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The disbelievers, their sins, and their fate in the afterlife is one of the Qur'an's most strikingly prominent themes. On almost every page, the reader of the Qur'an is confronted with the "doom" (بئس المصير) and "painful torment" (عذاب أليم) that awaits the disbelievers in the afterlife, in their eternal abode, "the fire" (النار). The Quran urges the believers to [[Jihad in Islamic Law|fight]] those who oppress them until they cease. One of the last surahs states | The disbelievers, their sins, and their fate in the afterlife is one of the Qur'an's most strikingly prominent themes. On almost every page, the reader of the Qur'an is confronted with the "doom" (بئس المصير) and "painful torment" (عذاب أليم) that awaits the disbelievers in the afterlife, in their eternal abode, "the fire" (النار). The Qur'an warns the believers not to take certain disbelievers as [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship_with_Non-Muslims|close allies]], and prohibits the marriage of believers to disbelievers (though this verse is traditionally considered partially abrogated by another permitting believing men to marry Christian and Jewish women). While the Quran sometimes reflects positive relations with some among the People of the Book and disbelievers who had not oppossed Muhammad, it urges the believers to [[Jihad in Islamic Law|fight]] those who oppress them until they cease. One of the last surahs states that [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book|People of the Book]] be fought until they pay the [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah|protection tax]] and "feel themselves subdued" (Qur'an 9:29). [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad|Jihad]] against the disbelievers [[Jihad in Islamic Law|was interpreted]] by scholars in a developing imperial context to support offensive warfare. Of the many negative verses about disbelievers, some in context refer to specific groups such as those who broke treaties (who must convert, seek asylum, or die) or those who have oppressed the believers, particularly in the Medinan surahs. Muhammad's message had been mocked and rejected by the majority of the Meccans, where he and his followers were persecuted and driven out. Other verses are blanket statements about those who disbelieve. | ||
The [[hadith]] and the [[sira]] underline this hostility by portraying many instances of the prophet and his companions killing and torturing disbelievers, and constantly warring against the unbelief of the pagan Meccans and their Jewish allies, which to some extent may reflect the slightly later period of early conquests. This is exalted as the good and righteous policy of a believing Muslim state. According to the sunnah, the best the disbelievers can hope for under a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|dhimmitude]]. | |||
==Quran== | ==Quran== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|You shall not find a people who believe in Allah and the latter day befriending those who act in opposition to Allah and His Messenger, even though they were their (own) fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kinsfolk;''' these are they into whose hearts He has impressed faith, and whom He has strengthened with an inspiration from Him''': and He will cause them to enter gardens beneath which rivers flow, abiding therein; Allah is well-pleased with them and they are well-pleased with Him these are Allah's party: now surely the party of Allah are the successful ones.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|You shall not find a people who believe in Allah and the latter day befriending those who act in opposition to Allah and His Messenger, even though they were their (own) fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kinsfolk;''' these are they into whose hearts He has impressed faith, and whom He has strengthened with an inspiration from Him''': and He will cause them to enter gardens beneath which rivers flow, abiding therein; Allah is well-pleased with them and they are well-pleased with Him these are Allah's party: now surely the party of Allah are the successful ones.}} | ||
==== Those with Muhammad should be harsh against the non-believers and merciful among themselves ==== | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|48|29}}|<b>Muhammad (is the) Messenger of Allah, and those who (are) with him (are) firm against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves.</b> You see them bowing and prostrating, seeking Bounty from Allah and pleasure. Their mark (is) on their faces from (the) trace (of) the prostration. That (is) their similitude in the Taurah. And their similitude in the Injeel, (is) like a seed (which) sends forth its shoot then strengthens it, then it becomes thick and it stands upon its stem delighting the sowers that He (may) enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them, forgiveness and a reward great.}} | |||
===Just dealing with those you hate=== | ===Just dealing with those you hate=== | ||
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Characteristics of Non-Muslims}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Characteristics of Non-Muslims}} | ||
==== | ====Fake believers have diseased hearts, disobediant Jews are evil, disbelievers have devils as their allies==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|10}}|'''In their hearts is a disease''', and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|2|10}}|'''In their hearts is a disease''', and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie.}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|62|5}}|The similitude of those who were charged with the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed in those (obligations), is that of a donkey which carries huge tomes (but understands them not). '''Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of God''': and God guides not people who do wrong.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|62|5}}|The similitude of those who were charged with the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed in those (obligations), is that of a donkey which carries huge tomes (but understands them not). '''Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of God''': and God guides not people who do wrong.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|27}}|O | {{Quote|{{Quran|7|27}}|O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise, stripping them of their clothing to show them their private parts. Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. '''Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe.'''}} | ||
==== | ====Disbelievers are like cattle or a dog that lolls out his tongue no matter if it's attacked or not==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|7|176}}|If it had been Our will, We should have elevated him with Our signs; but he inclined to the earth, and followed his own vain desires. '''His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him, he lolls out his tongue, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject''' Our signs; So relate the story; perchance they may reflect.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|7|176|177}}|If it had been Our will, We should have elevated him with Our signs; but he inclined to the earth, and followed his own vain desires. '''His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him, he lolls out his tongue, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject''' Our signs; So relate the story; perchance they may reflect. | ||
'''Evil as an example are people who reject Our signs and wrong their own souls.'''}} | |||
{{Quote|{{Quran|25|44}}|Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? '''They are only like cattle; - nay, they are worse''' astray in Path.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|25|44}}|Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? '''They are only like cattle; - nay, they are worse''' astray in Path.}} | ||
==== | ====Disbelievers are vile beasts, they are the worst of creatures==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|8|22}}|For the '''vilest beasts''' in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb, who understand not.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|8|22}}|For the '''vilest beasts''' in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb, who understand not.}} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|2|256}}|There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course has become clear from the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy handhold with no break in it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|2|256}}|There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course has become clear from the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy handhold with no break in it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|109|6}}|For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|109|6}}|For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."}} | ||
{{quote|{{ | {{quote|{{Abu Dawud||2682|darussalam}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas<BR> | ||
