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The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}} | The limited, prescribed religious ritual of female circumcision has been regrettably deemed by the WHO to be a form of female genital mutilation [...] The classification of female circumcision as FGM “reinforces the image of female circumcision as a barbaric one, practiced by an uncivilised people.” Conflating the practice of female circumcision with mutilation prohibits any possibility of impartiality in considering the practice as a legitimate, protected religious rite.}} | ||
The term ''<nowiki/>'Female Circumcision''' is sometimes used by those who consider certain practices as insufficiently harmful or intrusive to merit the epithet 'mutilation' (as in Female Genital ''Mutilation).'' | The term ''<nowiki/>'Female Circumcision''' is sometimes used by those who consider certain practices as insufficiently harmful or intrusive to merit the epithet 'mutilation' (as in 'Female Genital ''Mutilation').'' | ||
One such practice | One such practice is the ''"removal of the clitoral hood or a ritual nick on the external female genitalia"''<ref>[https://femalecircumcision.org/a-problem-of-definition-female-circumcision-vs-fgm/ A Problem of Definition: Female Circumcision vs FGM]</ref>. This is sometimes called 'Sunnah Circumcision' (though this term can be used to denote any form of FGM other than infibulation<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233100651_Somali_Women_in_Western_Exile_Reassessing_Female_Circumcision_in_the_Light_of_Islamic_Teachings Somali Women in Western Exile: Reassessing Female Circumcision in the Light of Islamic Teachings] Sara Johnsdotter</ref>). It is mostly practiced by South Asian Muslims, who belong to the Shafi'i school, which makes FGM obligatory and is associated with the most severe form of FGM, infibulation. Sunnah circumcision may have been a way of fulfilling this obligation whilst sparing girls the extremities of infibulation. Infibulation would have been a practice alien to South Asian Muslims, since it is arose with the Islamic slave trade, which largely spared South Asia.<ref>[https://www.librairie-de-flore.fr/produit/esclavage-lhistoire-a-lendroit/ l'Esclavage: l'Histoire à l'Endroit' by Bernard Lugan (2020)]</ref><ref>[https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Forgotten-Slave-Trade-Hardback/p/18473 The Forgotten Slave Trade - the White European Slaves of Islam] by Simon Webb</ref> | ||
Granted that 'Sunnah Circumcision' is a ''lesser'' mutilation than full clitoridectomy (or excision or infibulation) it nevertheless remains a mutilation because: | Granted that 'Sunnah Circumcision' is a ''lesser'' mutilation than full clitoridectomy (or excision or infibulation) it nevertheless remains a mutilation because: | ||
*it serves no medical or prophylactic purpose | *it serves no medical or prophylactic purpose | ||
*it damages the functioning of | *it damages the functioning of an important body part (amongst other things, permanent exposure reduces the sensitivity of the clitoris) | ||
*it exposes the child to | *it unnecessarily exposes the child to health risks, both short-term and long-term<ref>[https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/health-risks-of-female-genital-mutilation Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)] WHO</ref> | ||
*it is generally done in needlessly traumatic manner - anaesthetics are generally eschewed<!-- link to FGM as initiation rite --> | *it is generally done in needlessly traumatic manner - anaesthetics are generally eschewed<!-- link to FGM as initiation rite --> | ||
*it is practiced on children who can not give informed consent to such a procedure | *it is practiced on children, who can not give informed consent to such a procedure | ||
*though children can not consent to this procedure, they can ''refuse'' consent or ''withdraw'' it ( | *though children can not consent to this procedure, they can ''refuse'' consent or ''withdraw'' it (this is signaled by the child struggling to escape the procedure or begging for it to stop). However this refusal/withdrawal of consent is generally not respected by those carrying out the procedure | ||
The removal of the clitoral prepuce is justified by [[Daleel|Qiyas]] as being analogous to male circumcision. Proponents of this position accuse bodies such as the World Health Organisation of double standards in that they condemn 'Sunnah Circumcision' but not Male Circumcision. | The removal of the clitoral prepuce is justified by [[Daleel|Qiyas]] as being analogous to male circumcision. Proponents of this position accuse bodies such as the World Health Organisation of double standards in that they condemn 'Sunnah Circumcision' but not Male Circumcision. | ||
If one accepts that ritual male circumcision is not mutilation then their position seems | If one accepts that ritual male circumcision is not mutilation then their position seems coherent. However, the above-listed characteristics apply equally to male circumcision, and thus male circumcision is a mutilation. The failure of such bodies to classify male circumcision as a mutilation is a political and pragmatic decision, not one based on ethics or an objective evaluation of the practice - the practice is simply too widespread and too accepted for a body such as the WHO to condemn (it is estimated that 38.7% of males are circumcises, with 68% of that figure being Muslim men<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772313/ Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision - Brian J Morris et al.] (2016)</ref>). | ||
The failure of such bodies to classify male circumcision as a mutilation is a political and pragmatic decision, not one based on ethics or an objective evaluation of the practice. | |||
The WHO etc should aspire a consistent position by condemning ''both'' practices, rather than condoning both. Ritual Male Circumcision is no less a form of mutilation than Sunnah Circumcision since it answers to the same criteria as those listed above. | The WHO etc should aspire a consistent position by condemning ''both'' practices, rather than condoning both. Ritual Male Circumcision is no less a form of mutilation than Sunnah Circumcision since it answers to the same criteria as those listed above. | ||