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'''Abrogace''' ([[Abrogace| | '''Abrogace''' ([[Abrogace|Nasch]]) znamená, že jeden [[Korán|Koránový]] verš nahrazuje jiný. Tento princip je podpořen verši Koránu a různými [[hadísy]]. | ||
==Úvod== | ==Úvod== | ||
Pochopení nutnosti | Pochopení nutnosti Nasch je důležité pro pochopení [[Islám|islámu]] a jeho teologie. Korán byl údajně zjeven andělem [[Gabriel|Džibrílem]] proroku [[Mohamed|Mohamedovi]] během dvaceti třech let.<ref>''Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths,'' Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers, </ref><ref>{{Quran|17|106}}</ref> Během těch let se mnoho změnilo v jeho osobním a soukromém životě. | ||
Mohamed začal jako kazatel a skončil jako zakladatel a vládce prvního islámského státu, takže není překvapující, že styl a obsah [[:Category:Medínské súry|pozdějších Medínských]] Koránových zjevení se změnily a často byly v rozporu s [[:Category:Mekkánské súry|dřívějšími Mekkánskými]]. | Mohamed začal jako kazatel a skončil jako zakladatel a vládce prvního islámského státu, takže není překvapující, že styl a obsah [[:Category:Medínské súry|pozdějších Medínských]] Koránových zjevení se změnily a často byly v rozporu s [[:Category:Mekkánské súry|dřívějšími Mekkánskými]]. | ||
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Dnešní Korán, který nemá chronologicky uspořádané verše, může podporovat mnoho úhlů pohledu na různá témata, a když je přečten celý, mnoho [[súra|súr]] se vzájemně vyvrací. Proto sám Mohamed (skrze Koránové [[Zjevení|zjevení]]) přišel s tímto konceptem v islámu. | Dnešní Korán, který nemá chronologicky uspořádané verše, může podporovat mnoho úhlů pohledu na různá témata, a když je přečten celý, mnoho [[súra|súr]] se vzájemně vyvrací. Proto sám Mohamed (skrze Koránové [[Zjevení|zjevení]]) přišel s tímto konceptem v islámu. | ||
Za časů [[Chalífát|chalífátu]], některým učencům (obzvláště jednomu kazateli z Kufy, [[Irák]]) bylo zakázáno vysvětlovat a kázat Korán dle dřívějších islámských autorit (obvykle 'Alī, ale někdy také Ibn 'Abbās) kvůli jejich neznalosti principů | Za časů [[Chalífát|chalífátu]], některým učencům (obzvláště jednomu kazateli z Kufy, [[Irák]]) bylo zakázáno vysvětlovat a kázat Korán dle dřívějších islámských autorit (obvykle 'Alī, ale někdy také Ibn 'Abbās) kvůli jejich neznalosti principů nasch.<ref>Powers, ''The Exegetical Genre nāsikh al-Qur'ān wa mansūkhuhu'', ISBN 0-19-826546-8, p. 124</ref><ref>Andrew Rippin, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' 47, ISSN 0041-977X, pp. 26, 38</ref> | ||
Někteří trdí, že tato doktrína neexistuje nebo není součástí mainstreamového islámu. Nicméně, pokud se podíváme na [[Chronologické pořadí Koránu|chronologické pořadí]] zjevení, je to nepopiratelné. Navíc, muslimové se drží této doktríny každý den, zákazem pití [[Alkohol|alkoholu]]. | Někteří trdí, že tato doktrína neexistuje nebo není součástí mainstreamového islámu. Nicméně, pokud se podíváme na [[Chronologické pořadí Koránu|chronologické pořadí]] zjevení, je to nepopiratelné. Navíc, muslimové se drží této doktríny každý den, zákazem pití [[Alkohol|alkoholu]]. | ||
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===Verš 2:106=== | ===Verš 2:106=== | ||
{{Quote|1=[http://islamawakened.org/quran/2/106/default.htm | {{Quote|1=[http://islamawakened.org/quran/2/106/default.htm Korán Text/Transliteration 2:106] |2='''Arabsky:'''<font size="4">مَا نَنسَخْ مِنْ آيَةٍ أَوْ نُنسِهَا نَأْتِ بِخَيْرٍ مِّنْهَا أَوْ مِثْلِهَا أَلَمْ تَعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ </font> | ||
'''Transliterace:''' ''Ma nansakh min ayatin aw nunsiha na/ti bikhayrin minha aw mithliha alam taaalam anna Allaha aala kulli shay-in qadeerun'' | '''Transliterace:''' ''Ma nansakh min ayatin aw nunsiha na/ti bikhayrin minha aw mithliha alam taaalam anna Allaha aala kulli shay-in qadeerun'' | ||
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====Význam verše 2:106==== | ====Význam verše 2:106==== | ||
{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=2938 The Meaning of | {{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=2938 The Meaning of Nasch]<BR>Tafsir ibn Kathir|2='''Význam Nasch''' | ||
Ibn Abi Talhah řekl, že Ibn `Abbas řekl, že, | Ibn Abi Talhah řekl, že Ibn `Abbas řekl, že, | ||