When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, '''she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew'''. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. '''So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion'''. Truth stands out clear from error."}} | When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, '''she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew'''. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. '''So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion'''. Truth stands out clear from error."}} | ||
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===Damned to Hell=== | ===Damned to Hell=== | ||
==== | ====Disbelievers are the fuel of Allah's fire in hell==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|3|10}}| | {{Quote|{{Quran|3|10}}|Indeed, those who disbelieve - never will their wealth or their children avail them against Allah at all. And it is they who are fuel for the Fire.}} | ||
==== | ====Disbelievers will be tortured for eternity, burned, scalded and beaten with iron maces==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran-range|22|19|22}}|These two antagonists dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny (their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over their heads will be poured out boiling water. With it will be scalded what is within their bodies, as well as (their) skins. In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them. Every time they wish to get away therefrom, from anguish, they will be forced back therein, and (it will be said), "Taste ye the Penalty of Burning!"}} | {{Quote|{{Quran-range|22|19|22}}|These two antagonists dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny (their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over their heads will be poured out boiling water. With it will be scalded what is within their bodies, as well as (their) skins. In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them. Every time they wish to get away therefrom, from anguish, they will be forced back therein, and (it will be said), "Taste ye the Penalty of Burning!"}} | ||
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===Allah=== | ===Allah=== | ||
====Allah has cursed | ====Allah has cursed Disbelievers==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|88}}| They say, "Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah's Word: we need no more)." Nay, Allah's curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. }} | {{Quote|{{Quran|2|88}}| They say, "Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah's Word: we need no more)." Nay, Allah's curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe. }} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|63|4}}|When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)!}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|63|4}}|When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)!}} | ||
====Allah does not guide or love | ====Allah does not guide or love disbelievers==== | ||
{{Quote|{{cite Quran|5|51|end=52|style=ref}}| O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.<br> Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts. }} | {{Quote|{{cite Quran|5|51|end=52|style=ref}}| O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.<br> Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts. }} | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|22|38}}| Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith, or show ingratitude. }} | {{Quote|{{Quran|22|38}}| Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith, or show ingratitude. }} | ||
====Allah despises, rejects and will disgrace | ====Allah despises, rejects and will disgrace disbelievers==== | ||
{{Quote | {{cite Quran|17|17|end=18|style=ref}} | How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? and enough is thy Lord to note and see the sins of His servants.<br> | {{Quote | {{cite Quran|17|17|end=18|style=ref}} | How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? and enough is thy Lord to note and see the sins of His servants.<br> | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|29|49}}|Rather, the Qur'an is distinct verses [preserved] within the breasts of those who have been given knowledge. And none reject Our verses except the wrongdoers.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|29|49}}|Rather, the Qur'an is distinct verses [preserved] within the breasts of those who have been given knowledge. And none reject Our verses except the wrongdoers.}} | ||
====Allah will make the deeds of | ====Allah will make the deeds of disbelievers fruitless and will bring destruction on them==== | ||
{{Quote | {{cite Quran|47|8|end=10|style=ref}} | But those who reject ((Allah)),- for them is destruction, and ((Allah)) will render their deeds astray (from their mark).<br> That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless. <br> Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah. <br> }} | {{Quote | {{cite Quran|47|8|end=10|style=ref}} | But those who reject ((Allah)),- for them is destruction, and ((Allah)) will render their deeds astray (from their mark).<br> That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless. <br> Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah. <br> }} | ||
===Hypocrites=== | ===Hypocrites=== | ||
The Qur'an heavily condemns "hypocrites" and often pair them with | The Qur'an heavily condemns "hypocrites" and often pair them with disbelievers. | ||
{{Quote|{{Quran|4|145}}|Verily, the hypocrites shall be in the lowest depth of the fire, and thou wilt find none who could succour them.}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|4|145}}|Verily, the hypocrites shall be in the lowest depth of the fire, and thou wilt find none who could succour them.}} | ||
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====Whoever becomes an apostate must be killed==== | ====Whoever becomes an apostate must be killed==== | ||
{{quote |{{Bukhari| | {{quote |{{Bukhari|||3017|darussalam}} | Narrated Ikrima: | ||
Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for '''the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "'''}} | Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for '''the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "'''}} | ||
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====Whoever kills an apostate shall have a reward on the Day of Resurrection==== | ====Whoever kills an apostate shall have a reward on the Day of Resurrection==== | ||
{{quote |{{Bukhari| | {{quote |{{Bukhari|||6930|darussalam}} | Narrated 'Ali: | ||
Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Apostle, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for '''who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection'''." }} | Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Apostle, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for '''who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection'''." }} | ||
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====The "who created God?" argument is from Satan==== | ====The "who created God?" argument is from Satan==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim| | {{Quote|{{Muslim||134a|reference}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Men will continue to question one another till this is propounded: '''Allah created all things but who created Allah?''' He who found himself confronted with such a situation should say: I affirm my faith in Allah.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3276|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: | ||
Allah's Apostle said, "Satan comes to one of you and says, 'Who created so-and-so? 'till he says, ''''Who has created your Lord?'''' So, when he inspires such a question, one should seek refuge with Allah and give up such thoughts."}} | Allah's Apostle said, "Satan comes to one of you and says, 'Who created so-and-so? 'till he says, ''''Who has created your Lord?'''' So, when he inspires such a question, one should seek refuge with Allah and give up such thoughts."}} | ||
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====Ali commands to have atheists/heretics burned to death==== | ====Ali commands to have atheists/heretics burned to death==== | ||
Zanadiqa more accurately means heretics | Zanadiqa more accurately means heretics | ||
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari| | {{Quote|1={{Bukhari|||6922|darussalam}}|2=Narrated 'Ikrima: '''Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to 'Ali and he burnt them.''' The news of this event, reached Ibn 'Abbas who said, "If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Apostle forbade it, saying, 'Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire).' I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Apostle, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'"}} | ||
===Jesus will return to fight the people, will break the cross and kill the swine=== | ===Jesus will return to fight the people, will break the cross and kill the swine=== | ||
{{Quote|{{ | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4324|darussalam}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: | ||
