Khadijah bint Khuwaylid: Difference between revisions

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 "I Quraysh bloccarono il grano ed altre necessità."<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:1].</ref> Per le provviste gli Hashmiti dovevano dipendere da amici contrabbandieri disposti ad aggirare i meccani.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 160.</ref> Per esempio, Hishman ibn Amr "portava un cammello carico di cibo la notte, e dopo quando arrivava all'inizio del vicolo, levava la cavezza al cammello, gli dava una pacca sulla pancia e lo mandava nel vicolo da loro. Faceva la stessa cosa un'altra volta, portando vestiti per loro."<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 118.</ref> Dato che gli Hashmiti non potevano guadagnare soldi per pagare questo cibo, dovevano spendere i loro risparmi. Nei 3 anni successivi, Khadijah esaurì tutta la sua ricchezza per supportare la comunità.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118.</ref> La severità del blocco continuò ad intensificarsi e gli Hashmiti rimasero nel passo della montagna per 3 anni.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:1].</ref>
-==Co-Wives==
+==Co-mogli==
-Muslims often speak with pride of how Muhammad was faithful to Khadijah. They comment on how it was the "prime time of his youth and constitutes two-thirds of his marriage life,"<ref>"''His first marriage was with Khadija. He lived with her alone for twenty-five years. It was the prime time of his youth and constitutes two-thirds of his marriage [''sic''] life.''" - Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). “[http://www.al-islam.org/muhammad-yasin-jibouri/8.htm/ Marriages of the Prophet]” in ''Muhammad: The Prophet and Messenger of Allah. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Publications.</ref> and that it "should be noted by those who criticise him for his polygamy in later years."<ref>"''The Prophet did not marry another woman during his first marriage with Khadija, is a fact that should be noted by those who criticise him for his polygamy in later years.''" - [http://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/eng%201%20Hafiz%20M.pdf/ Saleem (2012)]</ref>
+I musulmani spesso parlano con orgoglio di come Maometto fu fedele a Khadijah. Commentano di come fu "la sua giovinezza e costituiva due-terzi della sua vita coniugale,"<ref>"''His first marriage was with Khadija. He lived with her alone for twenty-five years. It was the prime time of his youth and constitutes two-thirds of his marriage [''sic''] life.''" - Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). “[http://www.al-islam.org/muhammad-yasin-jibouri/8.htm/ Marriages of the Prophet]” in ''Muhammad: The Prophet and Messenger of Allah. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Publications.</ref> e che "dovrebbe essere notato da coloro che criticano la sua poligamia negli anni successivi."<ref>"''The Prophet did not marry another woman during his first marriage with Khadija, is a fact that should be noted by those who criticise him for his polygamy in later years.''" - [http://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/eng%201%20Hafiz%20M.pdf/ Saleem (2012)]</ref>
-In one sense this is true. For example, when the Quraysh chiefs wanted to end the boycott, they offered Muhammad “as many wives as he wanted in marriage,” together with wealth, political power and a competent exorcist, if only he would stop reviling their gods. Muhammad scorned this bribe.<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 106-107}}. See also Guillaume/Ishaq 132-133.</ref> In this case, however, his loyalty to Khadijah can scarcely be disentangled from his loyalty to his own prophetic office. He responded to Khadijah’s support with a nepotistic revelation that the Virgin Mary had been the best woman of her generation while Khadijah was the best woman of the present generation.<ref>[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=91&number=633/ Bukhari|4|55|642]. {{Bukhari|5|58|163}}. {{Muslim|31|5965}}.</ref> He claimed that although there were many perfect men, there had only ever been only three perfect women: Asiya “wife of Pharaoh,” who had rescued the infant Moses; Mary the virgin mother of the Prophet Jesus; and Khadijah. He later allowed that their daughter Fatima was also one of the four “best among the women of Paradise.”<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}. See also {{Muslim|31|5966}}. He never called any of his other wives or daughters “perfect”, not even his fourth divine spouse, Kulthum the sister of Moses.