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Old Hijazi: Difference between revisions
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Old Hijazi is the underlying Language of the Qur'an, as revealed by investigation into the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT), the underlying consonantal skeleton (in Arabic, rasm رسم) of the Qur'an. This language differs markedly in pronunciation and grammar from the later classical Arabic that is imposed upon the text by modern day Muslims and scholars who follow the Muslim tradition of Quranic readings. | Old Hijazi is the underlying Language of the Qur'an, as revealed by investigation into the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT), the underlying consonantal skeleton (in Arabic, rasm رسم) of the Qur'an. This language differs markedly in pronunciation and grammar from the later classical Arabic that is imposed upon the text by modern day Muslims and scholars who follow the Muslim tradition of Quranic readings. | ||
==Introduction to the | ==Introduction to the Iʕrāb== | ||
In order to understand how the language of the QCT differs from the later classical Arabic it is now read in, it's important to understand the i'arab. | In order to understand how the language of the QCT differs from the later classical Arabic it is now read in, it's important to understand the i'arab. | ||
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===Final Yaa’=== | ===Final Yaa’=== | ||
In later Arabic, some words such as رأى and | In later Arabic, some words such as رأى and فتى are spelled with the letter “y”, “yaa’”, but pronounced with a long “a” sound. This letter, the so-called Alif Maqsurah, is not always represented as such in the QCT. In some cases, the sound is written out as a regular alif ا and in other cases it is written as would be later expected, with a yaa’ ى. The difference between these spellings is likely meaningful. The instances in which the yaa’ is spelled out likely had an original long e sound, whereas those written with an alif likely represented a pronounced long a. These sounds were later merged into a single long “a” realization. (Marijn van Putten Dissimilation of ē to ā in the Qurʾānic Consonantal Text). | ||
===The Hamzah=== | ===The Hamzah=== | ||
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== The Damascus Psalm Fragment == | == The Damascus Psalm Fragment == | ||
This document, dated to the third Islamic century, was discovered in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus in 1900. It includes a translation of a portion of “The Book of Psalms” of the bible (Psalm 77). This Arabic translation is written with Greek letters. The translation is literal with strict adherence to the syntax and wording of the original language*, which caused parts of it to sound awkward and hard to understand.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/43189829/Al_Jallad_2020_The_Damascus_Psalm_Fragment_Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_%E1%B8%A4ig%C4%81z%C4%AB_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment, 2020, p.46]|The phonology and morphology of the Psalm Fragment reflect the contemporary vernacular, while its syntax follows the Greek. }}The dialect of the Psalm Fragment has the following features: | This document, dated to the third Islamic century, was discovered in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus in 1900. It includes a translation of a portion of “The Book of Psalms” of the bible (Psalm 77). This Arabic translation is written with Greek letters. The translation is literal with strict adherence to the syntax and wording of the original language*, which caused parts of it to sound awkward and hard to understand.{{Quote|[https://www.academia.edu/43189829/Al_Jallad_2020_The_Damascus_Psalm_Fragment_Middle_Arabic_and_the_Legacy_of_Old_%E1%B8%A4ig%C4%81z%C4%AB_w_a_contribution_by_R_Vollandt Ahmad Al-Jallad, The Damascus Psalm Fragment, 2020, p.46]|The phonology and morphology of the Psalm Fragment reflect the contemporary vernacular, while its syntax follows the Greek. }}The dialect of the Psalm Fragment has the following features: | ||
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Ζηεδ [ziyēd], Μελεχ [mēlek], Αβδελεση [ʕabdelʕēṣī] | Ζηεδ [ziyēd], Μελεχ [mēlek], Αβδελεση [ʕabdelʕēṣī] | ||
'''<big>The text of the Damascus Psalm Fragment</big>''' | '''<big>The text of the Damascus Psalm Fragment</big>''' | ||
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Besides the loss of final short vowels and nunations, other features of these texts include: | Besides the loss of final short vowels and nunations, other features of these texts include: | ||
'''1- Frequent loss of Hamzah:''' | '''1- Frequent loss of Hamzah'''<ref>Blau and Hopkins, [https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160 Judaeo-Arabic Papyri], 1987, p.126</ref>''':''' | ||
Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic Papyri, 1987, p. | |||
<nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160</nowiki> | <nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/38210910/Joshua_Blau_and_Simon_Hopkins_Judaeo-Arabic_Papyri_Collected_Edited_Translated_and_Analysed_Jerusalem_Studies_in_Arabic_and_Islam_vol._9_1987_87-160</nowiki> | ||
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Note: The Hebrew letter א can be used to express the long vowel ā or a glottal stop. If the word for “the cloaks” was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written with two א : אלארדיה | Note: The Hebrew letter א can be used to express the long vowel ā or a glottal stop. If the word for “the cloaks” was pronounced with a glottal stop, it would have been written with two א : אלארדיה | ||
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The indefinite accusative is marked with ‘ā’ instead of classical Arabic “an” | |||
'''2- The indefinite accusative is marked with ‘ā’ instead of classical Arabic “an”'''<ref>Blau and Hopkins, Judaeo-Arabic Papyri, 1987, p. 149</ref>'''.''' | |||
וידא | וידא | ||
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Classical Arabic: waghadan | Classical Arabic: waghadan | ||
'''<br />3- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine is ‘h’ with no vowel after it as opposed to classical Arabic forms: hū/hī, hu/hi'''<ref>Ibid, p.151</ref>'''.''' | |||
The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine is ‘h’ with no vowel after it as opposed to classical Arabic forms: hū/hī, hu/hi. | |||
After consonants the pronoun is spelled as wh, to be pronounced uh or oh. And after vowels the pronoun is spelled h. | After consonants the pronoun is spelled as wh, to be pronounced uh or oh. And after vowels the pronoun is spelled h. | ||
ולדוה | ולדוה | ||
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'''4- The pronominal suffix of the 3<sup>rd</sup> person masculine plural takes only the “hum” form'''<ref>Ibid, p.152</ref>'''. As opposed to classical Arabic which has both “hum” and “him”.''' | |||
In the following example, the pronominal suffix should take the “him” form in accordance with classical Arabic rules. But it’s written as “hum”. | In the following example, the pronominal suffix should take the “him” form in accordance with classical Arabic rules. But it’s written as “hum”. | ||
עלא חאלתהום | עלא חאלתהום | ||
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Classical Arabic: ʕalā ḥālatihim | Classical Arabic: ʕalā ḥālatihim | ||
'''<br />5- Loss of verbal moods'''<ref>Ibid, p.155</ref>'''.''' | |||
Loss of verbal moods. | |||
יהרובו | יהרובו | ||
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Classical Arabic: yahrubūn | Classical Arabic: yahrubūn | ||
<references /> | |||