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: There is no prophet between me and him, that is, Jesus (peace be upon him). He will descent (to the earth). When you see him, recognise him: a man of medium height, reddish fair, wearing two light yellow garments, looking as if drops were falling down from his head though it will not be wet. '''He will fight the people for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill swine, and abolish jizyah. Allah will perish all religions except Islam'''. He will destroy the Antichrist and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die. The Muslims will pray over him.}} | The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: There is no prophet between me and him, that is, Jesus (peace be upon him). He will descent (to the earth). When you see him, recognise him: a man of medium height, reddish fair, wearing two light yellow garments, looking as if drops were falling down from his head though it will not be wet. '''He will fight the people for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill swine, and abolish jizyah. Allah will perish all religions except Islam'''. He will destroy the Antichrist and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die. The Muslims will pray over him.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3448|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: | ||
Allah’s Apostle said, “By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, surely (Jesus,) the son of Mary will soon descend amongst you and will judge mankind justly (as a Just Ruler); '''he will break the Cross and kill the pigs and there will be no Jizya (i.e. taxation taken from non Muslims).''' Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it, and a single prostration to Allah (in prayer) will be better than the whole world and whatever is in it.” Abu Huraira added “If you wish, you can recite (this verse of the Holy Book): — ‘And there is none Of the people of the Scriptures (Jews and Christians) But must believe in him (i.e Jesus as an Apostle of Allah and a human being) Before his death. And on the Day of Judgment He will be a witness Against them.” (4.159) (See Fateh Al Bari, Page 302 Vol 7)}} | Allah’s Apostle said, “By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, surely (Jesus,) the son of Mary will soon descend amongst you and will judge mankind justly (as a Just Ruler); '''he will break the Cross and kill the pigs and there will be no Jizya (i.e. taxation taken from non Muslims).''' Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it, and a single prostration to Allah (in prayer) will be better than the whole world and whatever is in it.” Abu Huraira added “If you wish, you can recite (this verse of the Holy Book): — ‘And there is none Of the people of the Scriptures (Jews and Christians) But must believe in him (i.e Jesus as an Apostle of Allah and a human being) Before his death. And on the Day of Judgment He will be a witness Against them.” (4.159) (See Fateh Al Bari, Page 302 Vol 7)}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3449|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: | ||
Allah’s Apostle said “How will you be when the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you and he will judge people by the Law of the Quran and not by the law of Gospel (Fateh-ul Bari page 304 and 305 Vol 7)}} | Allah’s Apostle said “How will you be when the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you and he will judge people by the Law of the Quran and not by the law of Gospel (Fateh-ul Bari page 304 and 305 Vol 7)}} | ||
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===The Final Hour will not come until Muslims slaughter the Jews, and even rocks and trees will betray them=== | ===The Final Hour will not come until Muslims slaughter the Jews, and even rocks and trees will betray them=== | ||
{{Quote|1={{Muslim| | {{Quote|1={{Muslim||2922|reference}}, See Also: {{Muslim||2921a|reference}}, {{Muslim||2921b|reference}}, {{Muslim||2921c|reference}} & {{Bukhari|||3593|darussalam}}|2=Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them''' until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.}} | ||
===Sinful Muslims will be spared hell-fire by Christians and Jews thrown into hell=== | ===Sinful Muslims will be spared hell-fire by Christians and Jews thrown into hell=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim| | {{Quote|{{Muslim||2767a|reference}}|Abu Musa' reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: When it will be the Day of Resurrection Allah would deliver to every Muslim a Jew or a Christian and say: That is your rescue from Hell-Fire.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim| | {{Quote|{{Muslim||2767d|reference}}|Abu Burda reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: There would come people amongst the Muslims on the Day of Resurrection with as heavy sins as a mountain, and Allah would forgive them and '''He would place in their stead the Jews and the Christians'''. (As far as I think), Abu Raub said: I do not know as to who is in doubt. Abu Burda said: I narrated it to 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz, whereupon he said: Was it your father who narrated it to you from Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him)? I said: Yes.}} | ||
{{Quote|1={{Bukhari| | {{Quote|1={{Bukhari|||25|darussalam}}|2=Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said: "'''I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity''', so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."}} | ||
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{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude}} | {{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude}} | ||
==== | ====Blood money for People of the Book was only half of that of Muslims==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud| | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4542|darussalam}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: '''The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims'''. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.}} | ||
====A Muslim cannot be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a | ====A Muslim cannot be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a disbeliever==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||6915|darussalam}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa: | ||
I asked 'Ali "Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur'an?" Or, as Uyaina once said, "Apart from what the people have?" 'Ali said, "By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Quran and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah's Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper." I asked, "What is on this paper?" He replied, "The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that '''no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever)'''."}} | I asked 'Ali "Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur'an?" Or, as Uyaina once said, "Apart from what the people have?" 'Ali said, "By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Quran and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah's Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper." I asked, "What is on this paper?" He replied, "The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that '''no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever)'''."}} | ||
====Jizyah==== | ====Jizyah==== | ||
{{Quote|1={{Muslim| | {{Quote|1={{Muslim||1731a|reference}}|2=It has been reported from Sulaiman b. Buraid through his father that when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say: Fight in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. '''Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war''', do not embezzle the spoils; do not break your pledge; and do not mutilate (the dead) bodies; do not kill the children. When you meet your enemies who are polytheists, '''invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to any one of these, you also accept it and withold yourself from doing them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you, accept it from them and desist from fighting against them. Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of Muhairs and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Muhajirs. If they refuse to migrate, tell them that they will have the status of Bedouin Muilims and will be subjected to the Commands of Allah like other Muslims, but they will not get any share from the spoils of war or Fai' except when they actually fight with the Muslims (against the disbelievers). If they refuse to accept Islam, demand from them the Jizya. If they agree to pay, accept it from them and hold off your hands. If they refuse to pay the tax, seek Allah's help and fight them'''. When you lay siege to a fort and the besieged appeal to you for protection in the name of Allah and His Prophet, do not accord to them the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet, but accord to them your own guarantee and the guarantee of your companions for it is a lesser sin that the security given by you or your companions be disregarded than that the security granted in the name of Allah and His Prophet be violated. When you besiege a fort and the besieged want you to let them out in accordance with Allah's Command, do not let them come out in accordance with His Command, but do so at your (own) command, for you do not know whether or not you will be able to carry out Allah's behest with regard to them.}} | ||
===Fighting=== | ===Fighting=== | ||
