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→Not all Muslims practice FGM
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====Christians practice FGM too==== | ====Christians practice FGM too==== | ||
This argument assumes that ''if Christians engage in a practice then it can not be Islamic.'' | {{Quote|[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/feb/06/female-genital-mutilation-facts Female genital mutilation: facts you need to know about the practice]|Although the practice is mainly found in some Muslim societies, who believe, wrongly, that it is a religious requirement, it is also carried out by non-Muslim groups such a '''Coptic Christians in Egypt'''', and '''several Christian groups in Kenya'''.}}This argument assumes that ''if Christians engage in a practice then it can not be Islamic.'' | ||
If this were true, then what is 'Islamic' is influenced by what Christians do (or don't do) - something that Muslims would undoubtedly reject. | If this were true, then what is 'Islamic' is influenced by what Christians do (or don't do) - something that Muslims would undoubtedly reject. | ||
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====Not all Muslims practice FGM==== | ====Not all Muslims practice FGM==== | ||
{{Quote|[http://www.african-women.org/documents/behind-FGM-tradition.pdf What is behind the tradition of FGM? | |||
Dr. Ashenafi Moges]|However, '''not all Muslims practise FGM''', for example, it is not practised in Saudi Arabia, Libya, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, the Maghreb countries of northwest Africa, Morocco, Iran and Iraq. All the Muslims in FGM practicing countries do not practice it, for example, in the case of Senegal where 94% of the population are Muslims only 20% practice FGM (Mottin-Sylla 1990).}} | |||
''This argument assumes that only those practices which all Muslims engage in can be Islamic.'' | ''This argument assumes that only those practices which all Muslims engage in can be Islamic.'' | ||
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Thus the fact that not all Muslims practice FGM is a consequence of some schools allowing FGM, others recommending it, and others mandating it. That some communities, where they have the freedom to choose, have historically chosen not to engage in FGM does not alter the fact that Islam's basic position of ''allowing'' FGM, makes FGM Islamic. | Thus the fact that not all Muslims practice FGM is a consequence of some schools allowing FGM, others recommending it, and others mandating it. That some communities, where they have the freedom to choose, have historically chosen not to engage in FGM does not alter the fact that Islam's basic position of ''allowing'' FGM, makes FGM Islamic. | ||
====The FGM Hadith are weak==== | ====The FGM Hadith are weak==== | ||
{{Quote|[https://rumahkitab.com/female-genital-mutilation-forbidden-islam-dar-al-ifta/ Female genital mutilation is forbidden in Islam: Dar Al-Ifta (2019)]|Highly-ranking Egyptian Muslim institution Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah recently confirmed in a press statement that female genital mutilation (FGM) is religiously forbidden due to it’s negative impact on physical and mental well-being. | |||
The statement came as a response to the Tadwin Center for Gender Studies, who has urged the Sheikh of Al-Azhar to reconsider unreliable fatwas released by some members of the faculty of Al-Azhar University who claim '''FGM is a religious necessity based on weak Hadith'''.}} | |||
This argument is often mobilised to discredit inconvenient hadith. | This argument is often mobilised to discredit inconvenient hadith. | ||
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The Hanbali, Shafi'i and Maliki schools of Sunni Islam have as their principle daleels the consideration what the companions of Muhammad did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). The Hanafi school prioritises analogical deduction (Qiyas). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and are especially important where scholars find that the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref> | The Hanbali, Shafi'i and Maliki schools of Sunni Islam have as their principle daleels the consideration what the companions of Muhammad did or thought (Ijma, Ijtihad and Amal). The Hanafi school prioritises analogical deduction (Qiyas). Thus the deeds and words of the Muhammad's companions are second only to the Quran and Sunnah in determining what is Islamic or not - and are especially important where scholars find that the Qur'an and Hadith don't resolve an issue. The exception is the Hanafi school, which ascribes a lesser importance to the deeds and words of the Sahabah - which may explain why the Hanafi madhab rules FGM as merely 'optional' and why Hanafi Muslims generally don't practice FGM.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/39727001/FOUR_SCHOOLS_OF_SUNNI_LAW Four Schools of Sunni Law] - Fatima Tariq</ref> <ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35835897/ISLAMIC_JURISPRUDENCE_FIQH <nowiki>Islamic Jurisprudence [Fiqh]</nowiki>] - Tej Chopra</ref> | ||
====The Qur'an forbids | ====The Qur'an forbids mutilationThis argument engages in the fallacy of Petitio Principi, or 'Begging the Question' (assuming in the premise of an argument that which one wishes to prove in the conclusion).==== | ||
Islam forbids all mutilations to the human body – '''''except those that it permits'''''. Male circumcision, for example, is a mutilation that Islamic law permits, and therefore it is not forbidden. Likewise [[Amputation in Islamic Law|the amputation of hand and feet]]. Beheading, [[stoning]], and [[crucifixion]] - which all involve mutilation prior to the victim's death - are all also permitted in Islamic law. | Islam forbids all mutilations to the human body – '''''except those that it permits'''''. Male circumcision, for example, is a mutilation that Islamic law permits, and therefore it is not forbidden. Likewise [[Amputation in Islamic Law|the amputation of hand and feet]]. Beheading, [[stoning]], and [[crucifixion]] - which all involve mutilation prior to the victim's death - are all also permitted in Islamic law. | ||