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Relationships with non-Muslims in Islamic Law: Difference between revisions
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Relationships with non-Muslims in Islamic Law (view source)
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The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with non-Muslims, including with the "[[Islam and the People of the Book|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occuring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of emnity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran|60|1}}. | The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with non-Muslims, including with the "[[Islam and the People of the Book|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occuring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of emnity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran|60|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasise contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with non-Muslims is permitted in some circumstances. | ||
==Quran== | ==Quran== | ||
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{{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [yuwaddoona]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}} | {{Quote|{{Quran|58|22}}|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [yuwaddoona]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}} | ||
==Hadiths== | |||
===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|417}}|'Amr b. 'As reported: I heard it from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) quite audibly and not secretly: Behold! the posterity of my fathers, that is, so and so, are not my friends. Verily Allah and the pious believers are my friends.[awliya]}} | |||
===Muhammad used to visit a sick Jewish servant=== | |||
Contemporary scholars often cite this hadith as an example of Muhammad showing friendship to a Jewish persion. | |||
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|2|23|438}}|Narrated Anas: | |||
A young Jewish boy used to serve the Prophet (ﷺ) and he became sick. So the Prophet (ﷺ) went to visit him. He sat near his head and asked him to embrace Islam. The boy looked at his father, who was sitting there; the latter told him to obey Abul-Qasim and the boy embraced Islam. The Prophet (ﷺ) came out saying: "Praises be to Allah Who saved the boy from the Hell-fire."}} | |||
===Umar kicked a Christian out of Medina=== | |||
{{Quote|1=[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qtafsir.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D767%26Itemid%3D60&date=2015-03-14 The Prohibition of Taking the Jews, Christians and Enemies of Islam as Friends]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(And if any among you befriends them, then surely he is one of them.) Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that `Umar ordered Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari to send him on one sheet of balance the count of what he took in and what he spent. Abu Musa then had a Christian scribe, and he was able to comply with `Umar's demand. `Umar liked what he saw and exclaimed, "This scribe is proficient. Would you read in the Masjid a letter that came to us from Ash-Sham" Abu Musa said, `He cannot." | |||
`Umar said, "Is he not pure'' Abu Musa said, "No, but he is Christian." Abu Musa said, "So `Umar admonished me and poked my thigh (with his finger), saying, `Drive him out (from Al-Madinah).' He then recited," | |||
(O you who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians as friends...) Then he reported that `Abdullah bin `Utbah said, "Let one of you beware that he might be a Jew or a Christian, while unaware." The narrator of this statement said, "We thought that he was referring to the Ayah,}} | |||
===A man follows the religion of his friend=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4815}}|Narrated AbuHurayrah: | |||
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man follows the religion of his friend [Khalil]; so each one should consider whom he makes his friend.[Khalil]}} | |||
===Only stay with believers=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|41|4814}}|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri: | |||
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals. | |||
}} | |||
===Whoever joins a polytheist is like him=== | |||
{{Quote|{{Abudawud|14|2781}}|Narrated Samurah ibn Jundub: | |||
To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him. | |||
}} | |||
===Muhammad was sent to stop friendship=== | |||
{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq p.262|Some Muslims remained friends with the Jews, so Allah sent down a Qur'an forbidding them to take Jews as friends. From their mouths hatred has already shown itself and what they conceal is worse}} | |||
==Scholars== | |||
===Ibn Kathir=== | |||
{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=14082 The Prohibition of Taking the Jews, Christians and Enemies of Islam as Friends]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=Allah forbids His believing servants from having Jews and Christians as friends, because they are the enemies of Islam and its people, may Allah curse them. Allah then states that they are friends of each other and He gives a warning threat to those who do this"}} | |||
===Ibn Taymiyah=== | |||
{{Quote|[http://www.islam-qa.com/tr/ref/books/70 Non-Muslim Religious Celebrations and Ruling on participataing]<BR>Ibn Taymiyyah|“Imitation generates friendship and love, and regarding them as allies in the inside, just as loving them on the inside generates imitating them on the outside.” | |||
Allaah tells us that there is no (true) believer who takes a kaafir as a friend, for whoever takes a kaafir as friend is not a believer. Imitation on the outside implies that a person loves (the one whom he imitates), and so it is forbidden.”}} | |||
{{Quote|[http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/1189 Ruling on shaving the beard]<BR>Ibn Taymiyyah|“The Qur’aan, Sunnah and ijmaa’ (scholarly consensus) all indicate that we must differ from the kuffaar in all aspects and not imitate them, because imitating them on the outside will make us imitate them in their bad deeds and habits, and even in beliefs, which will result in befriending them in our hearts, just as loving them in our hearts will lead to imitating them on the outside}} | |||
==Contemporary views== | |||
Some argue that friendship with non-Muslims is permitted in most situations today, appealing to verse 60:8 (see above) and certain aspects of Muhammad's life. His uncle Abu Talib was close to Muhammad and supported him throughout his life, despite remaining a polytheist. His uncle Abbas supported him in Mecca before his conversion to Islam. They also point to the non-Muslim Bedouin who Muhammah and Abu Bakr trusted to lead them through the desert when the Quraish plotted to kill Muhammad. | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||