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| spouse = Āminah bint Wahb<br><i>Unknown</i> According to Sahih Muslim, Abdu’llah and Aminah are both in [[Hell]].

1. (Islam) infidel, Infidel, pagan, non-believer; a non-Muslim aside from ahl al-kitab (Christians, Jews, etc.). ...amic scriptures, "kafir" is the broadest, all encompassing category of non-Muslim, which includes all other sub-categories, such as ''mushrikun'', or polythe

...d]] is an ''Individual duty'' (فرض العين fard al-'ayn) for each and every Muslim or a community responsibility, or ''sufficiency duty'' (فرض الكفائ ...ity, the holy war is a religious duty, because of the universalism of the [Muslim] mission and [the obligation to] convert everybody to Islam either by persu

...tely rely upon local, limited resources. That they managed to hold off the Muslim advance for so long speaks to the enthusiastic resistance of the local popu ...of the Exarchate. While Romans barricaded themselves in coastal cities, a Muslim commander named Oqba led a raid along the coast that reached the Atlantic O

...ned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".<ref name="ibn Ishaq p364-369">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillau *{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}, {{muslim|19|4436}}

...e_of_peace/ "Jewish-Muslim Dialogue and the Value of Peace]", The American Muslim, July 19, 2007</ref><ref>Arsalan Iftikhar, [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/OPI ...ted from the other. Said [the latter], "I will surely kill you." Said [the former], "Indeed, Allah only accepts from the righteous [who fear Him]. If you sho

*Unknown *{{muslim|42|7149}}

...3 is to give the above '' partial '' quote of the verse and explain that a Muslim man ''may'' [[Marriage|marry]] up to [[Polygamy in Islamic Law|four women]] ...ot clear in its intended meaning. By doing this, they would contradict the Muslim belief that the Qur'an is a ''perfect literary masterpiece, that could not

...t material in the Islamic canon refers solely to this aspect of jihad. The former definition was highly influenced by Christian polemic against Islam, which ...med that this "inner Jihad" essentially refers to all the struggles that a Muslim may go through, in adhering to the religion. For example, a scholarly study

...least a large part of it (if not all) is considered to be a forgery by an unknown medieval scholar.'' </ref> ...ors such as Ibn Kathir linking this to a star hitting devils, noting early Muslim opinions on the matter: ''(By the star when it goes down.) Ibn Abi Najih re

...mic devotional phrase found in the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and widely used in the Muslim world and throughout Islamic history intended to affirm that [[Allah (God)| ...Five''', the sixth of them being their dog, making conjectures at what is unknown; '''and (others yet) say: Seven''', and the eighth of them is their dog. Sa

...practised.<ref>Ibid. p. 100</ref> In modern times an increasing number of Muslim activist groups and even fatwas have attempted to reduce the occurrence of {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|72|777}}; See also {{Muslim|2|495}}|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Alla

Even some non-Muslim historians have repeated this claim. ...words “middle-aged” and “elderly” ought to mean, we will consult the early Muslim sources and calculate the age of each wife on the day she married Muhammad.

...com/books/product.aspx?isbn=9780691032672 Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land] - Princeton University Press, pp. 125–126, ISBN 9780691032672< ...caused uproar among Romans. Every year in summer a procession foreign and unknown to locals was held. The Black Stone was placed on a chariot with reins atta

===In the Muslim world=== ...rcists) as a cure for jinn-possession is also extremely commonplace in the Muslim world and in many places constitutes a multi-million dollar industry. Exorc

...ni, Al-Mas'udi, and Al-Bukhari would disagree,<ref>Camilla Adang (1996), ''Muslim Writers on Judaism & the Hebrew Bible from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm'', Leiden ...y some as evidence, then it would appear that the Qur'an does charge some (unknown) people with writing a book without knowledge and claiming it is a revelati

...ons are treated, this would lead to the appearance of hundreds of hitherto unknown internal rhymes. Quranic recitation rules (Tajwīd تجويد ), as set out by Muslim scholars, state that during recitation one should avoid pausing at a non-pa

Artikel ini merupakan analisa terhadap apologetika muslim masa kini yang berusaha mengaburkan usia Aisha sesungguhnya saat dirinya pe Beberapa apologis muslim baru-baru ini mengatakan bahwa Aisha berusia lebih dari sembilan tahun kale

|Her family resisted the Muslim invasion of Mecca. Needing to appease the conqueror, they gave him the beau |Unknown, but probably in the last months of Muhammad's life.

