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There is no explicit reference to Female Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. | There is no explicit reference to Female Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. | ||
{{Quran|30|30}}, however, requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'.'' | {{Quran|30|30}}, however, requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'.'' | ||
''<nowiki/><nowiki/>''{{Quote|{{Quran|30|30}}|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}} | ''<nowiki/><nowiki/>''{{Quote|{{Quran|30|30}}|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}This is the only instance of the word 'fitrah in the Qur'an. Its meaning is explained by (amongst others) one of the hadith which touch on FGM. {{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|72|777}}; See also {{Muslim|2|495}}|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or five things are part of the fitrah – '''circumcision''' [الْخِتَانُ - khitan], shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}}This, and other hadith (see below), appear to use the word ''khitan'' for both (or either) FGM and male circumcision. | ||
==Hadith== | ==Hadith== | ||
FGM is mentioned | FGM is mentioned in (at least) seven Hadith. Four report Muhammad approving of FGM and three report [[Sahabah]] (Muhammad's companions) participating in, or referring to, FGM. | ||
===Hadith: Muhammad=== | ===Hadith: Muhammad=== | ||
Note that in | Note that in the hadith involving Muhammad the word used for 'circumcision' is ''khitan'' (الْخِتَانُ). This word is used in the hadithic Arabic for both (or either) male circumcision and FGM. | ||
====The fitrah is five things==== | ====The fitrah is five things==== | ||
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==Modern Fatwas== | ==Modern Fatwas== | ||
The following are 20th and 21st century fatwas defending or advocating | The following are 20th and 21st century fatwas defending or advocating FGM. Due many of these fatwa's length they are presented as extracts. They have been, as far as possible, arranged in chronological order. Note that many are secondary or even tertiary sources. | ||
===Favourable Fatwas=== | ===Favourable Fatwas=== | ||