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Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence): Difference between revisions
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[[Islam|Islamic]] jurisprudence, or '''Fiqh''' (فقه), is the activity [[Madh'hab|Islamic jurists]] engage in as they elaborate the [[Shari'ah]], or "[[Islamic Law|God's | [[Islam|Islamic]] jurisprudence, or '''Fiqh''' (فقه), is the activity [[Madh'hab|Islamic jurists]] engage in as they elaborate the [[Shari'ah]], or "[[Islamic Law|Islamic law]]"/"God's Law", based directly on the [[Qur'an]] and [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] [[Sunnah]] or "way", as compiled in the [[hadiths]]. Fiqh can be described as "the human understanding of the divine laws of God as [[Revelation|revealed]] to Muhammad". | ||
Fiqh comprises both its methodologies (as detailed by the four [[Sunni]] [[Madhab|madhabs]], or two/three [[Shi'ite]] madhabs) and its products, which are the rulings, or [[Fatwa|fatwas]], arrived at by jurists. Broadly speaking, all jurisprudence methods and rulings must not introduce anything new to or remove anything from the Islamic scriptures, as this is considered religious innovation, or [[bid'ah]], and is categorically prohibited. | Fiqh comprises both its methodologies (as detailed by the four [[Sunni]] [[Madhab|madhabs]], or two/three [[Shi'ite]] madhabs) and its products, which are the rulings, or [[Fatwa|fatwas]], arrived at by jurists. Broadly speaking, all jurisprudence methods and rulings must not introduce anything new to or remove anything from the Islamic scriptures, as this is considered religious innovation, or [[bid'ah]], and is categorically prohibited. | ||
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''Mujtahid'' - a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence considered sufficiently competent in the field to be able to engage in ijtihad. | ''Mujtahid'' - a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence considered sufficiently competent in the field to be able to engage in ijtihad. | ||
=== Ahkam === | |||
There are, generally, "five rulings" (الأحكام الخمسة, or ''al-aḥkām al-khamsa'') that any action can be categorized under according to the theory of Fiqh: | |||
''[[Fard]]'' (or ''wajib'') - actions which are obligatory | |||
''Mustahab'' (or ''mandub)'' - actions which are preferred and advisable | |||
''Mubah'' - actions which are neutral in the eyes of God and which incur no judgement from him | |||
''Makruh'' - actions which are disliked and reprehensible, but are not considered sins (avoiding them, however, is supposed to earn one "good deeds") | |||
''Haram'' (or ''mahzur'') - actions which are forbidden absolutely and which incur sin | |||
==Development== | ==Development== | ||