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(Jakýkoliv verš (zjevení) Nansakh) znamená, "Jakýkoliv verš smažeme.'' Také, Ibn Abi Najih řekl, že Mujahid řekl, že | (Jakýkoliv verš (zjevení) Nansakh) znamená, "Jakýkoliv verš smažeme.'' Také, Ibn Abi Najih řekl, že Mujahid řekl, že | ||
(Jakékoliv (zjevení) Nansakh) znamená, "We keep the words, but change the meaning.'' He related these words to the companions of `Abdullah bin Mas`ud. Ibn Abi Hatim said that similar statements were mentioned by Abu Al-`Aliyah and | (Jakékoliv (zjevení) Nansakh) znamená, "We keep the words, but change the meaning.'' He related these words to the companions of `Abdullah bin Mas`ud. Ibn Abi Hatim said that similar statements were mentioned by Abu Al-`Aliyah and Mohamed bin Ka`b Al-Qurazi. Also As-Suddi said that, | ||
(Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "We erase it.'' Further, Ibn Abi Hatim said that it means, "Erase and raise it, such as erasing the following wordings (from the | (Whatever a verse (revelation) do Nansakh) means, "We erase it.'' Further, Ibn Abi Hatim said that it means, "Erase and raise it, such as erasing the following wordings (from the Korán), `The married adulterer and the married adulteress: stone them to death,' and, `If the son of Adam had two valleys of gold, he would seek a third.''' | ||
Ibn Jarir stated that, | Ibn Jarir stated that, | ||
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===Sahíh Buchárí=== | ===Sahíh Buchárí=== | ||
The following [[sahih]] narration indicates their are many verses in the | The following [[sahih]] narration indicates their are many verses in the Korán that have been abrogated, but all of them had to be included. | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|53}}|I said to 'Uthman bin 'Affan (while he was collecting the | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|53}}|I said to 'Uthman bin 'Affan (while he was collecting the Korán) regarding the Verse:-- "Those of you who die and leave wives ..." (2.240) "'''This Verse was abrogated''' by an other Verse. So why should you write it? (Or leave it in the Korán)?" 'Uthman said. "O son of my brother! I will not shift anything of it from its place."}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|33}}|They had a choice, either fast or feed a poor for every day.." and added, "This Verse is '''abrogated'''."}} | {{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|33}}|They had a choice, either fast or feed a poor for every day.." and added, "This Verse is '''abrogated'''."}} | ||
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===Sahíh Muslim=== | ===Sahíh Muslim=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|003|0675}}|The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) abrogated some of his commands by others, '''just as the | {{Quote|{{Muslim|003|0675}}|The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) abrogated some of his commands by others, '''just as the Korán abrogates''' some part with the other.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1317}}|Al-Bara' b. 'Azib reported: This verse was revealed (in this way): "Guard the prayers and the 'Asr prayer." We recited it (in this very way) so long as Allah desired. Allah, then, abrogated it and it was revealed: "Guard the prayers, and the middle prayer." A person who was sitting with Shaqiq (one of the narrators in the chain of transmitters) said: Now it implies the 'Asr prayer. Upon this al-Bara' said: I have already informed you how this (verse) was revealed and how '''Allah abrogated it''', and Allah knows best. Imam Muslim said: Ashja'i narrated it from Sufyan al-Thauri, who narrated it from al-Aswad b. Qais, who narrated it from 'Uqba, who narrated it from al-Bara' b. 'Azib who said: We recited with the Prophet (may peace be upon him) (the above-mentioned verse like this, i. e. instead of Salat al- Wusta, Salat al-'Asr) for a certain period, as it has been mentioned (in the above-quoted hadith).}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|4|1317}}|Al-Bara' b. 'Azib reported: This verse was revealed (in this way): "Guard the prayers and the 'Asr prayer." We recited it (in this very way) so long as Allah desired. Allah, then, abrogated it and it was revealed: "Guard the prayers, and the middle prayer." A person who was sitting with Shaqiq (one of the narrators in the chain of transmitters) said: Now it implies the 'Asr prayer. Upon this al-Bara' said: I have already informed you how this (verse) was revealed and how '''Allah abrogated it''', and Allah knows best. Imam Muslim said: Ashja'i narrated it from Sufyan al-Thauri, who narrated it from al-Aswad b. Qais, who narrated it from 'Uqba, who narrated it from al-Bara' b. 'Azib who said: We recited with the Prophet (may peace be upon him) (the above-mentioned verse like this, i. e. instead of Salat al- Wusta, Salat al-'Asr) for a certain period, as it has been mentioned (in the above-quoted hadith).}} | ||