</ref> How his three elder daughters reacted to such open favouritism is not recorded. When Khadijah once brought Muhammad a bowl of soup, she was granted a personal message from Jibreel (of which Aisha was later intensely jealous): “Give her Allah’s greeting and the good news that in Paradise she will have a palace built of a hollow pearl, where there will be no noise or fatigue.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111. Ibn Hisham note 148. {{Bukhari|3|27|19}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|167}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|168}}. {{Bukhari|9|93|588}}. {{Muslim|31|5967}}. {{Muslim|31|5968}}. {{Muslim|31|5970}}.</ref>
+In un senso ciò è vero. Per esempio, quando i capi dei Quraysh volevano terminare il boicottaggio, offrirono a Maometto "quante mogli in mogli quante ne voleva," assieme a ricchezza, potere politico e un esorcista competente, se l'avesse smessa di insultare i loro dei. Maometto disprezzò questa offerta.<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 106-107}}. See also Guillaume/Ishaq 132-133.</ref> In questo caso, comunque, la sua lealtà verso Khadijah difficilmente può essere separata dalla sua lealtà alla sua attività profetica. Rispose all'appoggio di Khadijah con una rivelazione nepotistica che la Vergine Maria era stata la donna migliore della sua generazione e Khadijah era la donna migliore della generazione presente.<ref>[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=91&number=633/ Bukhari|4|55|642]. {{Bukhari|5|58|163}}. {{Muslim|31|5965}}.</ref> Affermò che sebbene ci fossero molti uomini perfetti, c'erano state solo 3 donne perfette: Asiya "donna di Faraone", che salvò il bimbo Mosè; Maria la vergine madre del profeta Gesù; e Khadijah. Successivamente farà entrare anche sua figlia Fatima all'interno delle quattro "donne migliori del paradiso."<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}. See also {{Muslim|31|5966}}. He never called any of his other wives or daughters “perfect”, not even his fourth divine spouse, Kulthum the sister of Moses.</ref> Come le tre figlie più grandi reagirono a questo spudorato favoritismo non si sa. Quando Khadijah portò a Maometto una scodella di zuppa, le fu concesso un messaggio dall'angelo Gabriele (del quale successivamente Aisha sarà molto invidiosa): "Dalle i saluti di Allah e la buona notizia che in paradiso avrà un palazzo costruito di perle cave, dove non ci sarà rumore o fatica."<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111. Ibn Hisham note 148. {{Bukhari|3|27|19}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|167}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|168}}. {{Bukhari|9|93|588}}. {{Muslim|31|5967}}. {{Muslim|31|5968}}. {{Muslim|31|5970}}.</ref>
-Yet despite this outward loyalty to Khadijah, it was exactly at this period when Muhammad frankly admitted that he was thinking about other women. It was only after 614 that he introduced to his descriptions of Paradise the “modest ''houris''” (virgins) with “lustrous eyes” and “swelling breasts” who reclined “like pearls or rubies” on “green cushions”.<ref>{{Quran|38|52}}. {{Quran-range|56|22|23}}. {{Quran-range|37|48|49}}. {{Quran|44|54}}. {{Quran|52|20}}. {{Quran|78|33}}.</ref> According to Muir, all of the Qur’anic descriptions of ''houris'' date to the last few years of Khadijah’s life; after Muhammad moved to Medina, remarried to a younger woman, there were only two brief and tame references<ref>{{Quran|2|25}}. {{Quran|4|57}}.</ref> to “companions pure”.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm/ Muir (1861) 2:141-144]. See also [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p024.htm/ Sell, E. (1923). ''The Historical Development of the Qur'an'', 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.]</ref> Muir might have miscalculated, as the most detailed reference to the divine virgins<ref>{{Quran-range|55|56|58}} {{Quran-range|55|70|76}}.</ref> is sometimes dated to the Medina period,<ref>[http://www.wikiislam.net/wiki/Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur'an]</ref> although the German historian Nöldeke assigned even this one to Khadijah’s lifetime.<ref>[http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ Bell, R. (1953). Introduction to the Qur’an. Revised by Montgomery Watt (1970). Chapter 7: “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> Regardless of the exact date when Muhammad eventually shifted his focus, it is certain that the ageing Khadijah knew about the ''houris''.
