  321. ↑ 321.0 321.1 William Pickthall, Marmaduke. Islamic culture, Volume 9. Islamic Culture Board. p. 191. ISBN 978-1142491741, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=kpJCAAAAYAAJ&q=qatan.  Original is from the University of Virginia
  322. ↑ 322.0 322.1 322.2 ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. p. 48. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ. 
  323. ↑ William Pickthall, Marmaduke. Islamic culture, Volume 9. Islamic Culture Board. p. 191. ISBN 978-1142491741, 1967. https://books.google.com/books?id=kpJCAAAAYAAJ&q=qatan. 
  324. ↑ Sale, George. The Koran: commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed, Volume 1. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 40. ISBN 978-1142491741, 12 Jan 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=xSJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40. 
  325. ↑ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–49. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ.  (online)
  326. ↑ 326.0 326.1 "Beginning of A.H. X", Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 219, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219  Note: Muharram is the beginning of the year, then Muharram 10AH= April 631
  327. ↑ Jandora, John Walter, The march from Medina: a revisionist study of the Arab conquests, Kingston Press, Original from: University of Michigan, p. 42, ISBN 9780940670334, 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=ozVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Surad 
  328. ↑ 328.0 328.1 Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 88–89, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover 
  329. ↑ 329.0 329.1 Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing Co, p. 224, August 1878, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA224 
  330. ↑ Saed Abdul Rahman, Muhammad, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 3 (Part 3): Al-Baqarah 253 to Al-I-'Imran 92 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Ltd, p. 125, ISBN 978-1861796776, 11 Nov 2009, https://books.google.com/books?id=DZpfurStAiUC&pg=PA125 
  331. ↑ Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 82-84.
  332. ↑ Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, pp. 83 & 84. See footnotes
  333. ↑ 333.0 333.1 Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing Co, p. 225, August 1878, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA225 
  334. ↑ Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 89.
  335. ↑ 335.0 335.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 290.
  336. ↑ Tabari, The last years of the Prophet, p. 90.
  337. ↑ "April and May, 632", Muir, William, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 219, 1861, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA219 
  338. ↑ 338.0 338.1 Glasse, Cyril. The new encyclopedia of Islam. US: AltaMira Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0759101906, 28 Jan 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA251. 
  339. ↑ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–2. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ. 
  340. ↑ Ibn al Kalbi, Hisham. The book of idols: being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab al-asnam. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. ASIN B002G9N1NQ, 1952. https://books.google.com/books?id=G4HXAAAAMAAJ.  (online)
  341. ↑ Gil, Moshe, A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, p. 31, ISBN 978-0521599849, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA31 
  342. ↑ 342.0 342.1 Gil, Moshe, A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–32, ISBN 978-0521599849, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA31 
  343. ↑ Tabari, Al, The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma'il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, pp. 163–164, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990, https://books.google.com/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA163  online
  344. ↑ Tabari, Al, The conquest of Arabia, State University of New York Press, p. 16, ISBN 978-0791410714, 1993, https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16 
  345. ↑ Kathryn Kueny, The Rhetoric of Sobriety: Wine in Early Islam, pg. 59. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. ISBN 9780791490181
  346. ↑ Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. 2, pg. 298. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Issue 43 of Bollingen Series (General) Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967. ISBN 9780691097978

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