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===Abu Dawud=== | ===Abu Dawud=== | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|5|1299}}|In Surat al-Muzzammil (73), the verse: "Keep vigil at night but a little, a half thereof" (2-3) '''has been abrogated''' by the following verse: "He knoweth that ye count it not, and turneth unto you in mercy. Recite then of the | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|5|1299}}|In Surat al-Muzzammil (73), the verse: "Keep vigil at night but a little, a half thereof" (2-3) '''has been abrogated''' by the following verse: "He knoweth that ye count it not, and turneth unto you in mercy. Recite then of the Korán that which is easy for you" (v.20). The phrase "the vigil of the night" (nashi'at al-layl) means the early hours of the night. They (the companions) would pray (the tahajjud prayer) in the early hours of the night.}} | ||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|1|1300}}|Ibn ‘Abbas said: When the opening verses of Surah asl-muzzammil (lxxiii.), were revealed, the Companions would pray as long as they would pray during Ramadan '''until its last verses were revealed'''.}} | {{Quote|{{Abudawud|1|1300}}|Ibn ‘Abbas said: When the opening verses of Surah asl-muzzammil (lxxiii.), were revealed, the Companions would pray as long as they would pray during Ramadan '''until its last verses were revealed'''.}} | ||
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===Al Muwatta=== | ===Al Muwatta=== | ||
Neither the abrogating nor the abrogated verses on suckling appear in the text of the | Neither the abrogating nor the abrogated verses on suckling appear in the text of the Korán today. This, along with the Koránic [[Stoning|verse of rajm]] (stoning), were written on a piece of paper and were reportedly lost when a goat [[Korán, Hadith and Scholars:Stoning|ate them]].<ref>Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal. vol. 6. page 269; Sunan Ibn Majah, page 626; Ibn Qutbah, Tawil Mukhtalafi 'l-Hadith (Cairo: Maktaba al-Kulliyat al-Azhariyya. 1966) page 310; As-Suyuti, ad-Durru 'l-Manthur, vol. 2. page 13</ref> | ||
{{Quote|{{Muwatta|30|3|17}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Hazm from Amra bint Abd ar-Rahman that A'isha, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Amongst what was sent down of the | {{Quote|{{Muwatta|30|3|17}}|Yahya related to me from Malik from Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Hazm from Amra bint Abd ar-Rahman that A'isha, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Amongst what was sent down of the Korán was 'ten known sucklings make haram' - '''then it was abrogated''' by 'five known sucklings'. When the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, died, it was what is now recited of the Korán." | ||
Yahya said that Malik said, "One does not act on this."}} | Yahya said that Malik said, "One does not act on this."}} | ||
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{{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1942|It was narrated that 'Aishah said: | {{Quote|Ibn Majah Vol. 3, Book 9, Hadith 1942|It was narrated that 'Aishah said: | ||
“Once of the things that '''Allah revealed in the the | “Once of the things that '''Allah revealed in the the Korán and then abrogated''' was that nothing makes marriage prohibited except ten breastfeedings or five well-known (breastfeedings).” (Sahih)}} | ||
==Učenci== | ==Učenci== | ||
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Podle Aliho, čtvrteého Správně-vedeného chalífy, znalost rozdílu mezi rušícími a zrušenými verši tě zachrání před zkázou. | Podle Aliho, čtvrteého Správně-vedeného chalífy, znalost rozdílu mezi rušícími a zrušenými verši tě zachrání před zkázou. | ||