====Killing | ====Killing disbelieving women and children is permissible as collateral damage==== | ||
Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim| | Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also {{Muslim||1744a|reference}}). | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3014|darussalam}}|During some of the Ghazawat of the Prophet (ﷺ) a woman was found killed. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) disapproved the killing of women and children.}} | ||
Although when asked, he excused the probable exposure of women and children to danger during an attack. | Although when asked, he excused the probable exposure of women and children to danger during an attack. | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari| | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|||3012|darussalam}}|Narrated As-Sab bin Jaththama: The Prophet passed by me at a place called Al-Abwa or Waddan, and was asked whether it was permissible to attack the pagan warriors at night with the probability of exposing their women and children to danger. '''The Prophet replied, "They (i.e. women and children) are from them (i.e. pagans)."''' I also heard the Prophet saying, "The institution of Hima is invalid except for Allah and His Apostle."}} | ||
A more specific hadith quotes the same narrator stating that this involved women and children who were trampled over with horses during the attack: | A more specific hadith quotes the same narrator stating that this involved women and children who were trampled over with horses during the attack: | ||
| Line 340: | Line 346: | ||
====Jihad must be performed continuously from the creation of Islam to the coming of the Antichrist==== | ====Jihad must be performed continuously from the creation of Islam to the coming of the Antichrist==== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud| | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2532|darussalam}}|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Three things are the roots of faith: to refrain from (killing) a person who utters, "There is no god but Allah" and not to declare him unbeliever whatever sin he commits, and not to excommunicate him from Islam for his any action; and '''jihad will be performed continuously since the day Allah sent me as a prophet until the day the last member of my community will fight with the Dajjal (Antichrist)'''. The tyranny of any tyrant and the justice of any just (ruler) will not invalidate it. One must have faith in Divine decree.}} | ||
===Believers will outnumber other peoples through prolific childbirth=== | ===Believers will outnumber other peoples through prolific childbirth=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud| | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2050|darussalam}}|Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: A man came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said: I have found a woman of rank and beauty, but she does not give birth to children. Should I marry her? He said: No. He came again to him, but he prohibited him. He came to him third time, and '''he (the Prophet) said: Marry women who are loving and very prolific, for I shall outnumber the peoples by you'''. }} | ||
===Only stay and eat with Muslims, | ===Only stay and eat with Muslims, and whoever joins and lives with a mushrik is like him=== | ||
{{Quote|{{ | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||4832|darussalam}}, See Also: {{Abu Dawud||4850|darussalam}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: | ||
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: '''Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals'''. }} | The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: '''Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals'''. }} | ||
{{Quote|{{ | {{Quote|{{Abu Dawud||2787|darussalam}}|“Whoever joins a mushrik and lives with him is like him"}} | ||
==Scholars== | ==Scholars== | ||
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The disbelievers, their sins, and their fate in the afterlife is one of the Qur'an's most strikingly prominent themes. On almost every page, the reader of the Qur'an is confronted with the "doom" (بئس المصير) and "painful torment" (عذاب أليم) that awaits the disbelievers in the afterlife, in their eternal abode, "the fire" (النار). The Qur'an warns the believers not to take certain disbelievers as close allies, and prohibits the marriage of believers to disbelievers (though this verse is traditionally considered partially abrogated by another permitting believing men to marry Christian and Jewish women). While the Quran sometimes reflects positive relations with some among the People of the Book and disbelievers who had not oppossed Muhammad, it urges the believers to fight those who oppress them until they cease. One of the last surahs states that People of the Book be fought until they pay the protection tax and "feel themselves subdued" (Qur'an 9:29). Jihad against the disbelievers was interpreted by scholars in a developing imperial context to support offensive warfare. Of the many negative verses about disbelievers, some in context refer to specific groups such as those who broke treaties (who must convert, seek asylum, or die) or those who have oppressed the believers, particularly in the Medinan surahs. Muhammad's message had been mocked and rejected by the majority of the Meccans, where he and his followers were persecuted and driven out. Other verses are blanket statements about those who disbelieve.
The hadith and the sira underline this hostility by portraying many instances of the prophet and his companions killing and torturing disbelievers, and constantly warring against the unbelief of the pagan Meccans and their Jewish allies, which to some extent may reflect the slightly later period of early conquests. This is exalted as the good and righteous policy of a believing Muslim state. According to the sunnah, the best the disbelievers can hope for under a Muslim government is the second-class citizenship of dhimmitude.
Quran
Apostates
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy
Allah will punish those who disbelieve after their belief with an awful doom
Whoso disbelieveth in Allah after his belief - save him who is forced thereto and whose heart is still content with the Faith - but whoso findeth ease in disbelief: On them is wrath from Allah. Theirs will be an awful doom.
Therefore do remind, for you are only a reminder. You are not a watcher over them; But whoever turns back and disbelieves, Allah will chastise him with the greatest chastisement.
Qur'an 88:21-24
Allah will afflict the hypocrites with a painful doom in this world and the Hereafter
O Prophet! Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites! Be harsh with them. Their ultimate abode is hell, a hapless journey's end. They swear by Allah that they said nothing (wrong), yet they did say the word of disbelief, and did disbelieve after their Surrender (to Allah). And they purposed that which they could not attain, and they sought revenge only that Allah by His messenger should enrich them of His bounty. If they repent it will be better for them; and if they turn away, Allah will afflict them with a painful doom in the world and the Hereafter, and they have no protecting friend nor helper in the earth.
Qur'an 9:73-74
People of the Book
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book
Some among the People of the Book are righteous and trustworthy
Indeed, those who believed and those who were Jews or Christians or Sabeans [before Prophet Muhammad] - those [among them] who believed in Allah and the Last Day and did righteousness - will have their reward with their Lord, and no fear will there be concerning them, nor will they grieve.
They are not [all] the same; among the People of the Scripture is a community standing [in obedience], reciting the verses of Allah during periods of the night and prostrating [in prayer].
They believe in Allah and the Last Day, and they enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong and hasten to good deeds. And those are among the righteous.
And among the People of the Scripture is he who, if you entrust him with a great amount [of wealth], he will return it to you. And among them is he who, if you entrust him with a [single] silver coin, he will not return it to you unless you are constantly standing over him [demanding it]. That is because they say, "There is no blame upon us concerning the unlearned." And they speak untruth about Allah while they know [it].
Argue gracefully with the people of the book
Say, "O People of the Scripture, come to a word that is equitable between us and you - that we will not worship except Allah and not associate anything with Him and not take one another as lords instead of Allah." But if they turn away, then say, "Bear witness that we are Muslims [submitting to Him]."
And do not argue with the People of the Scripture except in a way that is best, except for those who commit injustice among them, and say, "We believe in that which has been revealed to us and revealed to you. And our God and your God is one; and we are Muslims [in submission] to Him."
Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them in a way that is best. Indeed, your Lord is most knowing of who has strayed from His way, and He is most knowing of who is [rightly] guided.
