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However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM. | However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM. | ||
Ordeal, pain and fear are used rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it | Ordeal, pain and fear are used in rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it may be that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends. PTSD is almost universal in girls who have undergone FGM.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164288/ Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review - Adegoke Adelufosi et al (2017)]</ref><ref>[https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations - Anke Köbach et al]</ref><ref>[https://www.taskforcefgm.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/FGM__Trauma.pdf 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Memory Problems After Female Genital Mutilation' - Alice Behrendt, Dipl.-Psych. Steffen Moritz, Ph.D.]</ref> This is the psychological state produced by the 'ordeals' of in Rites of Passage, which are designed to break the person down in order that the 'new person' be reconstructed. | ||
FGM is an act analogous to slave-branding - whereby arbitrary violence and pain was used to render the slave submissive to his/her master. The child learns that people she loves and trusts are capable of betraying her and of inflicting great violence and pain - this makes her submissive not just to her family, and her future husbands, but, by extension, her community, her religion and her god. | |||
{{Quote|[https://www.amazon.com/Infidel-Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali/dp/0743289692 p33 'Infidel' - by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2007)]|Haweya was never the same [after being subjected to FGM]. She had horrible nightmares, and during the day began stomping off to be alone. My once cheerful, playful little sister changed. Sometimes she just stared vacantly at nothing for hours.}}{{Quote|[p365 ‘Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh]|One of [FGM's] disastrous effects is deterioration of the relation between the girl and her parents. The girls has the feeling that these last betrayed her.}} | |||
FGM makes it probably that the child's first intense experience of her 'sexuality' is one of intense pain, prolonged suffering - and of betrayal by those she loved and trusted. This is likely to generate intense anxieties around the victim's body, sex and her sexuality - and make the child, and the woman she will grow up to be, more chaste, modest, pure and asexual. | |||
- break down personality | - break down personality | ||
- instill fear and submission | - instill fear and submission | ||
- frigidity and trauma | - frigidity and trauma | ||
quotes from 'Infidel' | |||
increased visibility of initiation rits and victims skews narrative | increased visibility of initiation rits and victims skews narrative | ||