{{Quote||Ali ['Ali ibn Abi Talib] řekl Abdul Rahmanovi “umíš rozlišit mezi rušícími a zrušenými verši” Abdul Rahman řekl: “ne.” Na to řekl Ali “Jsi zatracen a způsobuješ zatracení druhým.”<ref>''Annasikh-wal-Mansukh'', od Abul Qasim, publikován u Hindia Press, Cairo, p. 6. Podobné rčení lze naleznout v ''An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh ''(rušící & zrušený), od Abu Ja'afar An-Nah'has, Beirut, 2003, p. 9, a ''Nawasikh Al- | {{Quote||Ali ['Ali ibn Abi Talib] řekl Abdul Rahmanovi “umíš rozlišit mezi rušícími a zrušenými verši” Abdul Rahman řekl: “ne.” Na to řekl Ali “Jsi zatracen a způsobuješ zatracení druhým.”<ref>''Annasikh-wal-Mansukh'', od Abul Qasim, publikován u Hindia Press, Cairo, p. 6. Podobné rčení lze naleznout v ''An-Nasikh -wal- Mansukh ''(rušící & zrušený), od Abu Ja'afar An-Nah'has, Beirut, 2003, p. 9, a ''Nawasikh Al-Korán'' (Abrogace Koránu), od Ibn Al-Jauzy, Beirut 2002, p. 24, a ''Al-Itqan Fi Ulum Al Korán'' od Al-Suyuti, II, p. 700.</ref>}} | ||
{{Quote|| | {{Quote|| | ||
"Přestože Mohamedovi společníci diskutovali o | "Přestože Mohamedovi společníci diskutovali o nasch, a i když se neshodli na abrogaci určitého verše, odkazování se na generaci Společníků v literatuře nasch je relativně vzácné. | ||
'''Ibn Salama, al-Nasikh wa ‘l-mansukh (Cairo 1315/1899), 142-3, kde `Ali a Ibn ‘Abbas nesouhlasí o abrogaci Koránu 4:94; `Ali trval na tom, že tento verš byl zrušen Koránem 4:115 a 4:48, zatímco Ibn ‘Abbas trval na tom, že to zůstává muhkama.'''<ref name="A.Rippin">(referenced by A.Rippin) [http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/abrogation-and-the-koran/ Abrogation and the Koran] - David Bukay, School of Political Science, The University of Haifa</ref>}} | '''Ibn Salama, al-Nasikh wa ‘l-mansukh (Cairo 1315/1899), 142-3, kde `Ali a Ibn ‘Abbas nesouhlasí o abrogaci Koránu 4:94; `Ali trval na tom, že tento verš byl zrušen Koránem 4:115 a 4:48, zatímco Ibn ‘Abbas trval na tom, že to zůstává muhkama.'''<ref name="A.Rippin">(referenced by A.Rippin) [http://www.politicalislam.com/blog/abrogation-and-the-koran/ Abrogation and the Koran] - David Bukay, School of Political Science, The University of Haifa</ref>}} | ||
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At the other extreme were those scholars who maintained that any narrative, positive command, or prohibition in the Qur’an may be abrogated." ("Al-Nahhas, pp. 2-3")<ref name="A.Rippin"></ref>}} | At the other extreme were those scholars who maintained that any narrative, positive command, or prohibition in the Qur’an may be abrogated." ("Al-Nahhas, pp. 2-3")<ref name="A.Rippin"></ref>}} | ||
According to Ibn Salma , those who reject abrogation have deviated from the truth. Once again, its improtant to note at the time of the caliphate, some scholars (particularly a preacher from Kufa, Iraq) were banned from explaining and preaching the Qur'ān by early 'ilmic authority figures because of their ignorance of the principles of | According to Ibn Salma , those who reject abrogation have deviated from the truth. Once again, its improtant to note at the time of the caliphate, some scholars (particularly a preacher from Kufa, Iraq) were banned from explaining and preaching the Qur'ān by early 'ilmic authority figures because of their ignorance of the principles of nasch. | ||
===Modern Scholars=== | ===Modern Scholars=== | ||
{{Quote|[http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/in/it1/Abrogation_Hadith.txt Abrogation and Hadith]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, living islam, December 23, 2008| | {{Quote|[http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/ez/in/it1/Abrogation_Hadith.txt Abrogation and Hadith]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, living islam, December 23, 2008|Nasch is a fact since Allah Most High said "We do not erase (nansakh) any aya or cause it to be forgotten (nunsiha) but bring a better one or the like of it" (2:106). | ||
Second, the mutual abrogability of the | Second, the mutual abrogability of the Korán and the Sunna (i) is rationally possible - since the Korán describes the Sunna as revealed as well: "Nor does he speak of his own desire" (53:3) - and | ||
