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This article analyzes the apologetic claim that the [[Qur'an]] correctly asserts the earth is made of seven layers.  
This article analyzes the apologetic claim that the [[Qur'an]] correctly asserts that their are "seven earths".  


==Apologetic Claim==
==Apologetic Claims==


[[Apologists]] have come up with some extraordinary claims, including the claim that modern [[Islam and Science|science]] proves the Qur'an correct in asserting the earth is made of seven "layers".
{{Quote||"Allah is He Who Created seven firmaments and of the earth a similar number. Through the midst of them (all) descends His command: that ye may know that Allah has power over all things, and that Allah comprehends all things In (His) Knowledge. (The Noble Quran, 65:12)"  


{{Quote||"Allah is He Who Created seven firmaments and of the earth a similar number. Through the midst of them (all) descends His command: that ye may know that Allah has power over all things, and that Allah comprehends all things In (His) Knowledge. (The Noble Quran, 65:12)"  
According to Noble Verse 65:12 above, Allah Almighty created 7 Heavens for form the universe. The new scientific discovery had revealed to us that the earth that we currently live on today is also formed from seven layers. The very bottom layer contains most of the uranium and potonium ("sic") and all the materials that we need to create nuclear weapons and energy. Noble Verse 65:12 above does indeed say that the earth was created with seven layers. <BR>. . .<BR>
The Seven "Heavens" refers to the layers of our atmosphere.


According to Noble Verse 65:12 above, Allah Almighty created 7 Heavens for form the universe. The new scientific discovery had revealed to us that the earth that we currently live on today is also formed from seven layers. The very bottom layer contains most of the uranium and potonium ("sic") and all the materials that we need to create nuclear weapons and energy. Noble Verse 65:12 above does indeed say that the earth was created with seven layers.  
1. troposphere<BR>2. stratosphere<BR>3. ozone layer<BR>4. mesosphere<BR>5. thermosphere<BR>6. ionosphere<BR>7. exosphere


The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth  
The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth  


1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core}}
1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core
 
OR they could refer to the "7 Continents" (in the context that "al-ard" means ground)
 
1. North America<BR>2. South America<BR>3. Australia<BR>4. Asia<BR>5. Africa<BR>6. Antarctica<BR>7. Europe}}


==Analysis==
==Analysis==


===Seven Layers===
===Seven Layers of Earth's Atmosphere===
 
{{Quote||
The Seven "Heavens" refers to the layers of our atmosphere.
 
1. troposphere<BR>2. stratosphere<BR>3. ozone layer<BR>4. mesosphere<BR>5. thermosphere<BR>6. ionosphere<BR>7. exosphere}}
 
There is only one atmosphere, but you can classify this one atmosphere by different criteria.
If you partition it by temperature, you get 5 layers. By aerodynamical state 4 layers, by radiophysical state 3 layers and by chemical processes 2 layers. There is no classification into 7 layers.
 
To reach the needed "seven layers" different criteria are being mix to reach the desired number 7. For example, Earth's atmosphere is commonly divided into five main layers based on temperature. From highest to lowest, these layers are:
 
#Exosphere
#Thermosphere
#Mesosphere
#Stratosphere
#Troposphere
 
Within the five principal layers which are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties:
 
#Ozone layer
#Ionosphere
#Homosphere and heterosphere
#Planetary boundary layer
 
Apologists include all five principle layers in their count, then arbitrarily add the ozone layer (which is contained within the stratosphere) and the ionosphere (which forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere) to reach the desired number 7.
 
If two of the secondary layers are included in the total count, there is no logically viable reason to exclude the planetary boundary layer (the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface) or the homosphere and heterosphere (which are contained within all five principle layers).
 
===Seven Layers of the Earth===
 
{{Quote||The Seven "Earths" refer to the layers that literally make up the Earth


This article seeks to show the error of the claim that verse 65:12 shows the earth composed of seven layers. We note the same dishonest approach taken to assign seven layers of the atmosphere - i.e. the ''double counting of layers''.  
1. crust<BR>2. lithosphere<BR>3. upper mantle<BR>4. astenoshpere ("sic")<BR>5. lower mantle<BR>6. outer core<BR>7. inner core}}
 
Note the same dishonest approach taken to assign seven layers of the atmosphere - i.e. the ''double counting of layers''.  