Allah gave the people of the book scriptures by which they will be tested
And We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the Scripture and as a criterion over it. So judge between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their inclinations away from what has come to you of the truth. To each of you We prescribed a law and a method. Had Allah willed, He would have made you one nation [united in religion], but [He intended] to test you in what He has given you; so race to [all that is] good. To Allah is your return all together, and He will [then] inform you concerning that over which you used to differ.
Christians
Christians will be nearest in love to the believers
Strongest among men in enmity to the believers wilt thou find the Jews and Pagans; and nearest among them in love to the believers wilt thou find those who say, "We are Christians": because amongst these are men devoted to learning and men who have renounced the world, and they are not arrogant.
Christians worship three gods; Allah (Father), Mary (Mother) and Jesus (Son)
"And when Allah saith: O Jesus, son of Mary! Didst thou say unto mankind: Take me and my mother for two gods beside Allah? he saith: Be glorified! It was not mine to utter that to which I had no right. If I used to say it, then Thou knewest it. Thou knowest what is in my mind, and I know not what is in Thy Mind. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Knower of Things Hidden?"
Christians are blasphemers and a grievous penalty will befall them
"They do blaspheme who say: Allah is one of three in a Trinity: for there is no god except One Allah. If they desist not from their word (of blasphemy), verily a grievous penalty will befall the blasphemers among them."
Jews
Jews will have the strongest emnity to Muslims, are sinners who will listen to any lie and hinder people from Allah's way
For the iniquity of the Jews We made unlawful for them certain (foods) good and wholesome which had been lawful for them;- in that they hindered many from Allah's Way;-
Strongest among men in enmity to the believers wilt thou find the Jews and Pagans; and nearest among them in love to the believers wilt thou find those who say, "We are Christians": because amongst these are men devoted to learning and men who have renounced the world, and they are not arrogant.
O Messenger! let not those grieve thee, who race each other into unbelief: (whether it be) among those who say "We believe" with their lips but whose hearts have no faith; or it be among the Jews,- men who will listen to any lie,- will listen even to others who have never so much as come to thee. They change the words from their (right) times and places: they say, "If ye are given this, take it, but if not, beware!" If any one's trial is intended by Allah, thou hast no authority in the least for him against Allah. For such - it is not Allah's will to purify their hearts. For them there is disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter a heavy punishment.
Allah has cursed the Jews with enmity and hatred until the day of Judgment
The Jews say: "Allah's hand is tied up." Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the (blasphemy) they utter. Nay, both His hands are widely outstretched: He giveth and spendeth (of His bounty) as He pleaseth. But the revelation that cometh to thee from Allah increaseth in most of them their obstinate rebellion and blasphemy. Amongst them we have placed enmity and hatred till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war, Allah doth extinguish it; but they (ever) strive to do mischief on earth. And Allah loveth not those who do mischief.
Believering women may only take believing husbands, who may also take Christian and Jewish wives
Wed not idolatresses till they believe; for lo! a believing bondwoman is better than an idolatress though she please you; and give not your daughters in marriage to idolaters till they believe, for lo! a believing slave is better than an idolater though he please you. These invite unto the Fire, and Allah inviteth unto the Garden, and unto forgiveness by His grace, and expoundeth His revelations to mankind that haply they may remember.
O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.
This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter.
Friendship
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims
Do not take certain disbelievers as close allies because they love what distresses you
O ye who believe! Take not for friends unbelievers rather than believers: Do ye wish to offer Allah an open proof against yourselves?
O you who believe! do not take for intimate friends from among others than your own people; they do not fall short of inflicting loss upon you; they love what distresses you; vehement hatred has already appeared from out of their mouths, and what their breasts conceal is greater still; indeed, We have made the communications clear to you, if you will understand.
Love, just dealing and kindness to those who did not oppress you
It may be that Allah will ordain love [mawaddatan] between you and those of them with whom ye are at enmity. Allah is Mighty, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them [tawallawhum]. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.
Do not take your fathers, sons, brothers or kinsfolk as close allies if they love disbelief and oppose Allah and his Messenger
O ye who believe! Choose not your fathers nor your brethren for friends if they take pleasure in disbelief rather than faith. Whoso of you taketh them for friends, such are wrong-doers.
You shall not find a people who believe in Allah and the latter day befriending those who act in opposition to Allah and His Messenger, even though they were their (own) fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their kinsfolk; these are they into whose hearts He has impressed faith, and whom He has strengthened with an inspiration from Him: and He will cause them to enter gardens beneath which rivers flow, abiding therein; Allah is well-pleased with them and they are well-pleased with Him these are Allah's party: now surely the party of Allah are the successful ones.
Those with Muhammad should be harsh against the non-believers and merciful among themselves
Muhammad (is the) Messenger of Allah, and those who (are) with him (are) firm against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating, seeking Bounty from Allah and pleasure. Their mark (is) on their faces from (the) trace (of) the prostration. That (is) their similitude in the Taurah. And their similitude in the Injeel, (is) like a seed (which) sends forth its shoot then strengthens it, then it becomes thick and it stands upon its stem delighting the sowers that He (may) enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them, forgiveness and a reward great.
Just dealing with those you hate
O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in justice, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just. Be just; that is nearer to righteousness. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is Acquainted with what you do.
Be kind and good to disbelieving parents
And We have enjoined upon man goodness to parents. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them. To Me is your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.
And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.
Repel evil with what is better
And not equal are the good deed and the bad. Repel [evil] by that [deed] which is better; and thereupon the one whom between you and him is enmity [will become] as though he was a devoted friend.
Allah created the nations and tribes of the world
O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted.
And We have certainly honored the children of Adam and carried them on the land and sea and provided for them of the good things and preferred them over much of what We have created, with [definite] preference.
Characteristics
Fake believers have diseased hearts, disobediant Jews are evil, disbelievers have devils as their allies
In their hearts is a disease, and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie.
The similitude of those who were charged with the (obligations of the) Mosaic Law, but who subsequently failed in those (obligations), is that of a donkey which carries huge tomes (but understands them not). Evil is the similitude of people who falsify the Signs of God: and God guides not people who do wrong.
O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise, stripping them of their clothing to show them their private parts. Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe.
Disbelievers are like cattle or a dog that lolls out his tongue no matter if it's attacked or not
If it had been Our will, We should have elevated him with Our signs; but he inclined to the earth, and followed his own vain desires. His similitude is that of a dog: if you attack him, he lolls out his tongue, or if you leave him alone, he (still) lolls out his tongue. That is the similitude of those who reject Our signs; So relate the story; perchance they may reflect.