(ii) occurs in the Law, as per the abrogation of the verse of bequest (2:180) by the mass-transmitted hadith "There is no bequest for anyone who stands to inherit." | (ii) occurs in the Law, as per the abrogation of the verse of bequest (2:180) by the mass-transmitted hadith "There is no bequest for anyone who stands to inherit." | ||
Imam al-Shafi`i famously dissented with the massive majority of the Scholars when he said that only the | Imam al-Shafi`i famously dissented with the massive majority of the Scholars when he said that only the Korán abrogates the Korán and only the Sunna abrogates the Sunna, but his School did not follow him in this cf. Imam al-Haramayn in Mughith al-Khalq and the contemporary Shaykh Hasan Hitu in al-Wajiz fi Usul al-Tashri` al-Islami, both staunch Shafi`is. | ||
We should be aware that in recent times the tendency has been toward minimalism, much of it a reaction to Orientalist and other attempts to construe | We should be aware that in recent times the tendency has been toward minimalism, much of it a reaction to Orientalist and other attempts to construe nasch as a literary rewrite invalidating Divine origin, some Muslim revisionists even forwarding the view that there is no | ||
abrogation in the | abrogation in the Korán. However, of the 60-odd teatises written on abrogation there is no precedent for such an extreme view. The number of cases hovers around 200, peaking at 247 with Ibn al-Jawzi, 214 with Ibn Hazm and 213 with Hibat Allah ibn Salama while falling to 134 with al-Nahhas and only 66 with `Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi. | ||
The Mu`tazili grammarian and author of the | The Mu`tazili grammarian and author of the Koránic commentary Jami` al-Ta'wil li-Muhkam al-Tanzil, Abu Muslim al-Asfahani (254-322), was reputed to have denied intra-Koránic nasch altogether. Al-Razi and al-Shawkani refuted him in al-Mahsul and Irshad al-Fusul respectively, but others (such as Ibn Daqiq al-`Id and the contemporary scholar `Ali Hasabullah) justified his stance as a difference in terminology only (khilaf lafzi) - due, for example, to interpreting the word aya as "(super)natural sign" or "previous Scriptures" rather than "Koránic verse," or a reconsideration of purported abrogation to be mere specification (ikhtisas). Hence al-Qarafi's rebuttal, when al-Razi questioned the claim of consensus on the existence of abrogation: "Agreement has indeed formed over meaning; difference is only over naming."}} | ||
==Misinformation Spread by Apologists== | ==Misinformation Spread by Apologists== | ||
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Prior to the revelation of these verses, there were [[Intoxicants and Recreational Games|no prohibitions]] against intoxicants and games of chance. So when is the last time you have heard Muslims claiming drinking alcohol and gambling is permitted in Islam today? | Prior to the revelation of these verses, there were [[Intoxicants and Recreational Games|no prohibitions]] against intoxicants and games of chance. So when is the last time you have heard Muslims claiming drinking alcohol and gambling is permitted in Islam today? | ||
===Abrogation Exists Only Between the | ===Abrogation Exists Only Between the Korán and Previous Scriptures=== | ||
Many modern apologists assert that abrogation does not exist within the | Many modern apologists assert that abrogation does not exist within the Korán itself, but that the abrogation mentioned in {{Quran|2|106}} and {{Quran|16|101}} refers to the Korán replacing directives given in the [[Taurat]] and [[Injil]]. | ||
Although this understanding has already been shown to be in error by Ibn Kathir's commentary [[#Meaning of Verse 2:106|here]], let us take a look at these verses in context. | Although this understanding has already been shown to be in error by Ibn Kathir's commentary [[#Meaning of Verse 2:106|here]], let us take a look at these verses in context. | ||
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(As for) those who do not believe in Allah's communications, surely Allah will not guide them, and they shall have a painful punishment.}} | (As for) those who do not believe in Allah's communications, surely Allah will not guide them, and they shall have a painful punishment.}} | ||