The general scientific view is that the earth is composed of four or five major layers depending on whether one splits the mantle or not.<ref>Lisa Gardiner - [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/interior.html&edu=high Structure of the Interior of Earth] - Windows to the Universe, January 18, 2010</ref><ref>Eugene C. Robertson - [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/ The Interior of the Earth] - U.S. Geological Survey, May 21, 2007</ref><ref>Maggi Glasscoe - [http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate1.htm Structure of the Earth] - Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), August 14, 1998</ref>  
The general scientific view is that the earth is composed of four or five major layers depending on whether one splits the mantle or not.<ref>Lisa Gardiner - [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Interior_Structure/interior.html&edu=high Structure of the Interior of Earth] - Windows to the Universe, January 18, 2010</ref><ref>Eugene C. Robertson - [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/ The Interior of the Earth] - U.S. Geological Survey, May 21, 2007</ref><ref>Maggi Glasscoe - [http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate1.htm Structure of the Earth] - Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), August 14, 1998</ref>  
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From the evidence above, one can see the apologetic deceit because they double-count the lithosphere/asthenosphere while they also count the crust and upper mantle. Note that this is dishonest because these are alternative classifications. One cannot honestly count all lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust, and upper mantle together as one would be recounting the same rocks.  
From the evidence above, one can see the apologetic deceit because they double-count the lithosphere/asthenosphere while they also count the crust and upper mantle. Note that this is dishonest because these are alternative classifications. One cannot honestly count all lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust, and upper mantle together as one would be recounting the same rocks.  


Recently new scientific hypotheses proposed by J. Marvin Herndon and Prof Xiaodong Song suggest the inner core may be further subdivided into four layers; the inner core, the innermost core, a sub-shell of fission material and decay products, and a subcore of uranium and plutonium forming the georeactor.<ref>D. F. Hollenbach, and J. M. Herndon - [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field] - PNAS 2001 vol. 98 no. 20 pp 11085-11090</ref> If this new theory is accepted the number of layers of the earth rises to eight.
Recently new scientific hypotheses proposed by J. Marvin Herndon and Prof Xiaodong Song suggest the inner core may be further subdivided into four layers; the inner core, the innermost core, a sub-shell of fission material and decay products, and a subcore of uranium and plutonium forming the georeactor.<ref>D. F. Hollenbach, and J. M. Herndon - [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field] - PNAS 2001 vol. 98 no. 20 pp 11085-11090</ref> If this new theory is accepted the number of layers of the earth rises from five to eight.


==Related Arguments==
===Seven Continents of the Earth===
 
===Seven Continents===


The same apologists try to hedge their bets by claiming it is either seven layers or seven continents.
The same apologists try to hedge their bets by claiming it is either seven layers or seven continents.
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{{Quote||OR they could refer to the "7 Continents" (in the context that "al-ard" means ground)<BR>1. North America<BR>2. South America<BR>3. Australia<BR>4. Asia<BR>5. Africa<BR>6. Antarctica<BR>7. Europe}}
{{Quote||OR they could refer to the "7 Continents" (in the context that "al-ard" means ground)<BR>1. North America<BR>2. South America<BR>3. Australia<BR>4. Asia<BR>5. Africa<BR>6. Antarctica<BR>7. Europe}}


We suggest the former explanation (seven layers) is more accurate as all translations we have read refer to "earth" and not ground. Nevertheless, although the number of continents is traditionally considered seven, some geographers and scientists think there are only six as Europe and Asia are technically a single land mass (i.e. Eurasia) and on the same tectonic plate.<ref>Matt Rosenberg - [http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blcont.htm Continents] - About.com</ref> Therefore, we suggest the traditional number of seven continents is more a cultural bias than an actual geographical/geological fact.
The former explanation (seven layers) would seem more accurate as all translations refer to "earth" and not ground. Nevertheless, although the number of continents is traditionally considered seven, some geographers and scientists think there are only six as [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] are technically a single land mass (i.e. Eurasia) and on the same tectonic plate.<ref>Matt Rosenberg - [http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blcont.htm Continents] - About.com</ref> Therefore, the traditional number of seven continents is more a cultural bias than an actual geographical/geological fact.


===Seven Earths===
===Seven Earths===
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Hector]]
[[Category:Hector]]
[[ru:Семь слоев Земли]]
[[ru:Семь слоев Земли]]
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