A common interpretation advocated by Muslim scholars today is that this refers to a fringe Arab Christian sect known as ...although the verses would still be misleading as historical statements. {{Muslim|25|5326}} seeks to explain the coincidence based on alleged customary forms

|Her family resisted the Muslim invasion of Mecca. Needing to appease the conqueror, they gave him the beau |Unknown, but probably in the last months of Muhammad's life.

...even earths is also found in hadith collections of Sahih Al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and Tirmidhi: The former explanation (seven layers) would seem more accurate as all translations ref

...or=A. Guillaume|year=1955|location=Oxford|isbn=9780196360331}}; see also {{Muslim|31|5975}}.</ref> She is known to Muslims as ''al-Kubra'' (“the Great”)< ...was one of the many early Muslims who claimed his own age to be 120.<ref>{{Muslim|10|3662}}. See also {{Tabari|39|pp. 40, 43}}, where Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza

...or=A. Guillaume|year=1955|location=Oxford|isbn=9780196360331}}; see also {{Muslim|31|5975}}.</ref> She is known to Muslims as ''al-Kubra'' (“the Great”)< ...was one of the many early Muslims who claimed his own age to be 120.<ref>{{Muslim|10|3662}}. See also {{Tabari|39|pp. 40, 43}}, where Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza

...hurch as a "purely imaginative romance"), and the story today is virtually unknown among the Protestant churches. ...hop of Canterbury, where his teachings would go on to reflect those of his former Greek-Palestinian monastic community and showed knowledge of the Syriac chu

| subject = Islam, Muslim and <BR>Middle Eastern history ...kh al-Tabari''). It is a historical and religious chronicle written by the Muslim historian Ibn Jarir al-[[Tabari]] (838-923), beginning with the [[Islam|Isl

...prophecy about the end-times. Verses 86 and 90 are so controversial due to Muslim sensitivity to claims that they have Allah saying that the sun sets and ris ...ere matliAA might seem to be used in an idiom meaning the east is in Sahih Muslim:

...iya-al-qibtiyya-ever-a-wife-of-the-prophet-muhammad/| quote = }}</ref> The Muslim academic scholar Jonathan Brown has examined in detail the evidences cited ...It is a denial of history, not an interpretation of it. Aside from modern Muslim authors, there is simply no evidence that Mariya was not a slave woman of t

...c list of genocides, cultural genocides and acts of ethnic cleansing under Muslim regimes from the origin of Islam to present day. ...to Islam and retained their ancient religion and culture. The surrounding Muslim peoples used the name ''Kafir'', meaning "unbeliever" or "infidel," to des

...ic_Views_on_the_Shape_of_the_Earth#Greek_and_Indian_astronomical_knowledge|Muslim astronomers from the 9th century CE]] onwards, though Islamic texts express ...iven how often it was interpreted in terms of circularity or sphericity by Muslim scholars. He also considers as a possible hypothesis that both the ''falak'

...). Some academic scholars date the modern increase in anti-semitism in the Muslim world to the beginnings of the Arab-Israeli conflict, while others trace it ...ing argue that this content found in the hadith was only invented later by Muslim authorities as polemical material to employ against Jews and Judaism. Not a

...ing argue that this content found in the hadith was only invented later by Muslim authorities as polemical material to employ against Jews and Judaism. Not a ...books) that would enable it to take its antisemitism to new and previously unknown heights.