According to Islam, the Book of Musa was revealed from Allah to Moses (not via the | According to Islam, the Book of Musa was revealed from Allah to Moses (not via the Korán's “Holy Spirit” which is Jibreel, an Angel). The Gospels which the Korán talks about were written by people who were there, or revealed in visions from Allah etc. Again no angels were involved with the revelation of the previous scriptures. So verse 16:101 is clearly talking about Mohamed and the revelation of the Korán after talking about abrogation. | ||
{{Quote|{{cite quran|2|105|end=108|style=ref}} |Those who disbelieve from among the followers of the Book do not like, nor do the polytheists, that the good should be sent down to you from your Lord, and Allah chooses especially whom He pleases for His mercy, and Allah is the Lord of mighty grace. | {{Quote|{{cite quran|2|105|end=108|style=ref}} |Those who disbelieve from among the followers of the Book do not like, nor do the polytheists, that the good should be sent down to you from your Lord, and Allah chooses especially whom He pleases for His mercy, and Allah is the Lord of mighty grace. | ||
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'''Rather you wish to put questions ''to your Messenger''''', as Musa was questioned before; and whoever adopts unbelief instead of faith, he indeed has lost the right direction of the way.}} | '''Rather you wish to put questions ''to your Messenger''''', as Musa was questioned before; and whoever adopts unbelief instead of faith, he indeed has lost the right direction of the way.}} | ||
Verse 2:106 in context is clearly talking about those who questioned | Verse 2:106 in context is clearly talking about those who questioned Mohamed about his contradictions, hence the revelation regarding “abrogation”. This has nothing to do with the “previous scriptures” either. So far its abrogation within the Korán itself. | ||
Looking at verse 2:136, Allah says there is no distinction between the previous messages. | Looking at verse 2:136, Allah says there is no distinction between the previous messages. | ||
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==Příklady abrogace== | ==Příklady abrogace== | ||
{{main|List of Abrogations in the | {{main|List of Abrogations in the Korán}} | ||
===Let there be no compulsion in religion=== | ===Let there be no compulsion in religion=== | ||
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{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=4985 The Command to fight Those Who fight Muslims and killing Them wherever They are found]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you,) | {{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=4985 The Command to fight Those Who fight Muslims and killing Them wherever They are found]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you,) | ||
Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "This was the first Ayah about fighting that was revealed in Al-Madinah. Ever since it was revealed, Allah's Messenger '''used to''' fight only those who fought him and avoid non-combatants. Later, Surat Bara'ah (chapter 9 in the | Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "This was the first Ayah about fighting that was revealed in Al-Madinah. Ever since it was revealed, Allah's Messenger '''used to''' fight only those who fought him and avoid non-combatants. Later, Surat Bara'ah (chapter 9 in the Korán) was revealed." `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said similarly, then he said that this was later '''abrogated by the Ayah'''}} | ||
==Závěr== | ==Závěr== | ||
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===Súra Tawbah je poslední súrou Koránu=== | ===Súra Tawbah je poslední súrou Koránu=== | ||
'''Al Taubah''' (Pokání) je považována za [[The Ultimate Message of the | '''Al Taubah''' (Pokání) je považována za [[The Ultimate Message of the Korán|závěrečné slovo]] Aláhovo. Zároveň je to nejagrasivnější kapitola celého Koránu. | ||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|11|3941}}|Abu Ishaq řekl, že slyšel al-Bara' b 'Azib říct: Poslední celou zjevenou súrou je (ve svatém Koránu) je Sura tauba (aka al-Bara'at, ix.), a posledním zjeveným veršem je ten týkající se '''Kalala'''.}} | {{Quote|{{Muslim|11|3941}}|Abu Ishaq řekl, že slyšel al-Bara' b 'Azib říct: Poslední celou zjevenou súrou je (ve svatém Koránu) je Sura tauba (aka al-Bara'at, ix.), a posledním zjeveným veršem je ten týkající se '''Kalala'''.}} | ||