Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

3,861 bytes added ,  30 October 2023
no edit summary
[unchecked revision][unchecked revision]
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 356: Line 356:
A collection of papyri from Egypt includes Arabic texts written with Hebrew characters. These papyri predate 900 AD<ref>Blau and Hopkins, [https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Judaeo-Arabic papyri], 1987,  p. 90</ref>.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic papyri, 1987,  p.154]|“The Arabic of these papyri has lost case and mood categories in the noun and verb. The breakdown of the case system is indicated by several features. Had tanwīn existed in the type of Arabic studied here, there can be no real doubt that it would have been marked by final nun; the fact that these texts use an acoustically based orthography, quite free from the influence of literary Arabic spelling, makes this virtually certain. The adverbs terminating in aleph must therefore be regarded as reflecting the ending ā, not the literary tnwīn.”}}Although the Hebrew script is defective and doesn’t write short vowels and many long ‘a’ vowels, these Judaeo-Arabic texts are still valuable as they don’t abide by Arabic orthography rules. E.g. A word pronounced as “kalbun”(with final short vowel and nunation) is written in Arabic as “klb” without the suffix in accordance with Arabic orthography rules. But when this word is written in Judaeo-Arabic as “klb”( instead of “klbn”) then this means it’s pronounced without the suffix because these texts are phonetic and don’t abide by Arabic orthography rules<ref>Joshua Blau, [https://www.academia.edu/10334155/A_Handbook_of_Early_Middle_Arabic_by_Prof_Joshua_Blau A Handbook of Early Middle Arabic], 2002, p.137</ref>.  
A collection of papyri from Egypt includes Arabic texts written with Hebrew characters. These papyri predate 900 AD<ref>Blau and Hopkins, [https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Judaeo-Arabic papyri], 1987,  p. 90</ref>.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic papyri, 1987,  p.154]|“The Arabic of these papyri has lost case and mood categories in the noun and verb. The breakdown of the case system is indicated by several features. Had tanwīn existed in the type of Arabic studied here, there can be no real doubt that it would have been marked by final nun; the fact that these texts use an acoustically based orthography, quite free from the influence of literary Arabic spelling, makes this virtually certain. The adverbs terminating in aleph must therefore be regarded as reflecting the ending ā, not the literary tnwīn.”}}Although the Hebrew script is defective and doesn’t write short vowels and many long ‘a’ vowels, these Judaeo-Arabic texts are still valuable as they don’t abide by Arabic orthography rules. E.g. A word pronounced as “kalbun”(with final short vowel and nunation) is written in Arabic as “klb” without the suffix in accordance with Arabic orthography rules. But when this word is written in Judaeo-Arabic as “klb”( instead of “klbn”) then this means it’s pronounced without the suffix because these texts are phonetic and don’t abide by Arabic orthography rules<ref>Joshua Blau, [https://www.academia.edu/10334155/A_Handbook_of_Early_Middle_Arabic_by_Prof_Joshua_Blau A Handbook of Early Middle Arabic], 2002, p.137</ref>.  


In the following example<ref>Joshua Blau, [https://www.academia.edu/10334155/A_Handbook_of_Early_Middle_Arabic_by_Prof_Joshua_Blau A handbook of early Middle Arabic], 2002, p.140</ref> from the Judaeo-Arabic Papyri, the word عافية ʕāfiyah is written as ʕfyh which means the word lacked nunation otherwise it would have been written as ʕfytn (ʕāfiyatin).


The same example also shows the word محمود  maḥmūd is written as mḥmwd which means the word lacked nunation otherwise it would have been written as mḥmwdn (maḥmūdun).


<references />
 
ונחן פי עפיה ואלה מחמוד עלא דלך
 
ونحن في عافية والله محمود على ذلك
 
(We are in good health thanks to Allah)
 
Litteral transcription: wnḥn fy ʕfyh walh mḥmwd ʕlā dlk
 
Pronunciation: wanaḥn fī ʕāfiyah wallāh maḥmūd ʕalā dhālik
 
Classical Arabic: wanaḥnu fī ʕāfiyatin wallāhu maḥmūdun ʕalā dhālik
 
 
Besides the loss of final short vowels and nunations, other features of these texts include:
 
'''1- Frequent loss of Hamzah:'''
 
J. Blau and S. Hopkins, JUDAEO-ARABIC PAPYRI, 1987
 
<nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160</nowiki>
 
 
אלרדיה (The cloaks الأردية )
 
Litteral transcription: alrdyh
 
Pronunciation: alardiyah
 
Classical Arabic: alʾardiyah
 
Note: The Hebrew letter א can be used to express the long vowel ā or a glottal stop. If the word for “the cloaks” was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written with two א :  אלארדיה
 
p.126
 
 
תכוד (تأخذ  you take)
 
Litteral transcription: tkwd
 
Pronunciation: tākhudh
 
Classical Arabic: taʾkhudh
 
Note: If the word was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written as: תאכוד
 
 
The indefinite accusative is marked with ‘ā’ instead of classical Arabic “an”. a p.149
 
וידא
 
(and also) (وأيضا)
 
Litteral transcription: wydā
 
Pronunciation: wēḍā
 
Classical Arabic: waʾayḍan
 
 
וגדא
 
(and tomorrow) (وغدا)
 
Litteral transcription: wgdā
 
Pronunciation: waghadā
 
Classical Arabic: waghadan
 
 
The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine is ‘h’ with no vowel after it as opposed to classical Arabic forms: hū/hī, hu/hi.
 
After consonants the pronoun is spelled as wh, to be pronounced uh or oh. And after vowels the pronoun is spelled h.
 
P.151
 
ולדוה
 
His son ولده
 
Litteral transcription: wldwh
 
Pronunciation: waladuh
 
Classical Arabic: waladuhū
 
 
מין אכיה
 
From his brother من أخيه
 
Litteral transcription: myn akyh
 
Pronunciation: min ʾakhīh
 
Classical Arabic: min ʾakhīhi
 
 
5- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine plural takes only the “hum” form. While classical Arabic has both “hum” and “him”.
 
In the following example, the pronominal suffix should take the “him” form in accordance with classical Arabic rules. But it’s written as “hum”.
 
p.152
 
עלא חאלתהום
 
In their condition على حالتهم
 
Litteral transcription: ʕlā ḥālthwm
 
Pronunciation: ʕalā ḥālatihum
 
Classical Arabic: ʕalā ḥālatihim
 
 
Loss of verbal moods.
 
יהרובו
 
They are going to flee يهربوا
 
Litteral transcription: yhrwbw
 
Pronunciation: yahrubū
 
Classical Arabic: yahrubūn
 
p.155
 
 
 
p.50
 
they probably predate 900 CE
 
 
 
maqsura pronouonced as ē, adverbal aa, lack of final short vowels and twnwin. Source for all is p.137
 
Blau judaeo Arabic texts_2002 - A handbook of early Middle Arabic
 
 
This is a transcription of the Hebrew script into IPA. In the first line, each Hebrew character is converted into the IPA equivalent. The second line shows the Arabic pronunciation with full vowels.
 
 
ḥfdk alh wʕfk<references />
Autochecked users, em-bypass-1, em-bypass-2, recentchangescleanup
164

edits