Khadijah bint Khuwaylid: Difference between revisions

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (view source)

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 Il boicottaggio contro il gruppo degli Hashmini fu sollevato "nel decimo anno" (tra l'agosto del 619 e l'agosto del 620), e il gruppo di Maometto tornò alle proprie case a Mecca.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.3/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:3].</ref> Ormai Khadijah stava morendo.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:12.</ref> Maometto la confortò nella sua ultima malattia ricordandole che stava per andare nel suo palazzo ingioiellato in paradiso – perciò doveva comunicare i suoi migliori auguri alle sue co-mogli. Quando Khadijah si mostrò stupita alla notizia che Maometto aveva già avuto mogli decedute, lui spiegò che Allah lo aveva sposato in paradiso con la regina Asiya, a "Kulthum la sorella di Mosè" e alla Vergine Maria. Il tema di avere 4 mogli sembra essere stato nella sua mente persino negli ultimi momenti di vita di Khadijah. Lei rispose con l'augurio convenzionale verso un novello sposo: "Possa l'unione essere benedetta."<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26.] Muhammad’s invention of the character “Kulthum” appears to be the aftermath of his embarrassing discovery that the sister of Moses was not identical with the Virgin Mary. (See {{Quran-range|19|27|28}}; {{Muslim|25|5326}}.) He must have over-corrected his error by deducing that Moses’ sister was not even named Maryam.</ref>
-==Death==
+==Morte==
-Khadijah died on 10 Ramadan “in the tenth year of prophethood, three years before the ''Hijra'',” i.e., on 22 April 620, and was buried in Mount Hajun Cemetery near Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 191. {{Tabari|39|pp. 4, 161}}. Bewley/Saad 8:152. Yet another disputed fact about Khadijah’s life is the date of her death. Ibn Saad (Bewley 8:12) also cites 20 Ramadan (2 May) of the tenth year. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)] summarises several traditions that cite variant years: one, two, four, five or six years before the ''Hijra''. Assuming that Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Saad and Tabari are correct to prefer “three years before the ''Hijra''”, this suggests a miscalculation on the part of those modern biographers who state that Khadijah died in 619.</ref>
+Khadijah morì il 10 Ramadan "nel decimo anno di profezia, tre anni prima della ''Hijra'', ovvero, il 22 aprile 620, e fu sepolta nel cimitero del monte Hajun vicino Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 191. {{Tabari|39|pp. 4, 161}}. Bewley/Saad 8:152. Yet another disputed fact about Khadijah’s life is the date of her death. Ibn Saad (Bewley 8:12) also cites 20 Ramadan (2 May) of the tenth year. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)] summarises several traditions that cite variant years: one, two, four, five or six years before the ''Hijra''. Assuming that Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Saad and Tabari are correct to prefer “three years before the ''Hijra''”, this suggests a miscalculation on the part of those modern biographers who state that Khadijah died in 619.</ref>
-“The Messenger of Allah was so grieved about Khadijah that people feared for him.”<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:44.</ref> For the rest of his life, he spoke warmly and often of her<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|164}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|165}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|166}}. {{Bukhari|7|62|156}}. {{Bukhari|8|73|33}}. {{Muslim|31|5971}}. {{Muslim|31|5974}}.</ref> and sometimes seemed overwhelmed by sorrow at her absence.<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|168}}</ref> He used to say: “Khadijah believed in me when they doubted me; she financed me when they tried to starve me out; and she is the mother of my children. Allah himself nurtured love for her in my heart.”<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118. {{Muslim|31|5972}}.</ref>
+"Il messaggero di Allah era così afflitto per Khadijah che le persone erano preoccupate per lui."<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:44.</ref> Per il resto della sua vita parlò spesso di lei con calore<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|164}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|165}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|166}}. {{Bukhari|7|62|156}}. {{Bukhari|8|73|33}}. {{Muslim|31|5971}}. {{Muslim|31|5974}}.</ref> e a volte sembrò sopraffatto dal dolore della sua assenza.<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|168}}</ref> Soleva dire: Khadijah credeva in me quando loro dubitavano; mi finanziò quando provarono ad affamarmi; e lei è la madre dei miei figli. Allah stesso nutrì il mio amore per lei nel mio cuore."<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118. {{Muslim|31|5972}}.</ref>
+L'islam cambiò direzione dopo la morte di Khalijah. Già dopo 7 settimane Maometto aveva 2 nuove mogli.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 170, 171}}. Bewley/Saad 8:39, 43, 152.</ref> Allo stesso tempo iniziò a cercare alleanze militari con tribù straniere,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 192-195, 197-199.</ref> sebbene ci volessero altri 2 anni prima che riuscisse a dichiarare guerra a Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 201-213, 324.</ref> Persino le sezioni del Corano composte alla fine del periodo meccano di Maometto, sebbene narrative più che legislative, suonano più come la prosa piatta di Medina piuttosto che la poesia del periodo di Khadijah.<ref>[http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p074.htm/ Sell (1923), p. 74.] [http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” In Bell, R. (1970). ''Introduction to the Quran.'' Revised by Montgomery Watt. Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> Si dice frequentemente "L'islam è nato dalla spada di Ali e dalla ricchezza di Khadijah."<ref>E.g., [http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)].</ref> È chiaro che il contributo di Khadijah alla fondazione dell'islam è molto maggiore alla contribuzione monetaria.
-Islam changed direction after Khadijah’s death. Within seven weeks Muhammad had become a bigamist.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 170, 171}}. Bewley/Saad 8:39, 43, 152.</ref> At the same time he began negotiations for military alliances with foreign tribes,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 192-195, 197-199.</ref> although it was to be another two years before he succeeded in declaring war on Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 201-213, 324.</ref> Even the sections of the Qur’an that were composed at the end of Muhammad’s Meccan period, though narrative rather than legislative, read more like the flat prose of Medina than the poetry of Khadijah’s lifetime.<ref>[http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p074.htm/ Sell (1923), p. 74.] [http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” In Bell, R. (1970). ''Introduction to the Quran.'' Revised by Montgomery Watt. Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> It is frequently said that “Islam arose by Ali’s sword and Khadijah’s wealth.”<ref>E.g., [http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)].</ref> It is clear that what Khadijah contributed to the foundations of Islam was far more than money.
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