Evil as an example are people who reject Our signs and wrong their own souls.
Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? They are only like cattle; - nay, they are worse astray in Path.
Disbelievers are vile beasts, they are the worst of creatures
For the vilest beasts in God's sight, are the deaf, the dumb, who understand not.
Verily those who believe not, among those who have received the scriptures, and among the idolaters, [shall be cast] into the fire of hell, to remain therein [for ever]. These are the worst of creatures.
{Quran|8|55}} is often quoted as a similar verse, though the next verse qualifies the people referred to as treaty breakers.
Fighting
Main Articles: Jihad in Islamic Law and Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jihad
Invite People of the Book to convert to Islam, pay Jizyah or fight them
Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.
Fight and kill treaty breakers unless they repent, pray and pay zakat or seek asylum
But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah; and then escort him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge. How can there be for the polytheists a treaty in the sight of Allah and with His Messenger, except for those with whom you made a treaty at al-Masjid al-Haram? So as long as they are upright toward you, be upright toward them. Indeed, Allah loves the righteous [who fear Him].
How [can there be a treaty] while, if they gain dominance over you, they do not observe concerning you any pact of kinship or covenant of protection? They satisfy you with their mouths, but their hearts refuse [compliance], and most of them are defiantly disobedient.Fight oppressors, but do not transgress
Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors.
And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors.
[Fighting in] the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for [all] violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory.
[They are] those who have been evicted from their homes without right - only because they say, "Our Lord is Allah." And were it not that Allah checks the people, some by means of others, there would have been demolished monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques in which the name of Allah is much mentioned.
And what is [the matter] with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah and [for] the oppressed among men, women, and children who say, "Our Lord, take us out of this city of oppressive people and appoint for us from Yourself a protector and appoint for us from Yourself a helper?"
And those who, when tyranny strikes them, they defend themselves,
And the retribution for an evil act is an evil one like it, but whoever pardons and makes reconciliation - his reward is [due] from Allah. Indeed, He does not like wrongdoers. And whoever avenges himself after having been wronged - those have not upon them any cause [for blame]. The cause is only against the ones who wrong the people and tyrannize upon the earth without right. Those will have a painful punishment.
And whoever is patient and forgives - indeed, that is of the matters [requiring] determination."Let there be no compulsion in religion"
Main Article: Let There be no Compulsion in Religion
There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course has become clear from the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy handhold with no break in it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing.
For you is your religion, and for me is my religion."
Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas
When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from error."
When the children of a woman (in pre-Islamic days) did not survive, she took a vow on herself that if her child survives, she would convert it a Jew. When Banu an-Nadir were expelled (from Arabia), there were some children of the Ansar (Helpers) among them. They said: We shall not leave our children. So Allah the Exalted revealed; "Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth stands out clear from error."
Some classical scholars considered the verse abrogated, though generally it was understood as refering to the impossibility of coercing belief (see main article).
Allah says: "There is no compulsion in religion", meaning: do not force anyone to embrace Islam, because it is clear and its proofs and evidences are manifest. Whoever Allah guides and opens his heart to Islam has indeed embraced it with clear evidence. Whoever Allah misguides blinds his heart and has set a seal on his hearing and a covering on his eyes cannot embrace Islam by force...hence Allah revealed this verse. But, this verse is abrogated by the verse of "fighting...Therefore, all people of the world should be called to Islam. If anyone of them refuses to do so, or refuses to pay the Jizya they should be fought till they are killed. This is the meaning of compulsion. In the Sahih, the Prophet said: "Allah wonders at those people who will enter Paradise in chains", meaning prisoners brought in chains to the Islamic state, then they embrace Islam sincerely and become righteous, and are entered among the people of Paradise.
Tafsir of Ibn Kathir, Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 1999: First Edition, Part 3, pp. 37-38
Damned to Hell
Disbelievers are the fuel of Allah's fire in hell
Indeed, those who disbelieve - never will their wealth or their children avail them against Allah at all. And it is they who are fuel for the Fire.
Disbelievers will be tortured for eternity, burned, scalded and beaten with iron maces
These two antagonists dispute with each other about their Lord: But those who deny (their Lord),- for them will be cut out a garment of Fire: over their heads will be poured out boiling water. With it will be scalded what is within their bodies, as well as (their) skins. In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them. Every time they wish to get away therefrom, from anguish, they will be forced back therein, and (it will be said), "Taste ye the Penalty of Burning!"
Allah
Allah has cursed Disbelievers
They say, "Our hearts are the wrappings (which preserve Allah's Word: we need no more)." Nay, Allah's curse is on them for their blasphemy: Little is it they believe.
Shall I tell thee of a worse (case) than theirs for retribution with Allah? (Worse is the case of him) whom Allah hath cursed, him on whom His wrath hath fallen and of whose sort Allah hath turned some to apes and swine, and who serveth idols. Such are in worse plight and further astray from the plain road.
Such are the men whom Allah has cursed for He has made them deaf and blinded their sight.
Do they not then earnestly seek to understand the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked up by them?
Do they not then earnestly seek to understand the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked up by them?
Qur'an 47:23-24
And that He may punish the Hypocrites, men and women, and the Polytheists men and women, who imagine an evil opinion of Allah. On them is a round of Evil: the Wrath of Allah is on them: He has cursed them and got Hell ready for them: and evil is it for a destination.
When thou lookest at them, their exteriors please thee; and when they speak, thou listenest to their words. They are as (worthless as hollow) pieces of timber propped up, (unable to stand on their own). They think that every cry is against them. They are the enemies; so beware of them. The curse of Allah be on them! How are they deluded (away from the Truth)!
Allah does not guide or love disbelievers
O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors: They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guideth not a people unjust.
Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts.
Those in whose hearts is a disease - thou seest how eagerly they run about amongst them, saying: "We do fear lest a change of fortune bring us disaster." Ah! perhaps Allah will give (thee) victory, or a decision according to His will. Then will they repent of the thoughts which they secretly harboured in their hearts.
Qur'an 5:51-52
Say: "Obey Allah and His Messenger": But if they turn back, Allah loveth not those who reject Faith.
Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith, or show ingratitude.
Allah despises, rejects and will disgrace disbelievers
How many generations have We destroyed after Noah? and enough is thy Lord to note and see the sins of His servants.