...years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.<br>{{Muslim|8|3310}}</ref><ref>Aisha said, "The Apostle of Allah married me when I was {{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3310}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Apostle (

...ropean colonial powers, slavery was eventually made illegal throughout the Muslim world in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is now considered forbidden in th ...le said, "There is no Zakat either on a horse or '''a slave belonging to a Muslim"'''}}

...urces, as this was clearly an important, even driving factor for the early Muslim movement. The [[hadith]] and [[sira]] portray Muhammad as a typical Arab ba ...nd a polytheist. A friend of the latter was making to help him against the Muslim, so I went up to him and struck off his hand, and he throttled me with the

...urces, as this was clearly an important, even driving factor for the early Muslim movement. The [[hadith]] and [[sira]] portray Muhammad as a typical Arab ba ...nd a polytheist. A friend of the latter was making to help him against the Muslim, so I went up to him and struck off his hand, and he throttled me with the

...t you with] peace." He answered, "[And upon you] peace, [you are] a people unknown.<BR /> 15:62 He said, "Indeed, you are people unknown."<BR />

...of Dhul-Qarnayn has become particularly problematic and controversial for Muslim scholars, as historical and archaeological evidence quite plainly reveal th ...Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah|Dhu'l-Qarnayn before me was a Muslim<BR />

{{quote|{{Muslim|4|2033}}| Abu Malik al-Ash'ari reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: {{Quote|{{Muslim|30|5653}}|Wathila b. al-Asqa' reported:

...tion of Muslims of 1.7 billion, this means that at least one in five (20%) Muslim women is mutilated. ...le Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia]</ref>). About one in eighty (1.28%) non-Muslim women are genitally mutilated world-wide. [[File:Fgmmuslimmap.jpg|alt=Wo

...circumvention. The literal translations presented here, referenced from a Muslim website, make this very clear. However, the majority of Qur'anic translatio ...ply: or this latter signifies “ he did him harm,” or “ mischief; ” and the former, he did him harm, or mischief, clandestinely. (MF, voce كاد.) See art. �

...al text (QCT) around 650 CE, large numbers of variants later documented by Muslim scholars were read by various companions of Muhammad, often differing in wh ...as he has reminded me of such-and-such Verses of such a Surah."}}{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1720}}|

...al text (QCT) around 650 CE, large numbers of variants later documented by Muslim scholars were read by various companions of Muhammad, often differing in wh ...as he has reminded me of such-and-such Verses of such a Surah."}}{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1720}}|

...lace for it (لِمُسْتَقَرٍّ لَّهَا). There are also [[sahih]] [[hadith]] ({{Muslim|1|297}}) that mention the sun's daily cycle using the same Arabic word to m ...irs/36.38 Tafsir ibn Kathir for 36:38]</ref> and which is favoured by many Muslim scholars today, was that this refers to the sun's final 'resting' on the la

...perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, wh ...t to consist either of gold, silver, or wares, but is only an exchange for Muslim captives.<BR><BR>

...perpetual subject of interest for Muslim scholars throughout the ages, and Muslim scholars have spent a great deal of time writing about how, when, where, wh ...t to consist either of gold, silver, or wares, but is only an exchange for Muslim captives.<BR><BR>

It is also worth noting that in {{Muslim|39|6707}}, Muhammad elaborates that mountains were created on the second da ...akes no sense to assume that the Quran is here alluding to some phenomenon unknown to humans, as this interpretation is permitted neither by rational discussi

...[[Jihad]], Arabic for struggle, a holy duty incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men to engage in armed struggle to expand the reach of Islam. Men who die " ...am was complete, and he followed. the apostle's commands. When he became a Muslim the Quraysh recognized that the apostle had become strong, and had found a

...[[Jihad]], Arabic for struggle, a holy duty incumbent upon all able-bodied Muslim men to engage in armed struggle to expand the reach of Islam. Men who die " ...am was complete, and he followed. the apostle's commands. When he became a Muslim the Quraysh recognized that the apostle had become strong, and had found a