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The Pact of Umar: Difference between revisions
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{{QualityScore|Lead=2|Structure=2|Content=3|Language=4|References=2}} | {{QualityScore|Lead=2|Structure=2|Content=3|Language=4|References=2}} | ||
The [[Pact of Umar]] (العهدة العمرية, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders lead by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second | The [[Pact of Umar]] (العهدة العمرية, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders lead by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second of the "rightly-guided" (''rashidun'') [[Caliph|caliphs]]. | ||
==Authenticity== | |||
In traditional, mainstream circles, this document is and continues to be almost universally accepted as genuine by Islamic scholars. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection." | |||
Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain influential Islamic apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what has not been disagreed about is that what is described within this document was practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]].<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref> | |||
==Text of Pact== | ==Text of Pact== | ||
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*We will not beat any Muslim. | *We will not beat any Muslim. | ||
<BR>These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.'<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}} | <BR>These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.'<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}} | ||
{{Core POTB}} | {{Core POTB}} | ||
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{{Hub4|Pact of Umar|the Pact of Umar}} | {{Hub4|Pact of Umar|the Pact of Umar}} | ||
* [[Library]] | * [[Library]] | ||
{{Translation-links-english|[[Пакта на Омар|Bulgarian]]}} | {{Translation-links-english|[[Пакта на Омар|Bulgarian]]}} | ||