+Eppure, a discapito di questa lealtà verso Khadijah, è proprio in questo periodo che Maometto ammette francamente di pensare ad altre donne. Fu solo dopo il 614 che introdusse nella sua descrizione del paradiso le "modeste" "vergini" con "occhi splendenti" e "seni crescenti" che si adagiavano "come perle o rubini" su "cuscini verdi".<ref>{{Quran|38|52}}. {{Quran-range|56|22|23}}. {{Quran-range|37|48|49}}. {{Quran|44|54}}. {{Quran|52|20}}. {{Quran|78|33}}.</ref> Secondo Muir, tutte le descrizioni nel Corano delle ''vergini'' sono state rivelate durante gli ultimi anni di vita di Khadijah; quando Maometto si spostò a Medina, si risposò con una donna più giovane, c'erano solo due brevi e lievi riferimenti<ref>{{Quran|2|25}}. {{Quran|4|57}}.</ref> alle "compagne pure".<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm/ Muir (1861) 2:141-144]. See also [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p024.htm/ Sell, E. (1923). ''The Historical Development of the Qur'an'', 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.]</ref> Muir potrebbe aver calcolato male, dato che il riferimento più dettagliato alle vergini divine<ref>{{Quran-range|55|56|58}} {{Quran-range|55|70|76}}.</ref> è a volte datato al periodo di Medina,<ref>[http://www.wikiislam.net/wiki/Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur'an]</ref> sebbene lo storico tedesco Nöldeke assegnò queste rivelazioni alla periodo in cui Khadijah era ancora in vita<ref>[http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ Bell, R. (1953). Introduction to the Qur’an. Revised by Montgomery Watt (1970). Chapter 7: “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> A prescindere dalla data esatta in cui Maometto mutò il suo interesse, è certo che Khadijah sapeva delle ''vergini'' mentre invecchiava.
-The boycott against the Hashim clan was lifted “in the tenth year” (between August 619 and August 620), and Muhammad’s clan returned to their houses in Mecca.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.3/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:3].</ref> By this time, Khadijah was dying.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:12.</ref> Muhammad comforted her in her final illness with the reminder that she was going to her jewelled palace in Paradise – so she must convey his best wishes to her co-wives. When Khadijah expressed surprise at the news that Muhammad already had deceased wives, he explained that Allah had wedded him in Paradise to Queen Asiya, to “Kulthum the sister of Moses” and to the Virgin Mary. The theme of having four wives appears to have been on his mind even in his last moments with Khadijah. She responded with the conventional congratulation to a newlywed: “May the union be blessed.”<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26.] Muhammad’s invention of the character “Kulthum” appears to be the aftermath of his embarrassing discovery that the sister of Moses was not identical with the Virgin Mary. (See {{Quran-range|19|27|28}}; {{Muslim|25|5326}}.) He must have over-corrected his error by deducing that Moses’ sister was not even named Maryam.</ref>
+Il boicottaggio contro il gruppo degli Hashmini fu sollevato "nel decimo anno" (tra l'agosto del 619 e l'agosto del 620), e il gruppo di Maometto tornò alle proprie case a Mecca.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.3/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:3].</ref> Ormai Khadijah stava morendo.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:12.</ref> Maometto la confortò nella sua ultima malattia ricordandole che stava per andare nel suo palazzo ingioiellato in paradiso – perciò doveva comunicare i suoi migliori auguri alle sue co-mogli. Quando Khadijah si mostrò stupita alla notizia che Maometto aveva già avuto mogli decedute, lui spiegò che Allah lo aveva sposato in paradiso con la regina Asiya, a "Kulthum la sorella di Mosè" e alla Vergine Maria. Il tema di avere 4 mogli sembra essere stato nella sua mente persino negli ultimi momenti di vita di Khadijah. Lei rispose con l'augurio convenzionale verso un novello sposo: "Possa l'unione essere benedetta."<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26.] Muhammad’s invention of the character “Kulthum” appears to be the aftermath of his embarrassing discovery that the sister of Moses was not identical with the Virgin Mary. (See {{Quran-range|19|27|28}}; {{Muslim|25|5326}}.) He must have over-corrected his error by deducing that Moses’ sister was not even named Maryam.</ref>
 ==Death==

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