If any do wish for the transitory things (of this life), We readily grant them - such things as We will, to such person as We will: in the end have We provided Hell for them; they will burn therein, disgraced and rejected.
If any do wish for the transitory things (of this life), We readily grant them - such things as We will, to such person as We will: in the end have We provided Hell for them; they will burn therein, disgraced and rejected.
Qur'an 17:17-18
Seest thou not that to Allah bow down in worship all things that are in the heavens and on earth: the sun, the moon, the stars; the hills, the trees, the animals; and a great number among mankind? But a great number are (also) such as are fit for Punishment: and such as Allah shall disgrace,- None can raise to honour: for Allah carries out all that He wills.
Allah sees disbelievers as evil and only wrong-doers disbelieve
Verily those who believe not, among those who have received the scriptures, and among the idolaters, [shall be cast] into the fire of hell, to remain therein [for ever]. These are the worst of creatures.
O Messenger. let not those grieve thee, who race each other into unbelief: (whether it be) among those who say "We believe" with their lips but whose hearts have no faith; or it be among the Jews,- men who will listen to any lie,- will listen even to others who have never so much as come to thee. They change the words from their (right) times and places: they say, "If ye are given his, take it, but if not, beware!" If any one's trial is intended by Allah, thou hast no authority in the least for him against Allah. For such - it is not Allah's will to purify their hearts. For them there is disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter a heavy punishment.
And We have certainly revealed to you verses [which are] clear proofs, and no one would deny them except the defiantly disobedient.
How evil [سَآءَ sāa[1]] an example [is that of] the people who denied Our signs and used to wrong themselves.
And who is more unjust than one who is reminded of the verses of his Lord but turns away from them and forgets what his hands have put forth? Indeed, We have placed over their hearts coverings, lest they understand it, and in their ears deafness. And if you invite them to guidance - they will never be guided, then - ever.
Rather, the Qur'an is distinct verses [preserved] within the breasts of those who have been given knowledge. And none reject Our verses except the wrongdoers.
Allah will make the deeds of disbelievers fruitless and will bring destruction on them
But those who reject ((Allah)),- for them is destruction, and ((Allah)) will render their deeds astray (from their mark).
That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless.
Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah.
That is because they hate the Revelation of Allah. so He has made their deeds fruitless.
Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the End of those before them (who did evil)? Allah brought utter destruction on them, and similar (fates await) those who reject Allah.
Qur'an 47:8-10
Hypocrites
The Qur'an heavily condemns "hypocrites" and often pair them with disbelievers.
Verily, the hypocrites shall be in the lowest depth of the fire, and thou wilt find none who could succour them.
Hadith
Apostates
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy
Whoever becomes an apostate must be killed
Narrated Ikrima:
Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.' "
Whoever kills an apostate shall have a reward on the Day of Resurrection
Narrated 'Ali:
Whenever I tell you a narration from Allah's Apostle, by Allah, I would rather fall down from the sky than ascribe a false statement to him, but if I tell you something between me and you (not a Hadith) then it was indeed a trick (i.e., I may say things just to cheat my enemy). No doubt I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "During the last days there will appear some young foolish people who will say the best words but their faith will not go beyond their throats (i.e. they will have no faith) and will go out from (leave) their religion as an arrow goes out of the game. So, where-ever you find them, kill them, for who-ever kills them shall have reward on the Day of Resurrection."
Hypocrites
Abu Hurairah reported the Prophet as saying “He who dies without having fought or having felt fighting (against the infidels) to be his duty will die guilty of a kind of hypocrisy.”
Abu Dawud 2502
Ali observed: By Him Who split up the seed and created something living, the Apostle (may peace and blessings be upon him) gave me a promise that no one but a believer would love me, and none but a hypocrite would nurse grudge against me.
Sahih Muslim 78
The Prophet said: "The women who seek a Khul are hypocrites."
Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1186: The Book on Divorce and Li'an
Atheists
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Atheists
The "who created God?" argument is from Satan
It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Men will continue to question one another till this is propounded: Allah created all things but who created Allah? He who found himself confronted with such a situation should say: I affirm my faith in Allah.
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah's Apostle said, "Satan comes to one of you and says, 'Who created so-and-so? 'till he says, 'Who has created your Lord?' So, when he inspires such a question, one should seek refuge with Allah and give up such thoughts."
Ali commands to have atheists/heretics burned to death
Zanadiqa more accurately means heretics
Narrated 'Ikrima: Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to 'Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn 'Abbas who said, "If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Apostle forbade it, saying, 'Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire).' I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Apostle, 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'"
Jesus will return to fight the people, will break the cross and kill the swine
Narrated AbuHurayrah:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: There is no prophet between me and him, that is, Jesus (peace be upon him). He will descent (to the earth). When you see him, recognise him: a man of medium height, reddish fair, wearing two light yellow garments, looking as if drops were falling down from his head though it will not be wet. He will fight the people for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill swine, and abolish jizyah. Allah will perish all religions except Islam. He will destroy the Antichrist and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die. The Muslims will pray over him.
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah’s Apostle said, “By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, surely (Jesus,) the son of Mary will soon descend amongst you and will judge mankind justly (as a Just Ruler); he will break the Cross and kill the pigs and there will be no Jizya (i.e. taxation taken from non Muslims). Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it, and a single prostration to Allah (in prayer) will be better than the whole world and whatever is in it.” Abu Huraira added “If you wish, you can recite (this verse of the Holy Book): — ‘And there is none Of the people of the Scriptures (Jews and Christians) But must believe in him (i.e Jesus as an Apostle of Allah and a human being) Before his death. And on the Day of Judgment He will be a witness Against them.” (4.159) (See Fateh Al Bari, Page 302 Vol 7)
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah’s Apostle said “How will you be when the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you and he will judge people by the Law of the Quran and not by the law of Gospel (Fateh-ul Bari page 304 and 305 Vol 7)
The Final Hour will not come until Muslims slaughter the Jews, and even rocks and trees will betray them
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: The last hour would not come unless the Muslims will fight against the Jews and the Muslims would kill them until the Jews would hide themselves behind a stone or a tree and a stone or a tree would say: Muslim, or the servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me; come and kill him; but the tree Gharqad would not say, for it is the tree of the Jews.
Sinful Muslims will be spared hell-fire by Christians and Jews thrown into hell
Abu Musa' reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: When it will be the Day of Resurrection Allah would deliver to every Muslim a Jew or a Christian and say: That is your rescue from Hell-Fire.
