Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions

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Old Hijazi is the underlying Language of the Qur'an, as revealed by investigation into the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT), the underlying consonantal skeleton (in Arabic, rasm رسم) of the Qur'an. This language differs markedly in pronunciation and grammar from the later classical Arabic that is imposed upon the text by modern day Muslims and scholars who follow the Muslim tradition of Quranic readings.  
Old Hijazi is the underlying Language of the Qur'an, as revealed by investigation into the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT), the underlying consonantal skeleton (in Arabic, rasm رسم) of the Qur'an. This language differs markedly in pronunciation and grammar from the later classical Arabic that is imposed upon the text by modern day Muslims and scholars who follow the Muslim tradition of Quranic readings.  


==Introduction to the I'Arab==
==Introduction to the Iʕrāb==


In order to understand how the language of the QCT differs from the later classical Arabic it is now read in, it's important to understand the i'arab.
In order to understand how the language of the QCT differs from the later classical Arabic it is now read in, it's important to understand the i'arab.
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===Final Yaa’===
===Final Yaa’===
In later Arabic, some words such as رأى  and قهوى  are spelled with the letter “y”, “yaa’”, but pronounced with a long “a” sound. This letter, the so-called Alif Maqsurah, is not always represented as such in the QCT. In some cases, the sound is written out as a regular alif ا and in other cases it is written as would be later expected, with a yaa’ ى. The difference between these spellings is likely meaningful. The instances in which  the yaa’ is spelled out likely had an original long e sound, whereas those written with an alif likely represented a pronounced long a. These sounds were later merged into a single long “a” realization. (Marijn van Putten Dissimilation of ē to ā in the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text).
In later Arabic, some words such as رأى  and فتى are spelled with the letter “y”, “yaa’”, but pronounced with a long “a” sound. This letter, the so-called Alif Maqsurah, is not always represented as such in the QCT. In some cases, the sound is written out as a regular alif ا and in other cases it is written as would be later expected, with a yaa’ ى. The difference between these spellings is likely meaningful. The instances in which  the yaa’ is spelled out likely had an original long e sound, whereas those written with an alif likely represented a pronounced long a. These sounds were later merged into a single long “a” realization. (Marijn van Putten Dissimilation of ē to ā in the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text).


===The Hamzah===
===The Hamzah===
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== The Damascus Psalm Fragment ==
== The Damascus Psalm Fragment ==
   
   
This document, dated to the third Islamic century, was discovered in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus in 1900. It includes a translation of a portion of “The Book of Psalms” of the bible (Psalm 77). This Arabic translation is written with Greek letters. The translation is literal with strict adherence to the syntax and wording of the original language*, which caused parts of it to sound awkward and hard to understand.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/43189829/Al_Jallad_2020_The_Damascus_Psalm_Fragment_Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_%E1%B8%A4ig%C4%81z%C4%AB_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment, 2020, p.46]|The phonology and morphology of the Psalm Fragment reflect the contemporary vernacular, while its syntax follows the Greek. }}The dialect of the Psalm Fragment has the following features:
This document, dated to the third Islamic century, was discovered in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus in 1900. It includes a translation of a portion of “The Book of Psalms” of the bible (Psalm 77). This Arabic translation is written with Greek letters. The translation is literal with strict adherence to the syntax and wording of the original language*, which caused parts of it to sound awkward and hard to understand.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/43189829/Al_Jallad_2020_The_Damascus_Psalm_Fragment_Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_%E1%B8%A4ig%C4%81z%C4%AB_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment, 2020, p.46]|The phonology and morphology of the Psalm Fragment reflect the contemporary vernacular, while its syntax follows the Greek. }}The dialect of the Psalm Fragment has the following features:


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Ζηεδ [ziyēd], Μελεχ [mēlek], Αβδελεση [ʕabdelʕēṣī]
Ζηεδ [ziyēd], Μελεχ [mēlek], Αβδελεση [ʕabdelʕēṣī]


'''<big>The text of the Damascus Psalm Fragment</big>'''
'''<big>The text of the Damascus Psalm Fragment</big>'''
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Besides the loss of final short vowels and nunations, other features of these texts include:
Besides the loss of final short vowels and nunations, other features of these texts include:


'''1- Frequent loss of Hamzah:'''
'''1- Frequent loss of Hamzah'''<ref>Blau and Hopkins, [https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Judaeo-Arabic Papyri], 1987, p.126</ref>''':'''


J. Blau and S. Hopkins, JUDAEO-ARABIC PAPYRI, 1987
Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic Papyri, 1987, p.


<nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160</nowiki>
<nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160</nowiki>
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Note: The Hebrew letter א can be used to express the long vowel ā or a glottal stop. If the word for “the cloaks” was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written with two א :  אלארדיה
Note: The Hebrew letter א can be used to express the long vowel ā or a glottal stop. If the word for “the cloaks” was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written with two א :  אלארדיה
p.126




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The indefinite accusative is marked with ‘ā’ instead of classical Arabic “an”. a p.149
 
'''2- The indefinite accusative is marked with ‘ā’ instead of classical Arabic “an”'''<ref>Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic Papyri, 1987, p. 149</ref>'''.'''


וידא
וידא
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Classical Arabic: waghadan
Classical Arabic: waghadan


 
'''<br />3- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine is ‘h’ with no vowel after it as opposed to classical Arabic forms: hū/hī, hu/hi'''<ref>Ibid, p.151</ref>'''.'''
The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine is ‘h’ with no vowel after it as opposed to classical Arabic forms: hū/hī, hu/hi.


After consonants the pronoun is spelled as wh, to be pronounced uh or oh. And after vowels the pronoun is spelled h.
After consonants the pronoun is spelled as wh, to be pronounced uh or oh. And after vowels the pronoun is spelled h.


P.151


ולדוה
ולדוה
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5- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine plural takes only the “hum” form. While classical Arabic has both “hum” and “him”.  
 
'''4- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine plural takes only the “hum” form'''<ref>Ibid, p.152</ref>'''. As opposed to classical Arabic which has both “hum” and “him”.'''


In the following example, the pronominal suffix should take the “him” form in accordance with classical Arabic rules. But it’s written as “hum”.  
In the following example, the pronominal suffix should take the “him” form in accordance with classical Arabic rules. But it’s written as “hum”.  


p.152


עלא חאלתהום
עלא חאלתהום
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Classical Arabic: ʕalā ḥālatihim
Classical Arabic: ʕalā ḥālatihim


 
'''<br />5- Loss of verbal moods'''<ref>Ibid, p.155</ref>'''.'''
Loss of verbal moods.


יהרובו
יהרובו
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Classical Arabic: yahrubūn
Classical Arabic: yahrubūn
p.155
p.50
they probably predate 900 CE
maqsura pronouonced as ē, adverbal aa, lack of final short vowels and twnwin. Source for all is p.137
Blau judaeo Arabic texts_2002 - A handbook of early Middle Arabic
This is a transcription of the Hebrew script into IPA. In the first line, each Hebrew character is converted into the IPA equivalent. The second line shows the Arabic pronunciation with full vowels.




ḥfdk alh wʕfk<references />
<references />
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