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This school is named after the scholar Abū Ḥanīfa an-Nu‘man ibn Thābit (d. 767) and is school with the largest number of followers among Sunni Moslems. Abū Ḥanīfa maintained that FGM is not obligatory but highly recommended. | This school is named after the scholar Abū Ḥanīfa an-Nu‘man ibn Thābit (d. 767) and is school with the largest number of followers among Sunni Moslems. Abū Ḥanīfa maintained that FGM is not obligatory but highly recommended. | ||
'' | {{Quote|'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|The Hanafi view is that it is a sunnah (optional act) for both females and males}} | ||
The Hanafi school is the school of Islam under which there is the least incidence of FGM. Pakistani Muslims are generally Hanafi, and have, till recently, been the largest Moslem diaspora to the West. Pakistanis are also frequently English-speaking. Both of which facts increase the prevalence in the West of the narrative that FGM is nothing to do with Islam. With increasing immigration to the West from Shafi’i countries (Somalia in particular) this narrative is harder to maintain since (see below) FGM is obligatory under Shafi’i Islam. | |||
The Hanafi school is the school of Islam under which there is the least incidence of FGM. Pakistani Muslims are generally Hanafi, and have, till recently, been the largest Moslem diaspora to the West. Pakistanis are also frequently English-speaking. Both of which facts increase the prevalence in the West of the narrative that | |||
===Shafi'i Madhab=== | ===Shafi'i Madhab=== | ||
The Shafi’i school was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafi‘i in the early 9th century. The Shafi’i school rejects two interpretative heuristics that are accepted by other major schools of Islam: Istihsan (juristic preference) and Istislah (public interest), heuristics by which compassion and welfare can be integrated into Islamic law-making. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is obligatory in the Shafi'i madhab.<ref name=":0">[https://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Section on FGM in the standard manual of Shafi'i law]</ref> Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM practiced under Islam, is almost entirely attributable to Shafi'i Muslims. | |||
on &c | |||
''“Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males”'' Delinking Female Genital Mutilati | |||
'' | {{Quote|'Delinking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam' by Ibrahim Lethome Asmani & Maryam Sheikh Abdi (2008)|'Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males'}} | ||
'' | 'Reliance of the Traveller' by by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri (1302–1367) is the Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law according to Shafi'i School. {{Quote|''Reliance of the Traveler'' [''Umdat al-Salik''], Section e4.3 on Circumcision|'''Obligatory (on every male and female) is circumcision.''' (And it is the cutting-off of the skin [''qat' al-jaldah''] on the glans of the male member and, '''as for the circumcision of the female, that is the cutting-off of the clitoris')}}Nuh Ha Mim Keller's 1991 translation of Reliance of the Traveller is bowdlerised to make its content more acceptable to Western eyes and translates the word 'bazr' ( '''بَظْرٌ )''' as 'clitorial prepuce' instead of simply 'clitoris' (see section [[#bazr]]'''<br />''' | ||
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===Hanbali Madhab=== | ===Hanbali Madhab=== | ||
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===not all moslems practice FGM=== | ===not all moslems practice FGM=== | ||
===lack of consensus of scholars=== | |||
==='sunnah circumcision'=== | ==='sunnah circumcision'=== | ||
mention reliance of the traveller mistranslation | |||
===Defining 'Bazr' ('''بَظْرٌ )'''=== | |||
{{anchor|bazr}} Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American convert to Islam, in 1991 published the (then) only English translation of ‘The Reliance of the Traveller’ (the most authoritative handbook of Sharia law). Instead of translating the word ‘bazr’ as ''‘clitoris‘'', he translates it as ''‘prepuce of the clitoris‘'' – thus appearing to mitigating the severity of the practice. | |||
{{Quote|https://archive.org/details/RelianceOfThetraveller/New%20Folder/RelianceOfThetraveller_by_AhmadIbnNaqib-al-misri_english-arabic/page/n77/mode/2up|'Circumcision is obligatory (O: for both men and women. For men it consists of removing the prepuce from the penis, and for women, removing the prepuce (Ar. Bazr) of the clitoris (n: not the clitoris itself, as some mistakenly assert). (A: Hanbalis hold that circumcision of women is not obligatory but sunna, while Hanafis consider it a mere courtesy to the husband.)'}} | |||
(the abbreviations in the text mean: '''A''': comment by Sheikh ‘Abd al-Wakil Durubi, '''Ar''': Arabic, '''n''': remark by the translator) | |||
Nuh Ha Mim Keller gives no justification for translating Bazr (بظر) as ‘prepuce of the clitoris’ rather than just ‘clitoris’. And all Arabic dictionaries givethe word 'Clitoris' for Bazr ( بظر). None lists ''‘prepuce of the clitoris’'' even as a secondary definition. A systematic consultation of online Arabic dictionaries gives the same result, as does [https://translate.google.com/?sl=ar&tl=en&text=%20%D8%A8%D8%B8%D8%B1&op=translate Google Translate]. | |||
If one accepts Keller’s definition of Bazr (بظر) then one has to accept that: | |||
# Arabic speakers, writers and translators, over the past 1400 years, have been getting the definition of Bazr wrong, | |||
# that Arabic has no word for ‘clitoris’. | |||
===equivocation=== | ===equivocation=== | ||
{{anchor|equivocation}} | {{anchor|equivocation}} | ||