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The Delhi sultanate started out as a rogue principality in northern India ruled by the Turkic slave-generals who had first conquered the region for Ghurid Dynasty a few years before. Eventually, this principality would claim independence and accelerate the soon-to-come death of the Ghurid Dynasty. Following this independence, the Delhi Sultanate would formally be founded in 1206 (under the Mamluk Slave Dynasty), only to be replaced by the Khilji Dynasty in 1290, the Tughlaq Dynasty in 1320, the Sayyid Dynasty in 1414, and the Lodi Dynasty in 1451. | The Delhi sultanate started out as a rogue principality in northern India ruled by the Turkic slave-generals who had first conquered the region for Ghurid Dynasty a few years before. Eventually, this principality would claim independence and accelerate the soon-to-come death of the Ghurid Dynasty. Following this independence, the Delhi Sultanate would formally be founded in 1206 (under the Mamluk Slave Dynasty), only to be replaced by the Khilji Dynasty in 1290, the Tughlaq Dynasty in 1320, the Sayyid Dynasty in 1414, and the Lodi Dynasty in 1451. | ||
Under Khalji and Tughlaq rule, the Delhi Sultanate would expand through almost all of southern India, save a chunk of East of India and the southern coastline.This peak period in the 14th century was followed by gradual decline as Hindu reconquests increased and as competing Muslim sultanates broke off from the Delhi Sultanate. Finally, in 1526, the Delhi Sultanate was conquered by the Mughal | Under Khalji and Tughlaq rule, the Delhi Sultanate would expand through almost all of southern India, save a chunk of East of India and the southern coastline.This peak period in the 14th century was followed by gradual decline as Hindu reconquests increased and as competing Muslim sultanates broke off from the Delhi Sultanate. Finally, in 1526, the Delhi Sultanate was conquered by the Mughal empire. | ||
====Mughal Empire==== | ====Mughal Empire (1526-1857)==== | ||
The Mughal empire (also known to refer to itself as ''Gurkani'') is storied to have been founded by a warrior chieftan by the name of Babur in 1526 who employed the help of the Ottoman and Safavid empires to conquer what had, until then, been the Delhi Sultanate. Babur was a descendant of the Turco-Mongol Timur on the side of his father, and a descendant of Ghengis Khan on the side of his mother. Indeed, the very word "Mughal" is a bastardization of the word "Mongol". | |||
Following brief instability, from 1556 to 1605, the Mughal empire was ruled by Akbar, who was responsible for conquering almost all of India and for modernizing the empire's adminstration. Akbar was even more famous for his tolerant domestic policy whereby, despite his Islamic faith, he did not [[Dhimmitude|prosecute or diminish]] non-Muslim and especially pagan subjects such as the Hindus. Akbar was so fundamentally cosmopolitan, in fact, that he started his own religion by merging favorable elements of several religions, including Hinduism and Islam, to produce a syncretic religion which he dubbed ''Din-e-ilahi'', or "Divine Faith", which epitomized tolerance and whose hallmark was the idea that no one religion could alone be true. Akbar would oversee the prime era of the Mughals. | |||
Subsequently, from 1658 to 1707, the Mughal empire would be ruled by Akbar's great-grandson, Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb seized the throne from his brother (also the rightful heir), Dara Shikoh, in 1658 and had Dara executed in order to preserve his power (the practice of executing competing claimants to the throne was a relatively common practice throughout the history of Islamic empires, and found sanction in [[Islamic Law|Islamic law]], or [[Shariah]]). | |||
===Ottoman caliphate (1517-1924)=== | ===Ottoman caliphate (1517-1924)=== | ||