Abu Burda reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: There would come people amongst the Muslims on the Day of Resurrection with as heavy sins as a mountain, and Allah would forgive them and He would place in their stead the Jews and the Christians. (As far as I think), Abu Raub said: I do not know as to who is in doubt. Abu Burda said: I narrated it to 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz, whereupon he said: Was it your father who narrated it to you from Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him)? I said: Yes.
Narrated Ibn 'Umar: Allah's Apostle said: "I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."
Dhimmitude
Main Article: Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude
Blood money for People of the Book was only half of that of Muslims
Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As: The value of the blood-money at the time of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was eight hundred dinars or eight thousand dirhams, and the blood-money for the people of the Book was half of that for Muslims. He said: This applied till Umar (Allah be pleased with him) became caliph and he made a speech in which he said: Take note! Camels have become dear. So Umar fixed the value for those who possessed gold at one thousand dinars, for those who possessed silver at twelve thousand (dirhams), for those who possessed cattle at two hundred cows, for those who possessed sheep at two thousand sheep, and for those who possessed suits of clothing at two hundred suits. He left the blood-money for dhimmis (protected people) as it was, not raising it in proportion to the increase he made in the blood-wit.
A Muslim cannot be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a disbeliever
Narrated Abu Juhaifa:
I asked 'Ali "Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur'an?" Or, as Uyaina once said, "Apart from what the people have?" 'Ali said, "By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Quran and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah's Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper." I asked, "What is on this paper?" He replied, "The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever)."
Jizyah
It has been reported from Sulaiman b. Buraid through his father that when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say: Fight in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war, do not embezzle the spoils; do not break your pledge; and do not mutilate (the dead) bodies; do not kill the children. When you meet your enemies who are polytheists, invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to any one of these, you also accept it and withold yourself from doing them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you, accept it from them and desist from fighting against them. Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of Muhairs and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Muhajirs. If they refuse to migrate, tell them that they will have the status of Bedouin Muilims and will be subjected to the Commands of Allah like other Muslims, but they will not get any share from the spoils of war or Fai' except when they actually fight with the Muslims (against the disbelievers). If they refuse to accept Islam, demand from them the Jizya. If they agree to pay, accept it from them and hold off your hands. If they refuse to pay the tax, seek Allah's help and fight them. When you lay siege to a fort and the besieged appeal to you for protection in the name of Allah and His Prophet, do not accord to them the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet, but accord to them your own guarantee and the guarantee of your companions for it is a lesser sin that the security given by you or your companions be disregarded than that the security granted in the name of Allah and His Prophet be violated. When you besiege a fort and the besieged want you to let them out in accordance with Allah's Command, do not let them come out in accordance with His Command, but do so at your (own) command, for you do not know whether or not you will be able to carry out Allah's behest with regard to them.
Fighting
Killing disbelieving women and children is permissible as collateral damage
Muhammad disapproved of the killing of women and children during expeditions (also Sahih Muslim 1744a).
During some of the Ghazawat of the Prophet (ﷺ) a woman was found killed. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) disapproved the killing of women and children.
Although when asked, he excused the probable exposure of women and children to danger during an attack.
Narrated As-Sab bin Jaththama: The Prophet passed by me at a place called Al-Abwa or Waddan, and was asked whether it was permissible to attack the pagan warriors at night with the probability of exposing their women and children to danger. The Prophet replied, "They (i.e. women and children) are from them (i.e. pagans)." I also heard the Prophet saying, "The institution of Hima is invalid except for Allah and His Apostle."
A more specific hadith quotes the same narrator stating that this involved women and children who were trampled over with horses during the attack:
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:
"I was informed by As-Sa'b bin Jaththamah who said: " I said: "O Messenger of Allah our horses trampled over women and children of the idolaters." He said: "They are from their fathers.'"
[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih.Jihad must be performed continuously from the creation of Islam to the coming of the Antichrist
Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Three things are the roots of faith: to refrain from (killing) a person who utters, "There is no god but Allah" and not to declare him unbeliever whatever sin he commits, and not to excommunicate him from Islam for his any action; and jihad will be performed continuously since the day Allah sent me as a prophet until the day the last member of my community will fight with the Dajjal (Antichrist). The tyranny of any tyrant and the justice of any just (ruler) will not invalidate it. One must have faith in Divine decree.
Believers will outnumber other peoples through prolific childbirth
Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: A man came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said: I have found a woman of rank and beauty, but she does not give birth to children. Should I marry her? He said: No. He came again to him, but he prohibited him. He came to him third time, and he (the Prophet) said: Marry women who are loving and very prolific, for I shall outnumber the peoples by you.
Only stay and eat with Muslims, and whoever joins and lives with a mushrik is like him
Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals.
Sunan Abu Dawud 4832, See Also: Sunan Abu Dawud 4850
“Whoever joins a mushrik and lives with him is like him"
Scholars
Jizyah
The honour of Islam lies in insulting kufr and kafirs.
One who respects the kafirs dishonours the Muslims… The real purpose of levying jiziya on them is to humiliate them to such an extent that they may not be able to dress well and to live in grandeur. They should constantly remain terrified and trembling. It is intended to hold them under contempt and to uphold the honour and might of Islam.
Sufi saint Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624), letter No. 163
Qisas
First of all, you should know that a Muslim should not be killed for killing a belligerent non-Muslim according to the consensus of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them. According to the view of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them a Muslim should not be killed against a free non-Muslim under the Muslim rule. The evidence about this is the saying of the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ):
"A Muslim should not be killed for killing a non-Muslim." [At-Tirmithi]
Moreover, according to the view of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them the title (and rulings) “disbeliever” is applicable to a free non-Muslim under the Muslim rule. However, Abu Haneefah, and the scholars of his School of jurisprudence may Allaah have mercy upon them are of the view that a Muslim should be killed for killing a free non-Muslim under Muslim rule; their evidence is the two verses which the questioner mentioned.
Nonetheless, the correct opinion is that of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them that is based on the above Prophetic narration, which is a direct proof related to the case of dispute.
Allaah Knows best."Killing a Muslim in punishment for killing a non-Muslim" (archived)
Islamweb, Fatwa No.92261, August 1, 2006, http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92261.
Islamweb, Fatwa No.92261, August 1, 2006, http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92261.
- ↑ sin-waw-alif Lane's Lexicon p. 1457